成本会计管理的着重点书后习题答案第七章.pdf

7-1 CHAPTER 7 FLEXIBLE BUDGETS, VARIANCES, AND MANAGEMENT CONTROL: I 7-1Management by exception is the practice of concentrating on areas not operating as anticipated and giving less attention to areas operating as anticipated. Variance analysis helps managers identify areas not operating as anticipated. The larger the variance, the more likely an area is not operating as anticipated. 7-2Sources of information about budgeted amounts include (a) past amounts, and (b) detailed engineering studies. 7-3A favorable variancedenoted F is a variance that increases operating income relative to the budgeted amount. An unfavorable variancedenoted Uis a variance that decreases operating income relative to the budgeted amount. 7-4The key difference is the output level used to set the budget. A static budget is based on the level of output planned at the start of the budget period. A flexible budget is developed using budgeted revenues or cost amounts based on the level of output actually achieved in the budget period. The actual level of output is not known until the end of the budget period. 7-5A Level 2 flexible-budget analysis enables a manager to distinguish how much of the difference between an actual result and a budgeted amount is due to (a) differences between actual and budgeted output levels, and (b) differences between actual and budgeted selling prices, variable costs, and fixed costs. 7-6The steps in developing a flexible budget are: Step 1: Determine budgeted selling price, budgeted variable costs per unit, and budgeted fixed costs. Step 2: Determine the actual quantity of output. Step 3: Determine the flexible budget for revenues based on budgeted selling price and actual quantity of output. Step 4: Determine the flexible budget for costs based on budgeted variable costs per output unit, actual quantity of output, and budgeted fixed costs. 7-7 Four reasons for using standard costs are: (i)cost management, (ii)pricing decisions, (iii)budgetary planning and control, and (iv)financial statement preparation. 3、管路敷设技术通1过管线敷设技术0不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题22，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。在管路敷设过程1中，要加强看2222222222护1关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置.保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标高等，要求技术交底。管线敷设技术中包含线槽、管架等多项方式，为解决高中语文电气课件中管壁薄、接口不严等问题，合理利用管线敷设技术。线缆敷设原则：在分线盒处，当不同电压回路交叉时，应采用金属隔板进行隔开处理；同一线槽内，强电回路须同时切断习题电源，线缆敷设完毕，要进行检查和检测处理。 4、电气课件中调试技术对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料试卷相互作用与相互关系，根据生产工艺高中资料试卷要求，对电气设备进行空载与带负荷下高中资料试卷调控试验；对设备进行调整使其在正常工况下与过度工作下都可以正常工作；对于继电保护进行整核对定值，审核与校对图纸，编写复杂设备与装置高中资料试卷调试方案，编写重要设备高中资料试卷试验方案以及系统启动方案；对整套启动过程中高中资料试卷电气设备进行调试工作并且进行过关运行高中资料试卷技术指导。对于调试过程中高中资料试卷技术问题，作为调试人员，需要在事前掌握图纸资料、设备制造厂家出具高中资料试卷试验报告与相关技术资料，并且了解现场设备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。5、电气设备调试高中资料试卷技术 电力保护装置调试技术，电力保护高中资料试卷配置技术是指机组在进行继电保护高中资料试卷总体配置时，需要在最大限度内来确保机组高中资料试卷安全，并且尽可能地缩小故障高中资料试卷破坏范围，或者对某些异常高中资料试卷工况进行自动处理，尤其要避免错误高中资料试卷保护装置动作，并且拒绝动作，来避免不必要高中资料试卷突然停机。因此，电力高中资料试卷保护装置调试技术，要求电力保护装置做到准确灵活。对于差动保护装置高中资料试卷调试技术是指发电机一变压器组在发生内部故障时，需要进行外部电源高中资料试卷切除从而采用高中资料试卷主要保护装置。 7-2 7-8A manager should decompose the flexible-budget variance for direct materials into a price variance and an efficiency variance. The individual causes of these variances can then be investigated, recognizing possible interdependencies across these individual causes. 7-9Possible causes of a favorable materials price variance are: purchasing officer negotiated more skillfully than was planned in the budget, purchasing manager bought in larger lot sizes than budgeted, thus obtaining quantity discounts, materials prices decreased unexpectedly due to, say, industry oversupply, budgeted purchase prices set without careful analysis of the market, and purchasing manager received unfavorable terms on nonpurchase price factors (such as lower quality materials). 7-10 Direct materials price variances are often computed at the time of purchase, while direct materials efficiency variances are often computed at the time of usage. Purchasing managers are typically responsible for price variances, while production managers are typically responsible for usage variances. 7-11 Budgeted costs can be successively reduced over consecutive time periods to incorporate continuous improvement. The chapter uses the phrase continuous improvement budgeted costs to describe this approach. 7-12 An individual business function, such as production, is interdependent with other business functions. Factors outside of production can explain why variances arise in the production area. For example: poor design of products or processes can lead to a sizable number of defects, and marketing personnel making promises for delivery times that require a large number of rush orders can create production-scheduling difficulties. 7-13 The plant supervisor likely has good grounds for complaint if the plant accountant puts excessive emphasis on using variances to pin blame. The key value of variances is to help understand why actual results differ from budgeted amounts and then to use that knowledge to promote learning and continuous improvement. 7-14 Variances can be calculated at the activity level as well as at the company level. For example, a price variance and an efficiency variance can be computed for an activity area. 7-15 Evidence on the costs of other companies is one input managers can use in setting the performance measure for next year. However, caution should be taken before choosing such an amount as next years performance measure. It is important to understand why cost differences across companies exist and whether these differences can be eliminated. It is also important to examine when planned changes (in, say, technology) next year make even the current low-cost producer not a demanding enough hurdle. 3、管路敷设技术通1过管线敷设技术0不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题22，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。在管路敷设过程1中，要加强看2222222222护1关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置.保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标高等，要求技术交底。管线敷设技术中包含线槽、管架等多项方式，为解决高中语文电气课件中管壁薄、接口不严等问题，合理利用管线敷设技术。线缆敷设原则：在分线盒处，当不同电压回路交叉时，应采用金属隔板进行隔开处理；同一线槽内，强电回路须同时切断习题电源，线缆敷设完毕，要进行检查和检测处理。 4、电气课件中调试技术对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料试卷相互作用与相互关系，根据生产工艺高中资料试卷要求，对电气设备进行空载与带负荷下高中资料试卷调控试验；对设备进行调整使其在正常工况下与过度工作下都可以正常工作；对于继电保护进行整核对定值，审核与校对图纸，编写复杂设备与装置高中资料试卷调试方案，编写重要设备高中资料试卷试验方案以及系统启动方案；对整套启动过程中高中资料试卷电气设备进行调试工作并且进行过关运行高中资料试卷技术指导。对于调试过程中高中资料试卷技术问题，作为调试人员，需要在事前掌握图纸资料、设备制造厂家出具高中资料试卷试验报告与相关技术资料，并且了解现场设备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。5、电气设备调试高中资料试卷技术 电力保护装置调试技术，电力保护高中资料试卷配置技术是指机组在进行继电保护高中资料试卷总体配置时，需要在最大限度内来确保机组高中资料试卷安全，并且尽可能地缩小故障高中资料试卷破坏范围，或者对某些异常高中资料试卷工况进行自动处理，尤其要避免错误高中资料试卷保护装置动作，并且拒绝动作，来避免不必要高中资料试卷突然停机。因此，电力高中资料试卷保护装置调试技术，要求电力保护装置做到准确灵活。对于差动保护装置高中资料试卷调试技术是指发电机一变压器组在发生内部故障时，需要进行外部电源高中资料试卷切除从而采用高中资料试卷主要保护装置。 7-3 7-16 (20-30 min.)Flexible budget. Actual Results (1) Flexible- Budget Variances (2) = (1) (3) Flexible Budget (3) Sales- Volume Variances (4) =(3)(5)Static Budget (5) Units sold2,800G 2,8003,000 G Revenues $313,600a $ 5,600 F $ 308,000b $22,000 U $330,000c Variable costs 229,600d 22,400 U 207,200e 14,800 F 222,000f Contribution margin84,00016,800 U 100,8007,200 U 108,000 Fixed costs50,000 G 4,000 F 54,000 G 054,000 G Operating income$ 34,000$12,800 U $ 46,800$ 7,200 U $ 54,000 $12,800 U$ 7,200 U Total flexible-budget variance Total sales-volume variance $20,000 U Total static-budget variance a $112 2,800 = $313,600 b $110 2,800 = $308,000 c $110 3,000 = $330,000 d Given. Unit variable cost = $229,600 2,800 = $82 per tire e $74 2,800 = $207,200 f $74 3,000 = $222,000 G Given 2.The key information items are: ActualBudgeted Units Unit selling price Unit variable cost Fixed costs 2,800 $ 112 $ 82 $50,000 3,000 $ 110 $ 74 $54,000 The total static-budget variance in operating income is $20,000 U. There is both an unfavorable total flexible-budget variance ($12,800) and an unfavorable sales-volume variance ($7,200). The unfavorable sales-volume variance arises solely because actual units manufactured and sold were 200 less than the budgeted 3,000 units. The unfavorable flexible-budget variance of $12,800 in operating income is due primarily to the $8 increase in unit variable costs. This increase in unit variable costs is only partially offset by the $2 increase in unit selling price and the $4,000 decrease in fixed costs. 7-17 (15 min.) Flexible budget. 3、管路敷设技术通1过管线敷设技术0不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题22，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。在管路敷设过程1中，要加强看2222222222护1关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置.保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标高等，要求技术交底。管线敷设技术中包含线槽、管架等多项方式，为解决高中语文电气课件中管壁薄、接口不严等问题，合理利用管线敷设技术。线缆敷设原则：在分线盒处，当不同电压回路交叉时，应采用金属隔板进行隔开处理；同一线槽内，强电回路须同时切断习题电源，线缆敷设完毕，要进行检查和检测处理。 4、电气课件中调试技术对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料试卷相互作用与相互关系，根据生产工艺高中资料试卷要求，对电气设备进行空载与带负荷下高中资料试卷调控试验；对设备进行调整使其在正常工况下与过度工作下都可以正常工作；对于继电保护进行整核对定值，审核与校对图纸，编写复杂设备与装置高中资料试卷调试方案，编写重要设备高中资料试卷试验方案以及系统启动方案；对整套启动过程中高中资料试卷电气设备进行调试工作并且进行过关运行高中资料试卷技术指导。对于调试过程中高中资料试卷技术问题，作为调试人员，需要在事前掌握图纸资料、设备制造厂家出具高中资料试卷试验报告与相关技术资料，并且了解现场设备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。5、电气设备调试高中资料试卷技术 电力保护装置调试技术，电力保护高中资料试卷配置技术是指机组在进行继电保护高中资料试卷总体配置时，需要在最大限度内来确保机组高中资料试卷安全，并且尽可能地缩小故障高中资料试卷破坏范围，或者对某些异常高中资料试卷工况进行自动处理，尤其要避免错误高中资料试卷保护装置动作，并且拒绝动作，来避免不必要高中资料试卷突然停机。因此，电力高中资料试卷保护装置调试技术，要求电力保护装置做到准确灵活。对于差动保护装置高中资料试卷调试技术是指发电机一变压器组在发生内部故障时，需要进行外部电源高中资料试卷切除从而采用高中资料试卷主要保护装置。 7-4 The existing performance report is a Level 1 analysis, based on a static budget. It makes no adjustment for changes in output levels. The budgeted output level is 10,000 unitsdirect materials of $400,000 in the static budget budgeted direct materials cost per attach case of $40. The following is a Level 2 analysis that presents a flexible-budget variance and a sales-volume variance of each direct cost category: Actual Results (1) Flexible- Budget Variances (2) = (1) (3) Flexible Budget (3) Sales- Volume Variances (4) = (3) (5) Static Budget (5) Output units Direct materials Direct manufacturing labor Direct marketing labor Total direct costs 8,800 $364,000 78,000 110,000 $552,000 0 $12,000 U 7,600 U 4,400 U $24,000 U 8,800 $352,000 70,400 105,600 $528,000 1,200 U $48,000 F 9,600 F 14,400 F $72,000 F 10,000 $400,000 80,000 120,000 $600,000 $24,000 U$72,000 F Flexible-budget variance Sales-volume variance $48,000 F Static-budget variance The Level 1 analysis shows total direct costs have a $48,000 favorable variance. However, the Level 2 analysis reveals that this favorable variance is due to the reduction in output of 1,200 units from the budgeted 10,000 units. Once this reduction in output is taken into account (via a flexible budget), the flexible-budget variance shows each direct cost category to have an unfavorable variance indicating less efficient use of each direct cost item than was budgeted. Each direct cost category has an actual unit variable cost that exceeds its budgeted unit cost: ActualBudgeted Units Direct materials Direct manufacturing labor Direct marketing labor 8,800 $41.36 $ 8.86 $12.50 10,000 $40 $ 8 $12 Analysis of price and efficiency variances for each cost category could assist in further identifying the causes of these more aggregated (Level 2) variances. 7-18(10 min.)Flexible budget 3、管路敷设技术通1过管线敷设技术0不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题22，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。在管路敷设过程1中，要加强看2222222222护1关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置.保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标高等，要求技术交底。管线敷设技术中包含线槽、管架等多项方式，为解决高中语文电气课件中管壁薄、接口不严等问题，合理利用管线敷设技术。线缆敷设原则：在分线盒处，当不同电压回路交叉时，应采用金属隔板进行隔开处理；同一线槽内，强电回路须同时切断习题电源，线缆敷设完毕，要进行检查和检测处理。 4、电气课件中调试技术对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料试卷相互作用与相互关系，根据生产工艺高中资料试卷要求，对电气设备进行空载与带负荷下高中资料试卷调控试验；对设备进行调整使其在正常工况下与过度工作下都可以正常工作；对于继电保护进行整核对定值，审核与校对图纸，编写复杂设备与装置高中资料试卷调试方案，编写重要设备高中资料试卷试验方案以及系统启动方案；对整套启动过程中高中资料试卷电气设备进行调试工作并且进行过关运行高中资料试卷技术指导。对于调试过程中高中资料试卷技术问题，作为调试人员，需要在事前掌握图纸资料、设备制造厂家出具高中资料试卷试验报告与相关技术资料，并且了解现场设备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。5、电气设备调试高中资料试卷技术 电力保护装置调试技术，电力保护高中资料试卷配置技术是指机组在进行继电保护高中资料试卷总体配置时，需要在最大限度内来确保机组高中资料试卷安全，并且尽可能地缩小故障高中资料试卷破坏范围，或者对某些异常高中资料试卷工况进行自动处理，尤其要避免错误高中资料试卷保护装置动作，并且拒绝动作，来避免不必要高中资料试卷突然停机。因此，电力高中资料试卷保护装置调试技术，要求电力保护装置做到准确灵活。对于差动保护装置高中资料试卷调试技术是指发电机一变压器组在发生内部故障时，需要进行外部电源高中资料试卷切除从而采用高中资料试卷主要保护装置。 7-5 1. Static-budget variance =Actual results -Static-budget amount =$6,556,000-$3,150,000 =$3,406,000 F 2. Flexible-budget variance =Actual results -Flexible-budget amount =$6,556,000-$6,930,000 = $ 374,000 U Sales-volume variance =Flexible-budget amount -Static-budget amount =$6,930,000-$3,150,000 =$3,780,000 F 3. The total flexible-budget variance is $374,000 unfavorable. This arises because for the actual output level: (a) selling prices were lower than budgeted, or (b) variable costs were higher than budgeted, or (c) fixed costs were higher than budgeted, or (d) some combination of (a), (b), and (c). 7-19(20-30 min.) Price and efficiency variances. 1.The key information items are: ActualBudgeted Output units (scones) Input units Cost per input unit 60,800 16,000 $0.82 60,000 15,000 $0.89 Peterson budgets to obtain 4 pumpkin scones from each pound of pumpkin. The flexible-budget variance is $408 F. Actual Results (1) Flexible- Budget Variance (2) = (1) (3) Flexible Budget (3) Sales-Volume Variance (4) = (3) (5) Static Budget (5) Pumpkin costs13,120 a $408 F$13,528 b $178 U$13,350 c a 16,000 $0.82 = $13,120 b 60,800 0.25 $0.89 = $13,528 c 60,000 0.25 $0.89 = $13,350 $374,000 U Total flexible-budget variance $3,780,000 F Total sales-volume variance $3,406,000 F Total static-budget variance 3、管路敷设技术通1过管线敷设技术0不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题22，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。在管路敷设过程1中，要加强看2222222222护1关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置.保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标高等，要求技术交底。管线敷设技术中包含线槽、管架等多项方式，为解决高中语文电气课件中管壁薄、接口不严等问题，合理利用管线敷设技术。线缆敷设原则：在分线盒处，当不同电压回路交叉时，应采用金属隔板进行隔开处理；同一线槽内，强电回路须同时切断习题电源，线缆敷设完毕，要进行检查和检测处理。 4、电气课件中调试技术对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料试卷相互作用与相互关系，根据生产工艺高中资料试卷要求，对电气设备进行空载与带负荷下高中资料试卷调控试验；对设备进行调整使其在正常工况下与过度工作下都可以正常工作；对于继电保护进行整核对定值，审核与校对图纸，编写复杂设备与装置高中资料试卷调试方案，编写重要设备高中资料试卷试验方案以及系统启动方案；对整套启动过程中高中资料试卷电气设备进行调试工作并且进行过关运行高中资料试卷技术指导。对于调试过程中高中资料试卷技术问题，作为调试人员，需要在事前掌握图纸资料、设备制造厂家出具高中资料试卷试验报告与相关技术资料，并且了解现场设备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。5、电气设备调试高中资料试卷技术 电力保护装置调试技术，电力保护高中资料试卷配置技术是指机组在进行继电保护高中资料试卷总体配置时，需要在最大限度内来确保机组高中资料试卷安全，并且尽可能地缩小故障高中资料试卷破坏范围，或者对某些异常高中资料试卷工况进行自动处理，尤其要避免错误高中资料试卷保护装置动作，并且拒绝动作，来避免不必要高中资料试卷突然停机。因此，电力高中资料试卷保护装置调试技术，要求电力保护装置做到准确灵活。对于差动保护装置高中资料试卷调试技术是指发电机一变压器组在发生内部故障时，需要进行外部电源高中资料试卷切除从而采用高中资料试卷主要保护装置。 7-6 2. Actual Costs Incurred (Actual Input Actual Price) Actual Input Budgeted Price Flexible Budget (Budgeted Input Allowed for Actual Output Achieved Budgeted Price) $13,120a$14,240b$13,528c $1,120 F$712 U Price varianceEfficiency variance $408 F Flexible-budget variance a 16,000 $0.82 = $13,120 b 16,000 $0.89 = $14,240 c 60,800 0.25 $0.89 = $13,528 3.The favorable flexible-budget variance of $408 has two offsetting components: (a)favorable price variance of $1,120reflects the $0.82 actual purchase cost being lower than the $0.89 budgeted purchase cost per pound. (b)unfavorable efficiency variance of $712-reflects the actual materials yield of 3.80 scones per pound of pumpkin (60,800 16,000 = 3.80) being less than the budgeted yield of 4.00 (60,000 15,000 = 4.00) One explanation may be that Peterson purchased lower quality pumpkins at a lower cost per pound. 7-20 (15 min.) Materials and manufacturing labor variances. Actual Costs Incurred (Actual Input Actual Price) Actual Input Budgeted Price Flexible Budget (Budgeted Input Allowed for Actual Output Achieved Budgeted Price) Direct Materials $200,000$214,000$225,000 $14,000 F $11,000 F Price varianceEfficiency variance $25,000 F Flexible-budget variance Direct $90,000$86,000$80,000 Manufacturing $4,000 U$6,000 U LaborPrice varianceEfficiency variance $10,000 U Flexible-budget variance 3、管路敷设技术通1过管线敷设技术0不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题22，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。在管路敷设过程1中，要加强看2222222222护1关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置.保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标高等，要求技术交底。管线敷设技术中包含线槽、管架等多项方式，为解决高中语文电气课件中管壁薄、接口不严等问题，合理利用管线敷设技术。线缆敷设原则：在分线盒处，当不同电压回路交叉时，应采用金属隔板进行隔开处理；同一线槽内，强电回路须同时切断习题电源，线缆敷设完毕，要进行检查和检测处理。 4、电气课件中调试技术对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料试卷相互作用与相互关系，根据生产工艺高中资料试卷要求，对电气设备进行空载与带负荷下高中资料试卷调控试验；对设备进行调整使其在正常工况下与过度工作下都可以正常工作；对于继电保护进行整核对定值，审核与校对图纸，编写复杂设备与装置高中资料试卷调试方案，编写重要设备高中资料试卷试验方案以及系统启动方案；对整套启动过程中高中资料试卷电气设备进行调试工作并且进行过关运行高中资料试卷技术指导。对于调试过程中高中资料试卷技术问题，作为调试人员，需要在事前掌握图纸资料、设备制造厂家出具高中资料试卷试验报告与相关技术资料，并且了解现场设备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。5、电气设备调试高中资料试卷技术 电力保护装置调试技术，电力保护高中资料试卷配置技术是指机组在进行继电保护高中资料试卷总体配置时，需要在最大限度内来确保机组高中资料试卷安全，并且尽可能地缩小故障高中资料试卷破坏范围，或者对某些异常高中资料试卷工况进行自动处理，尤其要避免错误高中资料试卷保护装置动作，并且拒绝动作，来避免不必要高中资料试卷突然停机。因此，电力高中资料试卷保护装置调试技术，要求电力保护装置做到准确灵活。对于差动保护装置高中资料试卷调试技术是指发电机一变压器组在发生内部故障时，需要进行外部电源高中资料试卷切除从而采用高中资料试卷主要保护装置。 7-7 7-21(30 min.)Price and efficiency variances. 1. Actual Results (1) Flexible Budget Variances (2)=(1)(3) Flexible Budget (3) Direct materials$429,000a$57,750 U$371,250 Direct labor 99,200b 9,200 U 90,000 Actual Results Direct materials: 8,580,000a $0.05 = $429,000 Direct labor:1,600 $62 = $99,200 a. 7,800,000 minutes 110% purchase = 8,580,000 b. (7,500,000 5,000) $60 =$90,000 CellOne commits to purchase 110% of the budgeted amount of time. Due to the forward commitment of time purchase, the actual time purchased will be same as the budgeted amount of time to be purchased. 3、管路敷设技术通1过管线敷设技术0不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题22，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。在管路敷设过程1中，要加强看2222222222护1关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置.保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标高等，要求技术交底。管线敷设技术中包含线槽、管架等多项方式，为解决高中语文电气课件中管壁薄、接口不严等问题，合理利用管线敷设技术。线缆敷设原则：在分线盒处，当不同电压回路交叉时，应采用金属隔板进行隔开处理；同一线槽内，强电回路须同时切断习题电源，线缆敷设完毕，要进行检查和检测处理。 4、电气课件中调试技术对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料试卷相互作用与相互关系，根据生产工艺高中资料试卷要求，对电气设备进行空载与带负荷下高中资料试卷调控试验；对设备进行调整使其在正常工况下与过度工作下都可以正常工作；对于继电保护进行整核对定值，审核与校对图纸，编写复杂设备与装置高中资料试卷调试方案，编写重要设备高中资料试卷试验方案以及系统启动方案；对整套启动过程中高中资料试卷电气设备进行调试工作并且进行过关运行高中资料试卷技术指导。对于调试过程中高中资料试卷技术问题，作为调试人员，需要在事前掌握图纸资料、设备制造厂家出具高中资料试卷试验报告与相关技术资料，并且了解现场设备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。5、电气设备调试高中资料试卷技术 电力保护装置调试技术，电力保护高中资料试卷配置技术是指机组在进行继电保护高中资料试卷总体配置时，需要在最大限度内来确保机组高中资料试卷安全，并且尽