第二版Groundless-BeliefsPPT课件

,GroundlessBeliefs,A.E.Mander,GroundlessBeliefs,Unit3,Questions/Activities,Check-onPreview,Objectives,W,B,T,R,Warmingup,GroundlessBeliefs,Unit3,Warmingup,Questions/Activities,Arecarrotsarabbitsfavorite?Howdoyouknow?,W,B,T,R,Aristotlevs.Galileos,Lesson6GroundlessBeliefs,WhywasGalileoabletoproveAristotlewrong?WhatlessonshallwelearnfromGalileosexperiment?,Warmingup,Questions/Activities,Whatarethewordsusedbytheauthorinreferringtogroundless“beliefs”?-propositions,assumptions,dogma,opinionAccordingtotheauthorwheredothesebeliefscomefrom?-fromotherpeople:family,friends,media,tradition,interestgroups,etc.Whydowetendtoacceptthesebeliefs?-“suggestion”,self-interest,sentimentalassociations,FashionWhydowehavetobeonguardagainstthem?-mostofthemareirrational;theyare_ratherthanthought.-oncetheybecomesos_intheypreventusfromacceptingnewideas.,Check-onPreview,Warmingup,Objectives,CallattentiontogroundlessbeliefsUnderstandthecausesofgroundlessbeliefsDiscusstheimportanceofinquisitionConsiderthestrategiesagainstgroundlessbeliefsEncouragestudentstoactivelyidentifygroundlessbeliefsinlifeAppreciatethelogicstructure,W,B,T,R,Warmingup,Background,Author,B,W,T,R,GroundlessBeliefs,Unit3,A.E.Mander(18941985)Awell-publishedAustralianscholar.,Background,Author,HisLifeandWorks,BooksLogicforthemillionsClearerthinking(logicforeveryman)ThemakingoftheAustraliansOurshamdemocracyPsychologyforeveryman(andwoman)Clearerthinking;logicforeverydayusePublicenemy,thepressAlarmingAustralia,QuotationsfromMandersbook,Thetroublewithmostfolksisnotsomuchtheirignorance,astheirknowingsomanythingswhichaintso.-JoshBillingsHewhocannotreasonisafool;hewhowillnotisabigot;hewhodarenotisaslave.-W.Drummond,Background,Author,TextAnalysis,T,W,B,R,GroundlessBeliefs,Unit3,TextAnalysis,Theme,UnderstandthesourcesofgroundlessbeliefsDevelopthealerttogroundlessbeliefsEmphasizetheimportanceofacurious,inquiringmindDiscusshowtodevelopsuchamind,T,W,B,R,TheIntroduction(para.1):PrevalenceofgroundlessbeliefsII.Thebody(paras.224):Types/CausesofgroundlessbeliefsResultofenvironmentinearlylife.(paras.23)Parroting.(paras.413)Self-interest(paras.1417)Sentimentalassociations(paras.1819)Fashion(paras.2024)III.Theconclusion(para.25):Thewriterspraiseofrationalthinkers,TextAnalysis,Structure,TextAnalysis,DetailedAnalysis,MainIdea,SentenceParaphrase,Wordsitrestsuponeducation,atleasttothesameextent.我们明确地知道，人的生命从何时开始。(ashadowof)Weknow,withoutashadowofadoubt,whenhumanlifebegins。,TextAnalysis,DetailedAnalysis,PartII:Types/Causesofgroundlessbeliefs(paras.224)Section1.Resultofenvironmentinearlylife.(paras.23),Howcanasimple“suggestion”becomea“belief”?uncriticallyweacceptedandbelievedit.wedidnthavethepowerofquestioning.Howshallwedealwiththebeliefsdevelopedinearlychildhood?,TextAnalysis,DetailedAnalysis,RomanCatholicInordertobesaved,allpersonswhohaveattainedtheuseofreasonmustbelieveexplicitlythatGodexistsandthatherewardsthegoodandpunishesthewicked.TheChurchisthecongregationofallbaptizedpersons,undertheauthorityoftheSovereignPontiffandthebishopsincommunionwithhim.WefindthechieftruthstaughtbyJesusChristthroughtheCatholicChurchintheApostlesCreed.,PresbyterianWebelievethatJesusChrististheeternalSonofGod,andweshalltrustinHim,alone,forsalvation.WebelievetheBibleistherevelationofGodstruthandisinfallibleandauthoritativeinallmattersoffaithandpractice.WebelievethatallaresinnersandtotallyunabletosavethemselvesfromGodsdispleasure,exceptbyHismercy.,TextAnalysis,DetailedAnalysis,PartII:Wordsandallconflictingideasseemtous“obviously”absurd?Whatpropositionsshouldwetreatwithcaution?OldpropositionsObvioustruths,TextAnalysis,DetailedAnalysis,Progressinhumanthoughtseemstoconsistmainlyingettingridofsuchideas.,TextAnalysis,DetailedAnalysis,PartII:SentenceParaphrase,Whenwefindourselvesentertaininganopinionaboutwhichthereisafeelingthateventoenquireintoitwouldbeabsurd,unnecessary,undesirable,orwickedwemayknowthatthatopinionisanon-rationalone.(para.7),allowyourselftoconsideritaspossibleorasworththinkingaboutseriously,Anothercommonmistakewemakeistojudgeopinionsaccordingtoourfeelings.Anopinionistruebecauseitistrue,notbecausewelikeitorfinditdesirableoruseful.Infact,truthcanoftenbeunpleasantorpainfulwhereasuntruthcanbesoothingandattractive.,TextAnalysis,DetailedAnalysis,PartIII:WordsThehabitofparroting;Self-interest;Sentimentalassociation;Fashion.Whatwordsshouldwewatchoutforsoastominimizetheinfluenceofgroundlessbeliefs?NaturallyObviouslyBynatureInevitable,R,W,B,T,Reinforcem