语言学教程第一章.ppt

EnglishLinguistics,SchoolofForeignLanguages,ShandongUniversityofTechnology,Whatdoyouexpectofthecourse?,Textbook:胡壮麟（主编），2011，语言学教程（第四版），北京大学出版社。Timeforthecourse：twosessions,oneyearAssessmentmethod:finalexamination(70%)+attendance+homeworkMissmorethansixclasses,fail;Leaveofabsenceforprivateaffairsformorethanelevenclasses,fail.,CourseDescription,CourseDescription,Aim:Thiscoursewillpresentyouwithsomeofthebasicknowledgeaboutlanguage,includingthenatureoflanguage,itssystemandorganization,itsrelationswithotherfactorssuchaspsychology,culture,society,mind,literature,languagelearningandteaching,etc.Haveabasicunderstandingonthekeyideasandmainbranchesoflinguistics.Developtheabilityofobservationandanalysis,Themythsoflanguagewaitustoreveal:四川人不怕辣，湖南人辣不怕，贵州人怕不辣。我激动得说都不会话了。菊清平乐相逢缥缈，窗外又拂晓。长忆清弦弄浅笑，只恨人间花少。黄菊不待清尊，相思飘落无痕。风雨重阳又过，登高多少黄昏。IsbilingualenvironmentbeneficialforchildrensIQ?IsEnglishorChineseamoredevelopedlanguagethanothers?,Whybothertostudylinguistics,ItmakesyoudistinctfrommereEnglishlearnersandEnglishspeakers.Ithelpstodevelopyourabilitytothinkconsciously,theabilitytofindandsolveproblems.ItistestedifyoupursueyourgraduatestudyintheEnglishdepartment.,Whybothertostudylinguistics,Howtostudy,网络教学平台PreviewandreviewRelateittoyourdailylanguageuse,useitasatooltoexplainAnofficialaccountinWechat:语言学午餐Ling-Lunch,Whatisspecialaboutlanguageoflinguistics?,LanguageofcommonsenseVs.LanguageofscienceThediscourseofsciencecannottranslateintocommonsensewithoutlostofmeaning.Inanytypicalgroupofsciencestudentstherewillbesomewhofindthemselvesindifficulty.,Islinguisticsdifficulttolearn?,人之为学有难易乎？学之，则难者亦易矣；不学，则易者亦难矣。,Whattolearninthissession,Chapter1InvitationstolinguisticsChapter2SpeechsoundsChapter3Morphology(wordformation)Chapter4Syntax(sentencestructure)Chapter5MeaningChapter8Languageinuse(meaninginuse),ChapterOne,Thebasicissuesinthischapter:1.WhatisLinguistics?1.1Thedefinitionoflinguistics1.2Mainbranchesoflinguistics1.3Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics2.WhatisLanguage?2.1Thedefinitionoflanguage2.2.Designfeaturesoflanguage2.3Functionsoflanguage,1.WhatisLinguistics?,Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Twoimportantmessagesareconveyedinthisdefinition:first,scientificcommunicatesthemethodthatshouldbeadoptedinlinguisticstudy;second,languagecommunicatestheproperobjectofstudyforlinguistics.,1.1Thedefinitionoflinguistics,Themethodusedinlinguisticstudy,1.Collectandobservelanguagefacts,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremade.2.Hypothesesaboutthelanguagestructureareformulated.3.Theformulatedhypothesesarecheckedagainsttheobservedfactstoprovetheirvalidity.,Aoneyearoldboypronouncessomeunintelligiblesounds.Hismomfindsitlikethesoundofball.(collectandobserve)Thirsty?Hungry?Ball?Circles?Theboysmileswhenmomcallcirclesinahandkerchiefball.Somethingroundisaball.（hypotheses）Tryotherroundobjects.(checkthevalidityofhypotheses),Thestudyobjectoflinguistics,Whatislanguage?Whatarerulestherearethatgovernthestructureoflanguage?Whatdoalllanguageshaveincommon?Howsocialfactorsarereflectedinlanguage?Howdoesachildacquirehismothertongue?,1.2Mainbranchesoflinguistics,1.3Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics,1.Descriptivevs.prescriptive2.Synchronicvs.diachronic3.Langueandparole4.Competenceandperformance5.Speechandwriting,1)Descriptivevs.prescriptive,Thedescriptivestudyoflanguageistorecordlinguisticphenomenaorrules,tostudylanguageasasocialphenomenon.Theprescriptivestudyoflanguageistostatethatcertainlinguisticphenomenaorrulesshouldorshouldnotbeobeyed,likeagrammarbookdoes.Linguistsusuallyusethefirstmethodintheirstudyoflanguage.,Prescriptive:网络语言不标准，不规范。Descriptive:网络语言的性质、词汇、句法、修辞特征；网络语言的规范以及对待网络语言的态度；网络语言与语文教学、当代社会文化、网民的社会心理特征、网络词语及其意义生成的认知机制等。,2)Synchronicvs.diachronic,Synchronicstudyoflanguagetakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.Diachronicstudyexamineslanguagethroughthecourseoftime.Itstudiesthedevelopmentorhistoryoflanguage.,Synchronicordiachronic?,近代汉语副词研究60年（1949-2009）汉语基本颜色词的进化阶段与颜色范畴离合词形成的历史及成因分析主观化对句法限制的消解国外话语标记研究及其对汉语研究的启示中英文前言作者自称语语用对比研究,3)Langueandparole,Saussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Itisasocialphenomenon.Paroleistheactualspeakingoflanguagebyanindividualspeaker.Itisanindividuallinguisticphenomenon.,4)CompetenceandbroughtthemuntoAdamtoseewhathewouldcallthem:andwhatsoeverAdamcalledeverylivingcreature,thatwasthenamethereof.Genesis2:19,Onomatopoeicwords,asdirectimitationsofnaturalsounds,arenotinconflictwiththisfeature.e.g.aChinesedogbarkswangwangwang,whileanEnglishdogbarksbowwow.Althoughtheydescribethesamesound,theformsaredifferent.,Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevele.g.Hecameinandsatdown.Hesatdownandcamein.Hesatdownafterhecamein.ArbitrarinessandconventionThelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofconvention.,“WhenIuseaword,”HumptyDumptysaidinratherascornfultone,“itmeansjustwhatIchooseittomeanneithermorenorless.”“Thequestionis,”saidAlice,“whetheryoucanmakewordsmeansomanydifferentthings.”,Byarbitrarinessitmeansthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicrelationbetweensoundandmeaningforhumanlanguage.However,thisdoesnotentailthatspeakersofhumanlanguagecanuselanguageinhisownmanner,regardlessofwhatotherspeakerswouldthink.Iflanguagecanbeusedtoexpressmeaningandexchangeinformation,amutualagreementasforwhatsoundcanexpresswhatmeaninghastobereachedatthefirstplace,otherwiselanguagewouldnotexistatall.Wecallthismutualagreementconventionality.ThisisexactlywhatAliceremarksinthedialogue,i.e.youcannotuselanguageinwhateverwayyouyourselflikeittobeused.,2)Duality,bktlsfr:euOld,sad,glad,let,back,farBydualitywemeanthateachlanguageisorganizedattwolevels,oneissoundandtheotherismeaning.Thesoundsatthebasiclevelaremeaninglessbythemselves,buttheycanbegroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaningathigherleveloflanguage.,山东,sound,sounds,words,Lowerlevel,Higherlevel,ThelanguageofEnglishweusearound48soundstoproducealmostinfinitenumberofsoundcombinations(words).Thisfeatureisveryeconomicalforthesystemoflanguage.,Alargenumberofwordscanbeformedoutofasmallsetofsounds.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeendlessnumberofsentences,whichinturncanformunlimitednumberoftexts.Sounds(smallnumber)words(largenumber)sentences(largenumber)texts(largenumber),Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality?Canyouexplainbydrawingasimplegraph?,Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality?Canyouexplainbydrawingasimplegraph?,3)Creativity/Productivity,蒜你狠、富二代、裸婚、低头族Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonahotelbedBycreativitywemeanthatspeakerofalanguagecanproducenewexpressionsandunderstandutterancesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore.,Canyoutellwhichfeatureoflanguagemakesitacreativesystem?duality,Mygoalfor2016istoaccomplishthegoalsof2015whichIshouldhavedonein2014becauseImadeapromisein2013dearteacher;Canyouthinkofotherexamplesthatperformingtheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguage?,Doyoulikemynewhairstyle?Itsterrible.IapologizeforTheinterpersonalfunctionissuchabroadcategorythatitisoftendiscussedundervariousothertermsasperformative,emotive(expressive),phatic,recreational.,3.PerformativeFunctionLanguagecanbeusedtodothings(AustinandSearle),tochangethesocialstatusortheimmediatestateofaffairsofpeople.e.g.inWesterncountries,whenthepriestsays:“Itherebypronounceyouhusbandandwife.”Themarriagestatusofthecoupleisrecognizedlegally.,Canyouthinkofotherexamplesshowingperformativefunction?,4.EmotiveFunctionLanguagecanbeusedtoexpresstheemotionalstateofthespeaker.e.g.exclamation.Theexpressionsofgratitudeandapologyarealsoexamplesofthisfunction.Expressivefunction,5.PhaticCommunionRitualexchanges,exchangesthathavelittlemeaningbuthelptomaintainourrelationshipswithotherpeople.e.g.SpeakerA:Whatsup?”SpeakerB:Hey,man,howsitgoing?(Andeachjustwalkson.)CanyoumentionsometypicalexpressionsofphaticcommunioninChinese?,6.RecreationalFunction1.（初入江湖）化肥会挥发2.（小有名气）黑化肥发灰，灰化肥发黑3.（名动一方）黑化肥发灰会挥发；灰化肥挥发会发黑4.（天下闻名）黑化肥挥发发灰会花飞；灰化肥挥发发黑会飞花5.（一代宗师）黑灰化肥会挥发发灰黑讳为花飞；灰黑化肥会挥发发黑灰为讳飞花,Wordplay,wordforwordssake,theuseoflanguagetohavefun.e.g.Tonguetwisterssuchasshesellssea-shellsonthesea-shore,andtheshellsthatshesellsonthesea-shorearesea-shellsisutteredonlyforthesheerjoyoflanguage.TheChinesecrosstalkandmini-comedyalsobelongtothiscategoryoflanguageuse.,7.MetalingualFunctionLanguagecanbeusedtoexplainordescribeitselforotherlanguages.e.g.,Manisbipedalhairlessprimate.Manisanoun.Itiscomposedof3phonemes.,Jakobsonsframeworkoflanguagefunctions,HowisJakobsonstheorysimilartolanguagefunctionswelearnedjustnow?CanyougiveexamplesforeachfunctionaccordingtoJakobsonstheory?,Weuselanguagetotalkaboutourexperienceoftheworld,includingthewo