阅读理解之文章结构题

十四、文章结构题,专题二第二节分类突破,感悟体会,名师点津,内容索引,随堂限时练,感悟体会,一、篇章结构题(2018“六校联盟”第三次联考)Careersinzoologyareextremelyvariedandunique，andcanprovideincrediblelearningandworkopportunitiesforanyonedevotedtoanimalstudiesandwelfare.Zoology，orthestudyofanimals，isawidefieldwithmanyspecialties，includingresearch，conservation，veterinary(兽医的)medicine，andthecareofanimals.Forpeoplewithaloveofanimalsandsometraining，dreamsofcareersinzoologymaycometrue.,Somecareersinzoologyfocusonresearchandscientificstudies.Thesecareersmayallowthosewithagoodtheoreticalsciencebackgroundtodevelopandrunstudiesthatimprovehumanunderstandingoftheanimalworld.Researchinzoologycanhelpcreatesaferandmoreeffectiveproductsforanimalsorcanteachhumansmoreaboutanimalbehaviorinordertoaidinconservation，breedingprograms，andhabitatpreservation.,Careersinzoologythatfocusonconservationattachgreatimportancetothecontinuedsurvivalandincreasedprotectionofanimalspecies.Conservationistsmayworkwithpoliticalgroupsorgovernmentstohelpmakelawstoprotectandpreserveanimals，ormayworkinthefieldgatheringinformationonpotentialthreatstothehealthofglobalecosystems.Someconservationistsworkineducationalfields，tryingtoimprovehumaneffortstosaveanimalsfromextinction.,Animalsaresubjecttoillnessandinjury，andsomecareersinzoologyhelptocreateasafe，stableanimalpopulation.Veterinarymedicineisanimportantspecialtyfield，andmaytakeseveralyearsofintensivetrainingtoqualifyasacertifiedveterinarian.Whilemanyveterinariansfocusonthesmall-animalpracticeofdomesticpets，vetsinruralareasoftenworkwithlargefarmanimalsandmoreadventurousveterinariansmayworkwithexoticspeciesinzoosandwildlifepreserves.,Humanslovetoobserveanimals，andmodern-dayzoosandwildlifepreserveshelpmeetthatinterestwhileprovidingfacilitiestoassistwithconservationprograms.Zoologycareersinzooscanrangefromoverseeingbreedingprograms，tocreatingtheproperdietforadeer，ortocleaningthetigerscage.Manyvolunteerandentry-leveljobsareavailableforpeoplethatloveanimals.,语篇解读,语篇解读文章介绍了动物学相关职业的多样性，并就四种相关的职业进行了具体讲解。,1.Whatisthepurposeofresearchingonanimalsinzoology?A.Tohelpgovernmentsmakelaws.B.Toimproveresearchersscientificknowledge.C.Tocreatesafeandeffectiveproductsforhumans.D.Toeducatepeopletoprotectanimals.,解析细节理解题。根据第二段末句可知，动物学研究动物的目的是教育人们保护动物。故选D。,答案,解析,2.Whatcancareersinzoologythatfocusonveterinarymedicinehelp?A.Betterunderstandanimals.B.Protectanimalshealth.C.Cleantheanimalscages.D.Increasethenumberofanimals.,解析推理判断题。根据第四段前两句可知，动物易得疾病且易受伤害，动物学方面的某些职业如兽医学有助于创造一个安全、稳定的动物种群。由此可知，B项描述正确，故选B。,答案,解析,3.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholepassage?(P1Paragraph1；P2Paragraph2；P3Paragraph3；P4Paragraph4；P5Paragraph5),答案,解析,解析篇章结构题。第一段介绍了动物学方面的职业是多样而独特的，是总述。第二段从研究方面介绍；第三段介绍了自然保护的动物学工作；第四段是兽医学可以保护动物健康的介绍；第五段讲述了现代的动物园和野生动物保护区既有助于满足人们的兴趣，又提供了一些设施来帮助保护动物。后边四个段落从不同角度对第一段进行分述，A项图例符合文章结构。故选A。,4.Whatdoesthepassagemainlypresent?A.Volunteerspassionforzoology.B.Anewideaofcareersinzoology.C.Differenttypesofcareersinzoology.D.Effectivemeasuresofanimalprotection.,答案,解析,解析主旨大意题。文章介绍了动物学的相关职业是非常多样和独特的，并就四种职业进行了讲解。故选C。,二、写作手法题Therearemanyplacestogoonsafari(观赏野生动物)inAfrica，butridingahorsethroughthefloodedwatersofBotswanasOkavangoDeltamustrankasoneoftheworldsmostexcitingwildlifejourneys.Severalsafaricampsoperateasthebaseforthisadventure，providinguniqueridestwiceadaytoexploredeepintothedelta.Thecampshaveexcellenthorses，professionalguidesandlotsofsupportworkers.Theyhaveareputationforprovidingagreatridingexperience.,Themorningride，whentheguidestakeyoutobeautiful，shallowlakesfullofwaterlilies，tendstobemoreactive.Itisunlikeanyotherridingexperience.Withrainbowsforminginthesplashingwateraroundyouandthesoundofhugedropsofwaterbouncingoffyourbodyandface，itistrulyexciting.Youareverylikelytocomeacrosslargewildanimals，too.Onhorsebackitispossibletogetquiteclosetoelephants，giraffesandmanyotheranimals.Thesenseofexcitementandtensionlevelsrisesuddenlythough，asdoesyourheartrate，asyoumoveclosertothem.,Intheevening，ridesareusuallyatamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace，withgoldenlightstreamingacrossthegrassydeltaandtheanimalscomingouttoeatanddrink.Sedatethoughtheyare，ridesatthistimeofdayarestillveryimpressive.Asthesunsrayspassthroughthedustkickedupbythehorses，theromanceofAfricacomestolife.Backatthecampyoucankickoffyourbootsandenjoyexcellentfoodandwine.Lookingbackonyourday，youwillfindithardtodenythatahorsebacksafariisascloseasyouwillevercometoansweringthecallofthewild.,TheauthorintroducestheridingexperienceintheOkavangoDeltamainlyby.A.followingspaceorderB.followingtimeorderC.makingclassificationsD.givingexamples,解析写作手法题。整篇文章是根据在非洲观赏野生动物的时间顺序组织的。,答案,解析,名师点津,一、题型解读近几年全国卷均未对篇章结构题这一考点进行考查，但近几年地方卷偶有涉及。此类题目能全面地、深层次地考查考生的阅读理解能力，为防止2019年高考爆冷，仅编写此考点，供学有余力的考生选用。,二、解题技巧把脉络看结构篇章结构题主要是针对文章的整体篇章结构或某一段落的展开层次所设置的问题。高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构；二是按写作手法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。设问形式常有：(1)Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthispassage?(2)Whichofthefollowingshowstheorganization/structureofthe(whole)passage?,因此这类题的解题方法也分为两种，如下图所示：,注意：1.文章的段落组织通常采用“总分；分总；总分总”的框架。2.内容的展开则常用以下手法：时间顺序：按时间先后顺序说明某一事物的发展情况。空间顺序：按照事物的空间结构顺序进行描写或说明。例证关系：所列举的事物用来论证观点，通常是数据、事例等。对比或类比关系：这类文章通常以对比各事物之间的共同点或差异为主。例如：【感悟体会】一中第3题，通读全文，把握各段大意可知：第一段介绍了动物学方面的职业是多样而独特的，是总述。第二段从研究方面介绍；第三段介绍了自然保护的动物学工作；第四段是兽医学可以保,护动物健康的介绍；第五段讲述了现代的动物园和野生动物保护区既有助于满足人们的兴趣，又提供了一些设施来帮助保护动物。分析每一段的关系发现：后面四个段落从不同的角度对第一段进行了分述，所以这篇文章是“总分”结构，A项图例符合文章结构。故选A。【感悟体会】二中，通读全文发现文章中出现很多线索词，如Themorningride，Intheevening，Backatthecamp，可知文章是根据时间顺序来介绍骑马观赏野生动物的。故选B项。,随堂限时练,A(2018江西赣州一模)Timewastersarerealenemiesofsuccess.Timewasterscouldbepeople，eventsorhabitsthatleadtotheoppositepathawayfromourgoals.Themostimportantstartingpointinremovingthetimewastersinlifeistoknowaboutthem.Weneedtositdownandanalyzetheactivitieswhichtakeourtime.,Startbymakingalistofouractivitiesandsortouttheneitherurgentnorimportantones.SometimesitcouldbeasimpleaddictiontoaTVSoapOpera，constant1distractions，orevenoneofourcore(核心的)activitiesthatwearenotexcellentatdoing.Wecan，forinstance，imaginethatweareabusinessownerandwekeepsabotagingourbusinessdeals，leadingthecompanyintogreatfinancialproblems.Itmaybetimeforustohaveourassociatesdothemarketingwhileweconcentrateontheareaswearebestin.Thenextthingwouldbetomakesurethatweplanourdailyactivities.Oneoftheobviousreasonsisthatwewillhaveanupperhandinfightingagainsttimewastersinourschedule.Ifwhatwewanttodoorwhatwedontwanttodobecomesclear，ourfocusisstrengthened.,Moreover，whenwethinkofpeoplewespendtimewith，wearesuretonoticethatsomehaveamorepositive9impactonoursuccesswhileothershaveanegativeone.Itisimportanttobeableto2distinguishthemespeciallywithregardtoourschedule.Whilewedonot3advocateforeveryonetothrowawayrelationships，itisgoodtoknowthathelpingafriendwhoisemotionallydisturbedcanwaittilldinnertime.Finally，dothesametoourhabits.Listallthehabitsandaddictionsthattakeanyamountofourtime.Then，takealittletimetostraightenthemoutinlinewiththeirimportanceandurgency.,Dependingonouranalysis，killthosethatareharmfultoourgoalsinlife.,语篇解读本文主要讲述了如何从我们的日常生活中清除浪费时间的事。,语篇解读,1.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheImportanceofDevelopingGoodHabitsB.TheSignificanceofPlanningDailyActivitiesC.WaysofDistinguishingPeopleWeSpendTimewithD.WaysofRemovingTimeWastersfromOurLives,解析标题归纳题。由全文主题句“Weneedtositdownandanalyzetheactivitieswhichtakeourtime.”可知，本文主要讲述了如何从我们的日常生活中清除浪费时间的事，故选D。,答案,解析,2.Theunderlinedword“sabotaging”inParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto“”.A.promotingB.offeringC.damagingD.striking,答案,解析,解析词义猜测题。画线词所在句句意为：例如，我们可以想象我们是一名企业主，并且在生意中一直，导致公司陷入严重的财务问题。从句意可知，画线词表示一个负面的意思，只有C项符合。,解析推理判断题。由第一段中的“Timewasterscouldbepeople，eventsorhabitsthatleadtotheoppositepathawayfromourgoals.”可以推断出浪费时间的人、事件或习惯会让我们在实现目标的过程中分心，选C。,3.Whatdoweknowabouttimewastersfromthepassage?A.Theyfailtosetcleargoalsfortheirlife.B.Theyarrangethingsonimportanceandneed.C.Theyturnawayourattentionfromachievinggoals.D.Theyareaddictedtosortingouttheimportantactivities.,答案,解析,解析篇章结构题。这篇文章采用了总分总的结构，故选B。,4.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthispassage?A.P1P2P3P4B.P1P2，P3P4C.P1P2，P3，P4D.P1，P2，P3P4,答案,解析,BBeforeIstudied4psychology，Iusedtothinkthatpeoplewouldlaughwhenfunnythingsoccurred.WhileIwasrightaboutthat，Idiscoveredtherearelotsofotherpsychological5factorsthatmakepeoplelaugh10otherthanthefunnypartofajoke.Whensomeonelaughsatajoke，therewillusuallybemorethanonereasonthatmakeshimlaughandthemorereasonsthereare，themorepowerfulthejokewillbe.,Iwasattendingastand-upcomedyshowinEgypt，andwhenthemanstartedtomakefunofthewaypedestrianscrossingstreets，everyonelaughedtheirheartsout.Themainreasonthosepeoplestronglylaughedwasthatalmostallofthemfeltangrytowardsthosepedestrianswhocrossedthestreetscarelessly.Thejokewasntonlyfunnybutitalsomadetheaudiencefeelthattheywererightaboutbeingangryatthosepedestrians.Thatis，peoplewerelaughingbothbecauseofthefunnyjokeandbecauseofthehappinessexperiencedasaresultofthepsychologicalsupporttheygot.,Themorethejokemakesthepersonfeelgoodabouthimself，themoreitincludesotherpsychologicalfactors，themorethepersonwilllikeit.Forexample，ifyouenvyoneofyourfriends，andsomeonetellsajokethatisfunnyand，atthesametime，makesyourfriendseemstupid，thenyouwillprobablylaughatitlouderthanifyouwerent6jealousofhim.,语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。作者在研究心理学之前，认为当有趣的事情发生时，人们就会笑。但后来发现有很多心理因素也会使人们发笑。,Inshort，wedontlaughonlywhenwehearsomethingfunny；wealsolaughwhenweexperiencesomekindofhappinessthat7resultsfromtheotherpsychologicalfactorsinvolvedinthejoke.Istronglydiscouragemakingfunofanyoneorbelittlingsomeonetomakesomeoneelselaugh.AllIwanttoexplainisthatifyourjokesupportsapersons8emotions，hewillcertainlylikeitalot.,语篇解读,5.Whatdidtheauthorfindoutafterstudyingpsychology?A.Onlygoodjokesmakepeoplelaugh.B.Manyfactorsleadtopeoplelaughing.C.Funnythingscanmakepeoplelaugh.D.Laughtercanmakepeoplehealthy.,解析细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，作者发现有很多因素可以引起人们发笑。故选B。,答案,解析,6.Whydidtheaudiencelaughloudlyatthepedestrians?A.Theyplayedatrickonthepedestrians.B.Thepedestriansbehavedinafunnyway.C.Theycouldfeelthepedestrianshappiness.D.Theiremotionwasapprovedofbytheshow.,解析推理判断题。根据第二段内容可推知，行人的滑稽动作和观众的情感达到了一致。D项意为“他们(观众)的情感在这次表演中得到了认可”，符合题意。故选D。,答案,解析,7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“belittling”probablymean?A.Annoy.B.Blame.C.Lookdownon.D.Makeupto.,解析词义猜测题。根据上文“Istronglydiscouragemakingfunofanyone”可知，作者不想去嘲笑别人；又根据“or”(或者)可知，画线词所在句的意思应与“or”的前一句相近，故此处意为“我也不会去通过贬低他人让别人笑”。C项意为“瞧不起”，与画线词意思相近。故选C。,答案,解析,8.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?,解析篇章结构题。通读全文可知，本文结构分三大部分，第一段为第一部分，提出观点；第二、三段为第二部分，举了两个事例来证明观点；最后一段为第三部分，得出结论。由此可知，B项结构图符合本文结构分层。故选B。,答案,解析,素材提炼再拓展,做完以上两篇阅读后，巧妙运用语境，解决障碍词和长难句,.障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1.Highattentionhaslongperiodsofattendingandshortdistractionperiods._2.Researchsuggeststhatbabieslearntoseebydistinguishingbetweenareasoflightanddark._,分散,区分；辨别,3.WhatIdoadvocateisdiscoveringyourstrengthsandusingthemtobecomesuccessful._4.Psychologyisthescientificstudyofthehumanmindandthereasonsforpeoplesbehaviour._5.Thevaccinationprogramhasbeenamajorfactorintheimprovementofhealthstandards._6.