外文翻译-某城市博物馆建筑方案设计

广西科技大学毕业设计（论文）外文翻译课题名称某城市博物馆建筑方案设计学院土木建筑工程学院专业建筑学班级学号姓名指导教师年月日原文BUILDINGCITYSQUARES（举例）PERCEPTIBLEWORLDS，FEASIBLEWORLDSAUTHORCRISTINABRUMATCITYCHANGINGISNOTARECENTSUBJECTSINCEMANYYEARS,CRITICSANDPLANNERSHAVEDEBATEDABOUTCITYDECLINE,EVENINA“SORTOFPLAYBACKOFURBANHISTORY“AGREATMANYANDCONTRADICTORYIMAGESANDANTICIPATIONSHAVECHARACTERIZEDTHELASTTWENTYYEARSINTHESIXTIESTHEURBANIZATIONPROCESSSEEMEDRELENTLESSANDTHETERM“MEGALOPOLIS“,PROVIDEDBYGOTTMANTODEFINETHENEWURBANSETTLEMENTS,HADSOONACQUIREDANEVOCATIVEMEANINGOFA“NEARLYPATHOLOGICALPHENOMENONACANCERTHATISSPREADINGTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDSSURFACE“SINCETHESEVENTIESALLTHEINDUSTRIALIZEDCOUNTRIESHAVEWITNESSEDTHEDROPOFTHEURBANGROWTHTHISREVERSEDTENDENCYLEDMANYRESEARCHERSTOPUTFORWARDTHEHYPOTHESISOFACRISIS,THEDEATHOFURBANGROWTHMODELTHEDECREASEINTHEPOPULATIONGROWTHAFFECTEDBASICALLYTHEBIGCITIES,THOUGHTHISASPECTWASNOTGIVENMUCHTHOUGHTTHEREWASTHEREFORETALKOFTHESOCALLED“COUNTERURBANIZATION“PHENOMEMONWHICH,ACCORDINGTOBERRYISATENDENCYTHATCONTINUEDTHROUGHOUTTHETWENTIETHCENTURYTHISWOULDLEADTOTHECREATIONOFAN“URBANCIVILIZATIONWITHOUTCITIES“ACCORDINGTOTHEAUTHOR,THISTENDENCYISTOBEASCRIBEDTOANATTITUDEOFINDIVIDUALISM,THEFREECIRCULATIONOFPEOPLEANDTHEFEAROFVIOLENCEAFFLICTINGTHEAMERICANCITIESURGEDPEOPLETOSEARCHFOR“SAFEAREAS“HEACTUALLYMAINTAINEDTHATEXPANSIONANDURBANDEGRADATIONARE“THEPRODUCTOFANARRAYOFINDIVIDUALDECISIONSINTHEFRAMEWORKOFATRADITIONOFPRIVATISM“THEDANGERSANDTHEEVILSTHAT,INTHEPAST,HADBEENATTRIBUTEDTOARAPIDURBANIZATIONPROCESSBEGANTOBEASCRIBEDTOTHEDECLINEOFBIGCITIES,WITHTHERESULTTHATTHEANALYSESANDTHESTUDIESCARRIEDOUTBYDIFFERENTSCHOOLSGRADUALLYCONFIRMEDTHEURBANCRISISPICTURETHERECOGNITIONOFTHEDEMOGRAPHICDECLINEAFFECTINGBIGCITIESCOINCIDEDWITHTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHEPRODUCTIVEORGANIZATIONPROCESSESOPTIMIZINGSPACEANDLABOURELECTRONICTECHNOLOGYWITHITSOUTSTANDINGPRODUCTANDPROCESSINNOVATIONSPRODUCEDANINTENSIFICATIONANDDEMATERIALIZATIONOFTRADE,ACOMPRESSIONOFTIMEANDSPACEBESIDESANOVERALLMODIFICATIONOFPERSONAL,SOCIAL,PRODUCTIVEANDSPATIALCOMMUNICATIONSTODAYSREALITYDEMONSTRATESTHATTHECITYISFARFROMDYINGORDECLININGTHEURBANIZATIONPROCESSOFTHEGROUNDGOESBEYONDTHECITYASWELLASTHEEVERYDAYCROWDINGOFCITIESANDTHEWORSENINGOFENVIRONMENTALISSUESBASICALLYRELATEDTOAIR,WATERANDSOUNDPOLLUTIONINORDERTOINTERPRETTHEDYNAMIC“KEYOFTHEMETROPOLITANTRANSFORMATION“,ITISSTILLRESORTEDTOTHEMENTALCATEGORIESOFTHEPAST,WHILETHEDECISIONTOMOVETOTHENEIGHBOURINGSUBURBSISNOTTOBEMEANTASANESCAPE,BUTASANEXPRESSLYCHOSENLOCATIONWITHINTHEBOUNDARIESOFTHENEWURBANSYSTEMUNDERDEVELOPMENTTHEREFOREWEAREGOINGTHROUGHATIMEWHENTHEURBANSTRUCTUREANDINDIVIDUALSHABITS,BEHAVIOURSANDVALUESARECHANGINGRADICALLYTHEHOUSETURNSINTOTHE“CORE“,MEANTASTHE“INTERSECTIONBETWEENFAMILYANDREPRODUCTIVEFUNCTIONS“REVIVALANDMOBILITYSEEMTOBEPARTOFTHEPROCESSESTHROUGHWHICHOCCURSTHISTRANSITIONINTHECASEOFREVIVAL,THEREPREVAILSTHECONTINUITYWITHTHEPASTINVIEWOFINTEGRATION,THESYMBOLISMANARCHITECTURALANDURBANDESIGNPASTCANGENERATE,ISESTIMATEDTOBEUSEFULTHEMOBILITY,VICEVERSA,VIEWSTHECITYINTERMSOFFUNCTIONSANDSPACESNECESSARYTOTHEPRESENTTHEIMPORTANTVALUESARETHOSEHEADINGFORCHANGE,INNOVATIONANDARENOTCONCERNEDWITHTHESEARCHFORTHESYMBOLICSPATIALANDHISTORICAL“SENSE“OFTHESITEPEOPLELIVINGINCITIESSUFFERTHEPRESSUREANDTHETHREATCOMINGFROMNEWGROUPSTHISDERIVESNOTONLYFROMTHERECENTMIGRATIONMOVEMENTS,BUTALSOFROMTHEINVASIONSOFCITYUSERS,COMMUTERSANDMETROPOLITANCONSUMERSWHOUSEANDABUSETHECITYTHERESULTISAREDUCEDCAPABILITYOFTHECITYTOINVOLVETHEINDIVIDUALSINGETTINGFAMILIAR,PARTICIPATINGANDDECIDINGABOUTTHECITYSISSUESAND,ASACONSEQUENCE,ITSDIFFICULTYTOEMERGEASAN“OBJECTMAKINGSENSE“THELEADINGURBANLIFESTYLESEEMSTOBETHATDESCRIBEDBYSIMMERLFIRSTANDWIRTHAFTERWARDSUNCONCERNED,SUPERFICIAL,ANONYMOUS,WITHDEVIATIONANDBORDERLINEPHENOMENAAFFECTINGGROWINGNUMBERSOFPEOPLETHESPATIALSENSEPROPOSEDDOESNOTALWAYSCORRESPONDTOTHATDESIREDOREXPECTEDBYCITIZENSTHEADAPTATIONTOTHEURBANENVIRONMENTISBASICALLYPERCEPTIVEITISPRECISELYTHROUGHTHEANALYSISOFPERCEPTIVEPHENOMENA,THEIMAGESTHEINDIVIDUALSHAVEOFTHESITETHATITISPOSSIBLETOIDENTIFYTHENEEDSANDTHEASPIRATIONSFORTHEFUTURETHEPERCEPTIONOFASPATIALORGANIZATIONOFFERSPLANNINGTHEPOSSIBILITYTOUNDERSTANDTHESEELEMENTSANDTHEGUARANTEETHATDESIGNREPRESENTSTHESYNTHESISOFTHEENVIRONMENTALASPIRATIONSOFTHEGROUPSWHOMAKEUPTHESOCIALSTRUCTURETHEREDOESNOTEXISTAUNIQUEIMAGEOFTHECITY,EACHINDIVIDUALMAKESAPERSONALEXPERIENCETHATREFLECTSINTHEUNIQUENESSOFTHEPERCEPTIVEPROCESSYET,TOTHEUNIQUENESSOFTHISEXPERIENCECORRESPONDPERCEPTIVESIMILITUDESEXPERIENCEDBYINDIVIDUALSBELONGINGTOTHESAMESOCIAL,CULTURAL,ECONOMICCATEGORIESANDWITHTHESAMEAGEACCORDINGTOGURVITCH,INFACT,PERCEIVINGASPACEMEANSMAKINGASELECTIONANDTHISSELECTIONCANBUTBERELATEDTOTHEREFERENCEPATTERNSWHICHOFTENCOINCIDEWITHTHESOCIALSPHERESTOWHICHTHESUBJECTOFPERCEPTIONBELONGSSTEREOTYPES,MYTHS,BIASSES,LEADTOTHECREATIONOFSIMILARMENTALCHARTS,ATTIMESCLASHINGWITHREALITYTHEREEXISTASMANYIMAGESOFTHECITYASTHEIMAGESOFTHEGROUPSWHOAREPARTOFITTHEIRUNDERSTANDINGCANHELPPLANNINGINPROTECTINGANDFAVOURING,FORINSTANCE,THOSEELEMENTSAIDINGCULTURALINTEGRATIONAND,HENCE,ENABLINGCITIZENSTOLIVEBETTERTHISTHEMEOFANALYSIS,DEALTWITHBYFIVEDIFFERENTDISCIPLINES,HIGHLIGHTSTHENEEDTOTAKEANINTERDISCIPLINARYAPPROACH,OFTHECONTRIBUTIONSGIVENBYPSYCHOLOGY,GEOGRAPHY,URBANDESIGN,SOCIOLOGY,PROSSEMICANDANTHROPOLOGYTOTHEANALYSISOFTHESUBJECTIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINDIVIDUALANDENVIRONMENTWECANREFERTOTWOMAINCURRENTSTHECOGNITIVEMAPPING,APPLIEDMOSTLYBYTHEAMERICANS,ANDTHEESPACEVECUDEVELOPEDINFRANCETHEORIGINSOFCOGNITIVEMAPPINGARETOBEATTRIBUTEDTOTHEAMERICANSOCIALPSYCHOLOGYOFTHETHIRTIESEVENIFITSSYSTEMATIZATIONOCCURREDATALATERTIMETHANKSTODOWNSANDLTTELSON,WHOTRACEDBACKTHECOGNITIVEPROCESSLEADINGTOTHECREATIONOFTHEIMAGEITWASLYNCH，WHOTAKINGINSPIRATIONFROMTHEGESTALTPSYCHOLOGY,INTRODUCEDTHECONCEPTOF“IMAGEOFTHECITY“HISINTERESTWASCENTREDUPONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENIMAGEANDPHYSICALFORMSTHEMAPOFTHECITYDIFFERENTIATESINTHEMINDOFITSINHABITANTSBY“ROUTES“,“BORDERS“,“DISTRICTS“,“KNOTS“,“REFERENCES“ACCORDINGTOURBANDESIGN,THE“MENTALMAP“ISTHEOPERATIONALINSTRUMENTTHATALLOWSTOIMPROVECITIZENSLIVINGCONDITIONS,YET,INDEEPENINGTHESESTUDIES,HENEGLECTEDSOMEASPECTSWHICH,INSTEAD,HAVEAMAJORPARTINTHEFORMATIONOFMENTALIMAGESTHEAUTHOR,INFACT,FOCUSSEDONTHEVISUALASPECTSOFTHECITYWITHOUTKEEPINGINMINDTHEBIOGRAPHICEMOTIONALELEMENTS,THEDIVERSITYOFIMAGESAMONGINDIVIDUALSBELONGINGTODIFFERENTSOCIALANDCULTURALCATEGORIESANDTHEHISTORICALDIMENSIONOFTHECITYTHESUBJECTIVEINVESTIGATIONOFLYNCHISOPPOSEDBYGOULDSSPATIALPERCEPTIONTHATHIGHLIGHTSTHEDIVERSITYOFITSRELEVANTVALUESHECORRELATEDANDTRANSLATEDTHEDATAGATHEREDINGEOGRAPHICALMAPSCONSISTINGOFISOGRAMSTOGETHERWITHWOLPERT,HELATERONANALYZEDTHEDECISIONALPROCESSESTHATDEVELOPINASPATIALCONTEXTTHEMIGRATIONFLOWSSEEMTOBERELATEDTOTHEKINDOFINFORMATION,EXPERIENCEANDEMOTIONALASPECTSINTHISWAYTHEBIOGRAPHICANDCULTURALSPHEREWEREREVIVED,WHILETHESTRUCTURALASPECTSINFLUENCINGTHESEDECISIONSWEREDISREGARDEDMOREOVER,THEWEIGHTGIVENTOINFORMATION,MASSMEDIAINDETERMININGTHEMENTALMAPS,SEEMSTODOUBTTHEEXISTENCEOFTHEMAPITSELFTHESTUDIESONTHISISSUEBECAMEMOREANDMORENUMEROUSANDNEXTTOTHENOTIONOF“MENTALMAP“,WASINTRODUCEDTHECONCEPTOF“SOCIOSPATIALSCHEME“THATUNDERLINESTHESOCIALASPECTSOFTHECITYINTERESTINGSPURSFORREFLECTIONCAMEFROMSEMIOLOGICSTUDIESANDPROSSEMICTHELATTERISADISCIPLINECONCERNEDWITHTHECRITERIATHROUGHWHICHMANSTRUCTURESANDUSESTHESPACETHEPERCEPTIONOFSPACERESULTSBEINGDETERMINEDBYTHECULTUREANDTHELANGUAGETHATEXERTANINFLUENCEONTHETHOUGHTOFTHEPERSONWHOSPEAKSANDONTHEWAYREALITYISCONCEIVEDOFASTOTHEPREORDEREDSPACE,HALLASSERTSTHATWHOWASBORNINANEUROPEANCITYWHEREEMPHASISISPLACEDUPONTHELINES,THESTREETSWHICHBEARANAME,WILLFEELLOSTINJAPANWHEREATTENTIONISFOCUSSEDONTHEINTERSECTIONPOINTSRATHERTHANONTHESTREETSYETTHISCOGNITIVEPRESUMPTIONMAYBEREVERSEDIFWEPRIVILEGETHENOTIONOFENVIRONMENTANDASCRIBETOITTHEORIGINOFLINGUISTICDIFFERENCESASREPORTEDBYBETTANINI,WITHRESPECTTOTHESOLIDSTATEOFWATER,MOSTOFTHEEUROPEANLANGUAGESDISTINGUISHBETWEENICEANDSNOW,WHEREAS,INTHEARCTICAREASWEFINDAGREATMANYDISTINCTIONSBETWEENDIFFERENTTYPESOFICEANDSNOWTHETHEORYOFTHECULTURALRELATIVITYISTHUSREVERSEDANDLEADSTOTHERELATIVITYOFTHEVARIOUSENVIRONMENTSANDSPACESTHEREARC,THEN,STUDIESTHATINTENDTOANALYZETHESPATIALEXPERIENCEASDCCODIFICATIONOFENVIRONMENTALCODESORIGINATEDSPONTANEOUSLYORCREATEDBYLEADINGGROUPSASWELLASTHE“ESPACEVECU“CURRENT,WHICHINTENDSTOBECONCERNEDWITHTHEPHYSICAL,SUBJECTIVESPACEOFEVERYDAYLIFETHESPACEWHEREWELIVEISADYNAMICSPACE,WHICHEVOLVESCONTINUOUSLYITISSHAPEDTHROUGH“THEEYESOFTHEPEOPLEWHOLIVEINHABITIT,ITISTHESPACEPRODUCEDBYVALUES“THEREFORE,THEREISACONTINUOUSREFERENCETOTHEINTERSUBJECTIVITY,PRACTICEANDSOCIALFABRICOFASPECIFICPLACEWITHTHEGOALTOTRACEBACKITS“SENSE“ANDINDIVIDUALPROCESSESOFFAMILIARITYANDIDENTIFICATIONWITHITNEXTTOTHESTUDIESONTHEREGION,THECITY,THEDISTRICT,THEHOUSEASSPACELIVED,AGREATDEALOFRESEARCHWASCARRIEDOUTONTHERELATIONSWITHTHEENVIRONMENTAMONGCULTURESDIFFERENTFROMTHEEUROPEANTHERESEARCHERSOFTHESPACELIVEDBROADENTHEFIELDOFANALYSISTOTHEDEEPESTANDSUBJECTIVECOMPONENTSDETERMININGAPARTICULARSPATIALDOMAINTHENOTIONOF“MENTALMAP“BECAMEBYFARMOREPRODUCTIVETHANLYNCHCOULDEXPECTUNDERNEATHTHEAPPARENTSTANDARDIZATIONOFBEHAVIOURSANDIDEAS,THEREEMERGEDDIFFERENCES,“HOMEAREAS“,MENTALPROCESSESWHICHDIFFERFROMTHEOBVIOUSPATTERNSYETTHEYMUSTBEANALYZEDINTHEIREVERYDAYMICROENVIWNMENTSOURURBANLIFE,CACCIARIMAINTAINS,“CANBUTTAKEPLACEBEYONDALLTRADITIONALLIMITS,ALLBOUNDARIESOFTHECITY“ITSDIMENSIONSEEMSTOBEMENTALRATHERTHANPHYSICALANDTHISLEADSUSTODWELLUPONTHEMENTALITIES,THEEXPERIENCES,THEFEARS,THEINTERACTIONSTHATOCCURINOUREVERYDAYLIFEALSOTHEANALYSISOFMODERNURBANLEGENDSANDRECOUNTSCANHELPUSTOUNDERSTANDSOMEOFTHECONTRADICTIONSPRODUCEDBYMODERNITYLIKEANCIENTLEGENDS,THEYARENECESSARY“TOASSIMILATEPSYCHOLOGICALLY,INTHEFORMOFSYMBOLS,SITUATIONSOFPUBLICDISTRESSWITHTHECONFLICTSSUBJECTEDTOIT“译文（不少3000字（不含标点符号），和原文分页）建筑城市广场可认知的世界，可实现的世界作者克里斯蒂娜布鲁玛蒂城市变迁并不是最近才出现的问题。很多年以来，评论家和规划师就已对城市衰退问题，甚至是“一种城市历史的重现”的问题展开了讨论。大量的且相互矛盾的形象和预期构成了过去20年的特色。在1960年代，城市化进程似乎是毫不间断的，而由戈特曼为定新的城市聚落而提出的“大都市”一词，很快就获得了一种引申意义“近乎于一种病态现象遍及地球表面的一种癌症”，自从1970年代以来，所有的工业化国家都见证了城市增长速度的下降。面对这种逆向的趋势，很多研究者提出了关于城市危机，城市增长模式死亡的假说。人口增长的减缓对大城市产生了主要的影响，尽管在这方面并没有带来太多的思考。因而，出现了所谓“逆城市化”现象的说法，根据贝里的观点，这是一种贯穿整个20世纪的趋势。这将导致形成一种“没有城市的城市文明”。根据作者的看法，这种趋势可归因于一种自由放任主义的态度，人们的自由流动和对在美国城市中肆虐的暴力现象的恐惧，促使人们去寻找“安全的区域”。他实际上认为城市的扩张和衰退都是“在个人主义传统框架之下的个人决策阵列的产物”。过去的危险和罪行已使快速的城市化进程开始趋变为大城市的衰退，因此由不同学派所进行的分析和研究逐渐证实了城市危机的图景。对给大城市带来影响的人口下降问题的认识，是与优化空间与劳动力的生产组织过程发展相一致的。电子技术及其显著的生产和程序创新带来了贸易的强化和非物质化，一种时间与空间的压缩；此外还带来了人、社会、生产和空间流通的全面改变。如今的事实证明，城市远远不是正在死亡或衰退。城市化进程超出了城市以及城市日常人群的范畴，而环境恶化问题主要是与空气、水和噪声等污染相关的。为了解释动态的“都市转变的关键”，还需要求助于过去的心理分类，同时移居到邻近郊区的决定也并不意味着逃避，而是在发展中的新的城市体系边界之内的一种位置选择。因此，我们正在经历这样一个时期城市结构和个人的习惯、行为与价值观都在发生着彻底的改变。住宅成为了“核”，意味着“在家庭和再生产功能之间的交集”；复兴和流动性似乎已成为形成这种转变的过程的一部分。关于复兴，这是与往昔之间延续性的胜利；综合来看，过去建筑设计和城市设计所可能产生的象征主义，被认为是有益的。反之亦然，流动性则根据目前的功能和空间需要来审视城市具有重要价值的是那些引领变化和革新的事物，而并不关心对场地象征性空间和历史性“意义”的探求。居住在城市中的人们忍受着来自新族群的压力和威胁。这不仅来自近年来的移民运动，也来自使用和滥用着城市的城市使用者、使用长期车票的通勤者和大都市区消费者的侵入。结果这导致了城市在包容个人组织家庭、参与和决策城市问题方面的能力的降低，而且，因而难以形成“有意义的目标”。主流的城市生活风尚，似乎正如西墨尔。在先、沃思随后所描述的那样冷漠、浅薄、匿名，并伴随着影响人口数量增长的背离和分化现象。以上所提到的空间感，并不是始终都与市民的喜好或期望相一致的。对城巿环境的适应主要是认知方面的。这恰恰是通过对可认知现象的分析，也就是个人对也许可以用来确定未来需求和期望的场地的形象来实现的。对空间组织的认知，为规划提供了理解这些确保其能表现社会结构中各个群体综合环境期望的要素和条件的可能性。并不存在某种惟一的城市形象，每个个体都会产生表现为独特认知过程的个人体验。然而，这种体验的惟一性，又是与在具有相近社会、文化、经济属性和具有相近年龄的个体体验的类似性相一致的。事实上，根据居尔维什的观点，对空间的认知意味着进行一种选择，而这种选择只能是与认知对象所属社会领域相符的参照模式相关联的。陈规、虚构、偏见，导致产生了有时与现实相冲突的、相似的心理图示。这里存在着与构成城市的群体形象同样多的城市形象；他们的理解能够帮助规划保护和偏重，例如，那些有助于文化整合的要素，并因而使市民能够生活得更好。这一分析的主题涉及五种不同的学科，并强调有釆取跨学科研究途径的需要，需要心理学、地理学、城市设计、社会学和人类学共同进行对个体与环境之间本质关系的分析。我们可以参考两个主要流派美国釆用较多的认知图示，和在法国发展起来的生活空间方法。认知图示的起源可以追溯到1930年代的美国社会心理学；而其在较晚时期的系统化则要归因于唐斯和伊泰松，他们追溯了促使形象形成的认知过程。林奇从格式塔心理学中汲取灵感,引入了“城市形象”的概念。他的兴趣主要集中于形象和物理形式之间的关系通过“道路”、“边界”、“区域”、“节点”和“标志物”而在城市居民头脑