哥伦布英语--(恢复)--(恢复)PPT课件

.,1,Presentation,LiKe,Majorinchemistry,.,2,ChristopherColumbus,Oneofthepioneersinnavigationduring15thcenturyMaybethefirstone(atleasttheearlistones)todiscoverAmericafromothercontinents,.,3,Columbus(1451-1506),Theworldbelongstotheadventurers.Geniusisthepersonthatcandigupgoldandspringfromtheplacewhereotherthinkisbarren.Theperseverenceofmovingongivesbrithtodiscoveries,soIthinkithasnorelationshipwiththecravens.Columbus,.,4,Columbuswasbornbefore31October1451inGenoa(热那亚）,partofmodernItaly.HisfatherwasDomenicColombo,amiddle-classwoolweaverwhoworkedbothinGenoaandSavona（萨沃纳，Italy)andwhoalsoownedacheesestandatwhichyoungChristopherworkedasahelper.ChristophersmotherwasSusanna,GiovanniPellegrino,andGiacomowerehisbrothers.HealsohadasisternamedBianchinetta,.,5,Columbuswasafaithfulsupportorofthetheorythattheearthisroundratherthanflat.Europeanshadlongenjoyedasafelandpassage,theso-calledSilkRoad,toChinaandIndia,whichweresourcesofvaluablegoodssuchassilk,spices,andopiates.WiththefallofConstantinopletotheOttomanTurksin1453,thelandroutetoAsiabecamemuchmoredifficultanddangerous.Portuguesenavigators,undertheleadershipofKingJohnII,soughttoreachAsiabysailingaroundAfrica.Majorprogressinthisquestwasachievedin1488,whenBartolomeuDiasreachedtheCapeofGoodHope,inwhatisnowSouthAfrica.SothePortuguesenavigatordiscoverdanewsearoutetoChinaandIndia,.,6,HoweverColumbusthoughtdiffferent,heinsistedthatastheearthisround.Youcangettotheeastbysailingwestward.In1485,ColumbuspresentedhisplanstoJohnII,KingofPortugal.HeproposedthatthekingequipthreesturdyshipsandgrantColumbusoneyearstimetosailsubmittedColumbussproposaltohisexperts,whorejectedit.ItwastheirconsideredopinionthatColumbussestimationofatraveldistanceof2,400miles(3,860km)was,infact,fartoolow.In1488ColumbusappealedtothecourtofPortugalonceagain,andonceagain,Butallfailed.because,ashasbeenmentionedabove.PortuguesenavigatordiscoverdanewsearoutetoChinaandIndiain1488,theydontneedtowastemoneytoexporeawaythatisnearlyimpossiple.ColumbusestimatedthedistancefromtheCanaryIslandstoJapantobeabout3,000Italianmiles(3,700km,or2,300statutemiles),whilethecorrectfigureis19,600km(12,200mi),orabout12,000kmalongagreatcircle.Noshipinthe15thcenturycouldcarryenoughfoodandfreshwaterforsuchalongvoyage,andthedangersinvolvedinnavigatingthroughtheunchartedoceanwouldhavebeenformidable.MostEuropeannavigatorsreasonablyconcludedthatawestwardvoyagefromEuropetoAsiawasunfeasible.,.,7,FinallyheturnedtothekingofSpain,whoknewlittleaboutgeography.AndthenewroutewascontroledbyPortugal,sotheKingofSpainwaseagerforanewwaytoChinaandIndia.SoAftercontinuallylobbyingattheSpanishcourtandtwoyearsofnegotiations,hefinallyhadsuccessin1492.SoColumbusbeganhisvoyages.Between1492and1503,Columbuscompletedfourround-tripvoyagesbetweenSpainandtheAmericas,allofthemunderthesponsorshipoftheCrownofCastile.ThesevoyagesmarkedthebeginningoftheEuropeanexplorationandcolonizationoftheAmericancontinents,andarethusofenormoussignificanceinWesternhistory.Columbusalwaysinsisted,inthefaceofmountingevidencetothecontrary,thatthelandsthathevisitedduringthosevoyageswerepartoftheAsiancontinent,aspreviouslydescribedbyMarcoPoloandotherEuropeantravelers,.,8,.,9,.,10,Firstvoyage,.,11,Ontheeveningof3August1492,ColumbusdepartedfromPalosdelaFronterawiththreeshipsColumbusfirstsailedtotheCanaryIslands,whichbelongedtotheCastile,whereherestockedtheprovisionsandmaderepairs.AfterstoppingoverinGranCanaria,hedepartedfromSanSebastindeLaGomeraon6September,forwhatturnedouttobeafive-weekvoyageacrosstheocean.AlookoutonthePinta,RodrigodeTriana(alsoknownasJuanRodrguezBermeo),spottedlandabout2:00onthemorningof12October,andimmediatelyalertedtherestofthecrewwithashout.Thereupon,thecaptainofthePinta,MartnAlonsoPinzn,verifiedthediscoveryandalertedColumbusbyfiringalombard.Columbuslatermaintainedthathehimselfhadalreadyseenalightonthelandafewhoursearlier,therebyclaimingforhimselfthelifetimepensionpromisedbyFerdinandandIsabellatothefirstpersontosightland,.,12,Columbuscalledtheisland(inwhatisnowTheBahamas)SanSalvador;thenativescalleditGuanahani.ExactlywhichislandintheBahamasthiscorrespondstoisunresolved.PrimecandidatesareSamanaCay,PlanaCays,orSanSalvadorIsland(sonamedin1925inthebeliefthatitwasColumbussSanSalvador).Theindigenouspeopleheencountered,theLucayan,Tano,orArawak,werepeacefulandfriendly.Fromthe12October1492entryinhisjournal,inwhichhewroteofthem,ManyofthemenIhaveseenhavescarsontheirbodies,andwhenImadesignstothemtofindouthowthishappened,theyindicatedthatpeoplefromothernearbyislandscometoSanSalvadortocapturethem;theydefendthemselvesthebesttheycan.Ibelievethatpeoplefromthemainlandcomeheretotakethemasslaves.Theyoughttomakegoodandskilledservants,fortheyrepeatveryquicklywhateverwesaytothem.IthinktheycanveryeasilybemadeChristians,fortheyseemtohavenoreligion.IfitpleasesourLord,IwilltakesixofthemtoYourHighnesseswhenIdepart,inorderthattheymaylearnourlanguage.Heremarkedthattheirlackofmodernweaponryandevenmetal-forgedswordsorpikeswasatacticalvulnerability,writing,Icouldconquerthewholeofthemwith50men,andgovernthemasIpleased.,.,13,theSantaMararanagroundonChristmasDay1492andhadtobeabandoned.ColumbuswasreceivedbythenativecaciqueGuacanagari,whogavehimpermissiontoleavesomeofhismenbehind.Columbusleft39men,includingLuisdeTorres,theConversointerpreter,whospokeHebrewandArabic,andfoundedthesettlementofLaNavidadatthesiteofpresent-dayMle-Saint-Nicolas,Haiti.HekeptsailingalongthenortherncoastofHispaniolawithasingleship,untilheencounteredPinznandthePintaon6January.On13January1493,ColumbusmadehislaststopintheNewWorld.HelandedontheSamanPeninsula,wherehemetthehostileCiguayoswhopresentedhimwithhisonlyviolentresistanceduringhisfirstvoyagetotheAmericas.BecauseofthisandbecauseoftheCiguayosuseofarrows,hecalledtheinletwherehemetthemtheBayofArrows(orGulfofArrows).Today,theplaceiscalledtheBayofRincn,inSaman,theDominicanRepublic.Columbuskidnappedabout10to25nativesandtookthembackwithhim(onlysevenoreightofthenativeIndiansarrivedinSpainalive,buttheymadequiteanimpressiononSevilleColumbusheadedforSpain,butanotherstormforcedhimintoLisbon.HeanchorednexttotheKingsharborpatrolshipon4March1493inPortugal.AfterspendingmorethanoneweekinPortugal,hesetsailforSpain.HecrossedthebarofSaltesandenteredtheharborofPaloson15March1493.WordofhisfindingnewlandsrapidlyspreadthroughoutEurope.,.,14,Secondvoyage,.,15,ColumbuslefttheportofCadizon24September1493,withafleetof17shipscarrying1,200menandthesuppliestoestablishpermanentcoloniesintheNewWorld.Thepassengersincludedpriests,farmers,andsoldiers,whowouldbethenewcolonists.Thisreflectedthenewpolicyofcreatingnotjustcoloniesofexploitation,butalsocoloniesofsettlementfromwhichtolaunchmissionsdedicatedtoconvertingthenativestoChristianityAsinthefirstvoyage,thefleetstoppedattheCanaryIslands,fromwhichitdepartedon13October,followingamoresoutherlycoursethanonthepreviousexpedition,On22November,ColumbusreturnedtoHispaniola,whereheintendedtovisitthefortofLaNavidad,builtduringhisfirstvoyageandlocatedonthenortherncoastofHaiti.Columbusfoundthefortinruins,destroyedbythenativeTainopeople.Amongtheruinswerethecorpsesof11ofthe39SpaniardswhohadstayedbehindasthefirstcolonistsintheNewWorld.,.,16,InretaliationfortheattackonLaNavidad,ColumbusdemandedthateachTainoover14yearsofagedeliverahawksbellfullofgoldpowdereverythreemonthsor,whenthiswaslacking,twenty-fivepoundsofspuncotton.Ifthistributewasnotdelivered,theTanoshadtheirhandscutoffandwerelefttobleedtodeath.Columbusthensailedmorethan100kilometerseastwardsalongthenortherncoastofHispaniola,establishinganewsettlement,whichhecalledLaIsabela,inthepresent-dayDominicanRepublic.However,LaIsabelaprovedtobepoorlylocatedandthesettlementwasshort-lived.ColumbusleftHispaniolaon24April1494,arrivingatCuba(whichhenamedJuana)on30April.HeexploredthesoutherncoastofCuba,whichhebelievedtobepartofapeninsulaattachedtomainlandAsia,aswellasseveralnearbyislands,includingtheIsleofPines(whichhenamedLaEvangelista,TheEvangelist).HereachedJamaicaon5May.citationneededHeretracedhisroutetoHispaniola,arrivingon20August,beforehefinallyreturnedtoSpain,.,17,Thirdvoyage,.,18,On30May1498,ColumbusleftwithsixshipsfromSanlcar,Spain,forhisthirdtriptotheNewWorld.ThreeoftheshipsheadeddirectlyforHispaniolawithmuch-neededsupplies,whileColumbustooktheotherthreeinanexplorationofwhatmightlietothesouthoftheCaribbeanislandshehadalreadyvisited,includingahope-forpassagetocontinentalAsia,Inpoorhealth,ColumbusreturnedtoHispaniolaon19August,onlytofindthatmanyoftheSpanishsettlersofthenewcolonywereinrebellionagainsthisrule,claimingthatColumbushadmisledthemaboutthesupposedlybountifulrichesoftheNewWorld.AnumberofreturningsettlersandsailorslobbiedagainstColumbusattheSpanishcourt,accusinghimandhisbrothersofgrossmismanagement.Columbushadsomeofhiscrewhangedfordisobedience.HehadaneconomicinterestintheenslavementoftheHispaniolanativesandforthatreasonwasnoteagertobaptizethem,whichattractedcriticismfromsomechurchmen.AnentryinhisjournalfromSeptember1498reads:Fromhereonemightsend,inthenameoftheHolyTrinity,asmanyslavesascouldbesold.Columbuswaseventuallyforcedtomakepeacewiththerebelliouscolonistsonhumiliatingterms.In1500,theCrownhadhimremovedasgovernor,arrested,andtransportedinchainstoSpain.HewaseventuallyfreedandallowedtoreturntotheNewWorld,butnotasgovernor,.,19,Fourthvoyage,.,20,ColumbusmadeafourthvoyagenominallyinsearchoftheStraitofMalaccatotheIndianOcean.AccompaniedbyhisbrotherBartolomeoandhis13-year-oldsonFernando,heleftCadizon11May1502,withhisflagshipSantaMaraandthevesselsGallega,Vizcana,andSantiagodePalos.HesailedtoArzilaontheMoroccancoasttorescuePortuguesesoldierswhomhehadheardwereundersiegebytheMoors.On15JunetheylandedatCarbetontheislandofMartinique(Martinica).Ahurricanewasbrewing,sohecontinuedon,hopingtofindshelteronHispaniola.HearrivedatSantoDomingoon29Junebutwasdeniedport,andthenewgovernorrefusedtolistentohisstormprediction.Instead,whileColumbussshipsshelteredatthemouthoftheRioJaina,thefirstSpanishtreasurefleetsailedintothehurricane.Columbussshipssurvivedwithonlyminordamage,while29ofthe30shipsinthegovernorsfleetwerelosttothe1Julystorm.Inadditiontotheships,500lives(includingthatofthegovernor,FranciscodeBobadilla)andanimmensecargoofgoldweresurrenderedtothesea.AfterabriefstopatJamaica,ColumbussailedtoCentralAmerica,arrivingatGuanaja(IsladePinos)intheBayIslansoffthecoastofHondurason30July.HereBartolomeofoundnativemerchantsandalargecanoe,whichwasdescribedaslongasagalleyandwasfilledwithcargo.On14AugusthelandedonthecontinentalmainlandatPuertoCastilla,nearTrujillo,Honduras.HespenttwomonthsexploringthecoastsofHonduras,Nicaragua,andCostaRica,beforearrivinginAlmiranteBayinPanamaon16October.,.,21,.,22,.,23,.,24,ColumbusmadeafourthvoyagenominallyinsearchoftheStraitofMalaccatotheIndianOcean.AccompaniedbyhisbrotherBartolomeoandhis13-year-oldsonFernando,heleftCadizon11May1502,withhisflagshipSantaMaraandthevesselsGallega,Vizcana,andSantiagodePalos.HesailedtoArzilaontheMoroccancoasttorescuePortuguesesoldierswhomhehadheardwereundersiegebytheMoors.On15JunetheylandedatCarbetontheislandofMartinique(Martinica).Ahurricanewasbrewing,sohecontinuedon,hopingtofindshelteronHispaniola.HearrivedatSantoDomingoon29Junebutwasdeniedport,andthenewgovernorrefusedtolistentohisstormprediction.Instead,whileColumbussshipsshelteredatthemouthoftheRioJaina,thefirstSpanishtreasurefleetsailedintothehurricane.Columbussshipssurvivedwithonlyminordamage,while29ofthe30shipsinthegovernorsfleetwerelosttothe1Julystorm.Inadditiontotheships,500lives(includingthatofthegovernor,FranciscodeBobadilla)andanimmensecargoofgoldweresurrenderedtothesea.AfterabriefstopatJamaica,ColumbussailedtoCentralAmerica,arrivingatGuanaja(IsladePinos)intheBayIslandsoffthecoastofHondurason30July.HereBartolomeofoundnativemerchantsandalargecanoe,whichwasdescribedaslongasagalleyandwasfilledwithcargo.On14AugusthelandedonthecontinentalmainlandatPuertoCastilla,nearTrujillo,Honduras.HespenttwomonthsexploringthecoastsofHonduras,Nicaragua,andCostaRica,beforearrivinginAlmiranteBayinPanamaon16October.,.,25,Columbus,Oneofthegreatestnavigatorinlater15century,.,26,Columbus,Theworldbelongstotheadventurers.Genius,isthepersonthatcandigupgoldandspringfromtheplacewhereotherthinkisbarren.Theperseverenceofmovingongivesbrithtodiscoveries,soIthinkithasnorelationshipwiththecravens.Columbus,.,27,Columbus,Columbuswasbornin1451inGenoaofItaly.Heisoneofthegreatestnavigatorinlater15century.Hisfatherwasawoolmerchant.Whenhewas26yearsold,hebecametomakemerchantvoyages.Thefa