新21世纪大学英语 3Unit4.ppt

Unit4SportsandBeyond,Objectives,PartIVideoStarter,PartIITextA,PartIIITextB,PartVAdditionalTheme-RelatedActivities,Exercises,Exercises,Outline,PartIVWriting,Fromstudyingthisunit,studentsareexpectedtounderstandtheevolutionofsportsandthecontributionofsportstohumandevelopmentfromTextAandhaveabriefideaofwhatroletechnologyplaysinmodernOlympicGamesfromTextB;appreciatedifferentfunctionsofv-ingformsaswellaswordsandexpressionsthattheexercisesfollowingTextAfocuson;understandhowtoformverbsusingtheprefixout-andthesuffix-ize;andtalkaboutwhatsportsmeantoourlife.,Objectives,PartIVideoStarter,Tobegin,wellwatchavideoclipandtrytograspitsmessage.Gettingtoknowthewordsandexpressionsintheboxbelowfirstmaybehelpful.,PartIVideoStarter,VideoClip,【Script】,Askthestudentsthefollowingquestionsafterlisteningandwatchingifyouhaveenoughtime:,1)Whatistheinstructorsfavoritesport?2)Whatissaidofacollegestudentwithoutahabitofstayingphysicallyactive?3)Whatareyousupposedtobewhilepursuingyourgoalsandidealsoncampus?,Jogging.,Itisonewithoutfeelingwhole.,Wearesupposedtobeahealthyandall-roundstudent.,_,_,_,4)Doyouunderstandwhatthestatementitsnotjustagamemean?5)Whatsyourperspectiveonsportsatthemoment?6)Whatarethosefurtherquestionsaboutsports?7)Didyougraspthemessagefromthevideopresentation?Whatisit?,AsIcanunderstand,sportscanbeperceivedfromdifferentperspectiveswithsomanyenquiringquestions.,Itendtolookatsportsfromaphysicalandmentalperspectivebecauseitcontributestoourphysicalandmentalhealthandwellbeing.,Howcomesportshavebeenaroundsincethebeginningofthehumanspecies?Whatistheultimatevalueofsports?WhatarewesupposedToplayfor,pleasureorcompetition?WhyaresomanycountriescrazyabouttheFootballWorldCup?,Sportsandbeyond./Sportisnotjustagame.,_,_,_,_,NowthatthestudentshavefullyunderstoodtheVideoStarter,youcanasksomeofthemtodubthevideo,iftimepermits.Correcttheirerrorsinpronunciationandintonation.,Videoscript:,Transcript,Hiclass,DoyouhaveanyPEclassestoday?Howoftendoyoumeetinthegymoratthetrackfieldeveryweek?Personally,Ipreferjogging.Andwhichsportdoyoutaketo1?Asyouknow,sportsarepartoflifeoncampus.Iwouldsaythatacollegestudentwithoutahabitofdoingphysicalexercisesisonewithoutfeelingwhole.YouknowwhatImean?ThepointIamtryingtomakeisthatyoucanhardlybeahealthyandall-round2studentwithoutphysicalexerciseswhileyouarepursuingyourgoalsandideals.,Well,howmuchdoyouknowaboutsport?Itisabigquestion,isntit?AsauthorCalabreseargues,itsnotjustagame,whichmeansthatitcanbeperceivedfromdifferentperspectiveswithsomanyenquiring3questions.Atthemoment,youmostprobablylookatsportsfromaphysicalandmentalperspective.Youwouldsaythatitcontributestoyourphysicalandmentalhealthandwellbeing4.Thatsforsure5.Letsgobeyondthatbyaskingfurtherquestions:Howcomesportshavebeenaroundsincethebeginningofthehumanspecies?Whatistheultimatevalueofsports?Whatarewesupposedtoplayfor,pleasureorcompetition?WhyaresomanycountriescrazyabouttheFootballWorldCup?HereauthorCalabresepresentsdifferentperspectivesonsports.Letsexplorewhattheyare.,1.taketo:tobegintolikesb.orsth.喜欢2.all-round:goodatdoingalotofdifferentthings,esp.insport.全面（发展）的,e.g.,Mydaddytooktodrinkbeforehewasill.我爸爸生病之前喜欢喝酒。,Sheisanall-roundsportswoman.她是一位全能运动员。,e.g.,4.wellbeing:thesatisfactorystatethatsomeoneorsth.shouldbein,thatinvolvessuchthingsasbeinghappy,healthy,andsafe,andhavingenoughmoney康乐，安康5.Thatsforsure.:Thereisnodoubtaboutit.毫无疑问。,Wehavetheobligationtoensurethewellbeingofouroldparents.我们有义务确保年迈的父母生活康乐。,e.g.,3.enquiring:curious,showingthatonewantsmoreinformationaboutsth.求知欲强的，爱探索的,anenquiringlook询问的表情anenquiringmind好学的头脑,e.g.,PartIITextA,ItsNotJustaGame!LoriCalabrese,不只是游戏劳瑞卡拉布里斯,ChineseVersion,Whetheryourunarace,bounceabasketball,orhurlabaseballhome,youdoitbecauseitsfun.Somescientistsclaimplayisanaturalinstinctjustlikesleep.Thatmightexplainwhysportsarelikelytobeasoldashumanity.,QuestionsAboutThisParagraph,Whydoweplaysports?,Wedoitbecauseitisfun.,Becauseplayisanaturalinstinct,justlikesleep.,2)Whyaresportslikelytobeasoldashumanity?,不论你跑步还是拍篮球，或者投棒球，你这样做就是因为好玩。有些科学家说，玩是自然本能，就像睡觉一样。这也许解释了体育的历史为什么可能和人类一样悠久。,ChineseVersion,e.g.,Whenyougettothetop,hurltheropedown,willyou?你到顶上后把绳子抛下来，好吗？Iwenttohisdesk,tookallhisbooksandhurledthemoutofthewindow.我走到他的书桌旁，抓起他所有的书，猛地掷出窗外。,hurl:v.tothrowsth.usingalotofforce猛投；力掷,claim:vt.tosaythatsth.istrue,eventhoughthereisnodefiniteproof声称,e.g.,Herepeatedlyclaimedthathewasright.他反复声称自己是正确的。Sheclaimedthatshefoundthemoneyintheforest.她声称她是在森林里发现这些钱的。,humanity:n.allthepeoplewhoarelivingintheworld人类,e.g.,Theydidnothingtobenefithumanity.他们没有做任何有益于人类的事情。TheJapanesewarcriminalswerecondemnedforcrimesagainsthumanity.日本战犯因对人类犯下的罪行而被判刑。,1.属于年代；追溯到2.开始运转；起作用,Someclaimsportsbeganasaformofsurvival.Prehistoricmanran,jumped,andclimbedforhislife.Huntersseparatedthemselvesbyskill,andcompetitionflourished.Wallpaintingsdatingfrom11850B.C.,thatdepictwrestling,dancing,andacrobatics,werediscoveredinanEgyptiantombatBaniHasan.TheAncientGreeksrevolutionizedsportsbyholdingtheworldsfirstOlympicgamesatOlympiain776B.C.Butitwasntuntiltheearlynineteenthcentury,thatsportsasweknowthemcameintoplay2.(Pardonthepun!)Modernsportssuchascricket,golf,andhorseracingbeganinEnglandandspreadtotheUnitedStates,WesternEurope,andtherestoftheworld.Thesesportswerethemodelsforthegamesweplaytoday,includingbaseballandfootball.,Whydosomepeoplebelievethatsportsbeganasaformofsurvival?,QuestionsAboutThisParagraph,Becauseprehistoricmanran,jumpandclimbedjustinordertoescapedanger.,2)HowdidancientGreeksrevolutionizesports?,ByholdingtheworldsfirstOlympicGamesatOlympiain776B.C.,3)Whendidsportsasweknowthemcomeintoplay?,Notuntiltheearlynineteenthcentury.,有些人说，体育是作为人类的生存形式发端的。史前人的奔跑、跳跃、攀爬都是为了求生。猎手通过技巧分出强弱，竞争由此盛行起来。追溯到公元前1850年的壁画描绘了拳击、舞蹈和杂技的场面，这些壁画是在贝尼哈桑的埃及古墓里发现的。古希腊人于公元前776年在奥林匹亚举行了世界上第一次奥运会，令体育发生了突破性的大变革。但是，直到19世纪初，我们所了解的体育活动才开始兴起（请原谅，这里用了双关语！）。像板球、高尔夫球和赛马这样的当代体育项目诞生于英格兰，后来传播到美国、西欧和世界各地。包括棒球和足球在内的这些体育项目都是今天竞技项目的雏型。,ChineseVersion,survival:n.thefactorstateofcontinuingtoliveorexist,esp.indifficultconditions继续生存,e.g.,thesurvivalofthefittest适者生存ThesurvivalofevenafewmadepeoplegratefultoGod.尽管只有少数几个人幸存，人们依然感激上帝。,prehistoric:a.relatingtotheperiodoftimebeforehistorywasfirstwrittendown史前的,e.g.,prehistoriccivilizationofChina中国的史前文明prehistoricpeople史前人prehistoricsettlements史前居留地,flourish:vi.togrowwellandbehealthy繁荣,e.g.,TheChineseeconomyisflourishing.中国经济正欣欣向荣。Heisflourishinginhisnewjob.他在新的工作中干得不错。,e.g.,datefrom:tobemadeataparticulartimeinthepast属于年代；追溯到,afriendshipdatingfrombeforethewar战前就已开始建立的友谊Thiscustomdatesfromthe17thcentury.这一风俗始于17世纪。,depict:vt.todescribesomeoneorsth.usingwordsorpictures描绘，刻画,e.g.,HisnoveldepictslifeinmodernNewYork.他的小说描写了现代纽约的生活。Thehistorybookdepictedhimasahero.史书把他描绘成英雄。,e.g.,wrestling:n.asportinwhichtwopeoplefightbyholdingeachotherinspecialpositionsandthrowingeachother摔跤运动,practicewrestling/armwrestling练习摔跤/扳手腕Shewrestledherattackertotheground.她把来犯者摔倒在地。Seeingapolicemanwrestlingwithacriminal,hewentforhelp.他看到一名警察与罪犯搏斗，便上前助一臂之力。,tomb:n.agravewhereadeadpersonisburied,esp.oneconsistingofalargestonestructure坟墓,e.g.,aneglectedtomb无人照管的坟墓Hewasburiedinthefamilytomb.他葬于祖墓。,BaniHasan:avillageincentralEgypt,ontheNilenearAlMinya.Thereare39tombs,carvedoutofsolidrockintheXIIdynastyofancientEgypt.贝尼哈桑,revolutionize:vt.tocompletelychangethewaythatsth.isdone,thoughtabout,ormade把革命化,e.g.,Computersciencehascompletelyrevolutionizedthewayweliveandwork.计算机科学彻底改变了我们生活和工作的方式。Televisionhasrevolutionizednewscoverage.电视已经给新闻报道带来了革命性的变革。,comeintoplay:tostarttohappenorhaveaneffect开始运转；起作用,e.g.,Theeconomicrecessionisoneofthemainfactorsthathavecomeintoplay.经济萧条是开始起作用的主要因素之一。WhenIgottothehall,thedancingpartyhadalreadycomeintoplay.我到舞场的时候，舞会已经开始了。,pun:n.ahumoroususeofawordthathastwomeanings,orofwordswiththesamesoundbutdifferentmeanings双关语,Wemustallhangtogether,ormostassuredly,weshallallhangseparately.团结则存，分裂则亡。(Inthissentence,theverb“hang”hastwodifferentmeanings:hangtogether团结一致,hangseparately分别吊死).Sevendayswithoutwatermakeoneweak.七天不喝水，人会变虚弱(Inthissentence,“weak”hasthesamepronunciationas“week”.),e.g.,Allorganizedsports,fromswimmingtoicehockey,areconsideredseriousplay.Therearerulestoobey,skillsandpositionstolearn,andstrategiestocarryout.ButPeterSmith,apsychologyprofessoratGoldsmiths,UniversityofLondon,andauthorofUnderstandingChildrensWorlds:ChildrenandPlay(Wiley,2009),says,“Sport-likeplayisusuallyenjoyable,anddoneforitsownsake.”,QuestionsAboutThisParagraph,1)Whyareallorganizedsportsconsideredseriousplay?,Becausetherearerulestoobey,skillsandpositionstolearn,andstrategiestocarryout.,2)WhydoesntPeterSmithdisagreewiththiscommonbelief?,Becausehethinksthatsport-likeplayisusuallyenjoyableanddoneforitsownsake.,从游泳到冰球，所有这些有组织的体育活动都被认为是严肃的比赛，都有要遵守的规则、需要学习的技能和姿势，还有需要贯彻的技战术。但是，理解儿童世界：儿童与游戏（维利图书公司2009年出版）一书的作者伦敦大学哥德史密斯学院的心理学教授彼得史密斯这样说：“体育一样的游戏通常很好玩，游戏就是为了玩。”,ChineseVersion,Goldsmiths,UniversityofLondon（伦敦大学哥德史密斯学院）:aconstituent（组成的）collegeoftheUniversityofLondon.BasedinNewCross,London,Goldsmithsspecializesintheteachingandresearchofcreative,culturalandcognitivedisciplines.Theinstitutionwasfoundedin1891asGoldsmithsTechnicalandRecreativeInstitutebytheWorshipfulCompanyofGoldsmiths.Itwasacquired（兼并）bytheUniversityofLondonin1904andwasrenamedGoldsmithsCollege.Theword“College”wasdroppedfromitsbrandingin2006(however“GoldsmithsCollege”,withtheapostrophe,remainstheinstitutionsformallegalname).,Wiley:维利图书公司,enjoyable:a.givingonepleasure令人享受的,e.g.,Ihavejustspentanenjoyableholidayonthesmallisland.我刚在那个小岛上度过了令人愉快的假期。Nothingismoreenjoyablethanacupofcoldwateronsuchahotday.在这样的热天，有杯凉水比什么都好。,3.在之前,Sportscomeinmanyshapesandsizes.Bothteamandindividualsportshaveadvantagesanddisadvantages,butmostpeoplefindthatfromanearlyage,theyaredrawntowardoneortheother.Inateamsportlikesoccer,yourepartofagroup,strivingtobeawinningteam.Thatmeansputtingtheteamaheadof3yourownaccomplishments.Youmustlearntogetalongwithyourteammatesandshareresponsibility.Inanindividualsportliketennis,youreusuallyonlyconcernedaboutyourownperformance.Thatcanmakethesesportsmorechallenging.,DifferentSportsforDifferentFolks,QuestionsAboutThisParagraph,1)Howcansportsbeclassified?,2)Whatarewesupposedtodoinateamsport?,Theycanbeclassifiedintoteamandindividualsports.,Wearesupposedtostrivetobeawinningteambyputtingtheteamaheadofourownaccomplishments.Wemustlearntogetalongwithourteammatesandshareresponsibility.,3)Whatarewesupposedtodoinanindividualsport?,Weareusuallyonlyconcernedaboutourownperformance.,因人而异的体育项目体育项目的形式多种多样，参与人数也不一。团体项目和个人项目各有其优缺点，但是，大部分人会发现他们从幼年时就会被某一类项目所吸引。在足球这样的团体项目中，你只是团体的一员，和队友一起争取成为获胜队伍。那就意味着你要把球队利益置于个人成就之前。你必须学会与队友相处、分担责任。在网球这样的个人项目中，你通常只要关心自己的表现即可。这就令这些体育项目更有挑战性。,ChineseVersion,disadvantage:n.sth.thatmakessb.orsth.lesseffective,successful,orattractive不利条件,e.g.,HispoorEnglishisandisadvantagetohim.他的英语不佳对他很不利。Havingmyuncleasmybossworkstomydisadvantage.在我伯父手下干事对我不利。,mostpeoplefindthatfromanearlyage,theyaredrawntowardoneortheother.:mostpeoplefindthattheyareattractedtoonetypeofsportsratherthantheotherfromayoungage.,aheadof:before在之前,e.g.,aheadoftime提前InChina,wearetaughttoputthecollectiveinterestsaheadofourindividualinterests.在中国，我们受到的教育要求我们先考虑集体利益，然后再考虑个人利益。,accomplishment:n.sth.difficultthatyousucceedindoing,esp.afterworkinghardoveraperiodoftime成就,e.g.,Theaccomplishmentofthistaskdependsupontheeffortsofthewholegroup.完成这项任务有赖于全组成员的努力。Childrenshouldlearnaboutthegreataccomplishmentsofourcountry.孩子们应该了解我们国家的伟大成就。,teammate:n.someonewhoisinthesameteamasyou.Inthisword,-mateisasuffixmeaning“apersononesharessth.ordoessth.togetherwith”.Moreexamplesareroommate,classmate,workmate.队友,TheUltimateValueofSports,Whetheritisfootballorgolf,thereislittledoubtaboutthevalueofsports.AccordingtotheAmericanAcademyofPediatrics(AAP),“playisessentialtothecognitive,physical,social,andemotionalwellbeingofchildrenandyouth.”Playnotonlyexercisesourbodies,italsoexercisesourminds.Sportsteachusaboutourselvesandourworld.Welearnhowtonegotiateplans,settledisagreements,andhowtomonitorourattitude.,Theskillswelearnplayingcanbeappliedtoschoolandwork.Sinceorganizedsportsareahands-on,minds-onlearningprocess,theystimulateourimagination,curiosity,andcreativity.Thegrowingscienceofplayisarmedwithresearchclaimsthatplay,andthussports,isimportanttohealthybraindevelopment.Weuselanguageduringplaytosolveproblems,weusethinkingwhenwefollowdirectionstoagame,andweusemathskillstorecognizeaveragesandoddsofeachsportsplay.,QuestionsAboutThisParagraph,1)Whatisthemainideaofthisparagraph?,2)Whatisthevalueofsports,accordingtotheAmericanAcademyofPediatrics?,Thevalueofsports.,Playisessentialtothecognitive,physical,social,andemotionalwellbeingofchildrenandyouth.,体育的最大价值不管是橄榄球还是高尔夫球，体育的价值是毫无疑问的。根据美国儿科研究院的理论：“玩耍对儿童和青年的智力、身体、社交和情感等方面的健康发展都是非常关键的。”玩耍不但锻炼了我们的体格，而且锻炼了我们的大脑。体育教会我们了解自己、了解世界。我们学会如何协商计划、解决分歧、如何控制自己的态度。我们在玩耍中学会的技巧可以应用于学校和工作中。由于有组织的体育项目是个用手动脑的学习过程，它们刺激了我们的想象力、好奇心和创造力。对游戏的深入研究得到了这样的研究论断支持：游戏，也就是体育，对脑部的健康发育是非常重要的。我们在游戏中运用语言来解决问题，我们在遵从游戏指令时学会思考，我们在认知每场体育比赛的平均分和获胜几率时运用数学能力。,ChineseVersion,academy:n.anorganizationcreatedtoencourageinterestanddevelopmentinaparticularsubject,e.g.art,science,orliterature研究院,e.g.,ShanghaiAcademyofSocialSciences上海社会科学院AcademyofMotionPictureArtsandSciences电影艺术与科学学院,pediatrics:n.thepartofmedicalsciencethatdealswithchildrenandthetreatmentoftheirillnesses儿科学,theAmericanAcademyofPediatrics:美国儿科研究院,cognitive:a.connectedwithrecognizingandunderstandingthings认知的,e.g.,cognitivescience认知科学cognitiveapproachtolanguagestudy从认知的角度研究语言cognitivepsychology认知心理学,e.g.,psychologicalwellbeing心理健康threatensb.swellbeing威胁某人的幸福Hehasastrongsenseofwellbeing.他感觉很健康、幸福。,wellbeing:n.thesatisfactorystatethatsomeoneorsth.shouldbein,thatinvolvessuchthingsasbeinghappy,healthy,andsafe,andhavingenoughmoney福祉,e.g.,Theunionandtheemployersarestillnegotiatingaboutworkinghours.工会与雇主还在谈判工作时间问题。Wenegotiatedwiththemforreleaseofthewarprisoners.我们就释放战俘问题和他们谈判。,negotiate:v.totrytoreachanagreementbydiscussingsth.inaformalway,esp.inabusinessorpoliticalsituation协商,disagreement:n.aconflictordifferenceofopinion意见分歧,e.g.,Therewasmarkeddisagreementbetweentheirstories.他们的说法明显不一致。Iamintotaldisagreementwithhimovertheissue.在这个问题上，我完全不同意他的看法。,hands-on:a.involvingactiveparticipation;applied,asopposedtotheoretical动手实践的,e.g.,hands-ontrainingforjobs职业实习训练ahands-onmayor事必躬亲的市长,minds-on:a.involvingtheuseofonesbrainatthesamemoment动脑的,e.g.,Medicaloperationiscertainlybothahands-onandminds-ontask.医疗手术是个既动手也动脑的任务。,stimulate:vt.toincreasetemporarilytheactivityof(abodyorganorpart)刺激,stimulatetheinternaldemands刺激内需ogreaterefforts激励某人作出更大的努力Hopefully,thisquestionwillstimulatesomediscussioninclass.这个问题有可能在班上激发大家的讨论。,e.g.,Sportsalsoraiseourenergylevelandactasantidepressants.Activityincreasesthebrainslevelofchemicalscalledendorphins,whichboostmood.Whenwestartmovingandhavingfun,wefeelgoodaboutourselves.,1)Whatcansportsfunctionas?,QuestionsAboutThisParagraph,Antidepressants.,Itmeansthatsportscanboostmoodandmakeusfeelgoodaboutourselves.,2)Whatdoesthatmean?,体育还可以提高我们的体能水平，起到抗抑郁的作用。活动能增加大脑中的化学物质内啡肽的含量，它可以改善心情。当我们开始运动和娱乐时，就会自我感觉良好。,ChineseVersion,antidepressant:n.adrugusedtopreventortreatclinicaldepression.抗抑郁药Theprefixanti-inthiswordmeans“against”or“contrary”.Moreexamplesareanti-business,anti-Japanese,antislavery,anticancer,antihero.,endorphin:n.anyofaclassofpolypeptides,includingenkephalin,occurringnaturallyinthebrain,thatbindtopainreceptorsandsoblockpainsensation内啡肽,mood:n.astateofmindoremotion心情,e.g.,Heisnotinthemoodtoday.他今天心情不好。Iaminaneatingmoodnow.我现在想吃点东西。Everybodyisinaholidaymood.每个人都沉浸在节日的欢乐之中。,ForgettingtheFun,Inaperfectworld,everyonewouldhavefunplayingsports.Butthatsnotalwaysthecase.Sportscangetaggressiveandcausescrapes,bruises,andbrokenbones.Theycanalsohurtuspsychologically.DavidElkind,professoremeritusofChildDevelopmentatTuftsUniversityandauthorofThePowerofPlay,saysthatwhenyoungchildrenplayself-initiatedgamessuchastagorhideandseek,“misunderstandingsandhurtfeelingsarepartofthelearningprocess,andhappeninacontextofmutualrespect.,4.（尤指苦药一般事情的）一次，一番,Thosethatariseinorganizedteamsports,donthavethesamesupportivenetwork,thesenseofcompetitionoutweighsthesenseofcooperation,andcanbehurtfultothechildssenseofselfandself-esteem.”Playingsportsisusuallyfun,butsometimeswecangetfrustrated.Itmightbebecauseofthepressuretowin,parentswhoyellandscreamfromthestands,orcoacheswhotreatusunfairly.Sportsaresupposedtobringpeopletogether,buttheycanalsodrivepeopleapart.Whensportsareseparatedintoskilllevel,gender,orethnicity,someplayersfeelisolated,begintoforgetthefuninsports,andevenwanttoquit.Sportsmaynotalwaysbeapositiveexperience,butevenwhentheyrenot,theygiveusadoseof4howtofacelifeschallenges.,1)Whyisntitthecasethateveryonewouldhavefunplayingsports?2)Whycanwegetfrustratedwhenplayingsports?3)Whatdosportsgiveusevenwhentheyarenotapositiveexperience?,QuestionsAboutThisParagraph,Becausesportscangetaggressiveandcausescrapes,bruises,andbrokenbones.Theycanalsohurtuspsychologically.,Becauseverylikelywehavethepressuretowin,ourparentsyellandscreamfromthestandsandourcoachestreatusunfairly.,Theygiveusadoseofhowtofacelifeschallenges.,忘记乐趣在一个完美的世界里，每个人进行体育运动都会得到乐趣。但事实情况未必总是如此。体育运动可能会具有攻击性，造成擦伤、挫伤以及骨折，也可能会对我们的心理造成伤害。塔夫斯大学儿童发展学荣誉教授、玩耍的力量一书的作者大卫艾尔肯德说，儿童玩耍诸如捉人或捉迷藏这样的自发游戏时，“误解和委屈是学习过程的一部分，发生在相互尊重的情境之中。那些出现在有组织的团队体育比赛中的误解和委屈并不具有同样的支撑性，竞争意识盖过了合作意识，可能会伤害儿童的自我意识和自尊心。”参与体育活动通常有趣，但有时候我们可能会很沮丧。原因有可能是想赢的压力、在看台上吼叫呐喊的家长或者是待人不公的教练。体育本该将人们团结起来，但也可能会分裂人群。当体育活动按照技能水平、性别和种族被分门别类时，有些选手就会有被孤立的感觉，开始忘记体育应有的乐趣，甚至想退出。体育可能未必总是一种具有积极意义的体验，但即便如此，它们也可以让我们对该如何面对人生的挑战有一番了解。,ChineseVersion,scrape:n.aslightinjuryormarkcausedbyrubbingagainstaroughsurface刮，擦,e.g.,Howdidyougetthatscrapeonyourknee?你膝盖上的擦伤是怎么弄的？Theyjustsufferedafewcutsandscrapes,nothingserious.他们只是有几处被划破和擦伤，不严重。,emeritus:a.(of