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INFORMATIONSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTANDDATABASEDEVELOPMENTINMANYORGANIZATIONS,DATABASEDEVELOPMENTFROMTHEBEGINNINGOFENTERPRISEDATAMODELING,DATAMODELINGENTERPRISESDETERMINETHESCOPEOFTHEDATABASEANDTHEGENERALCONTENTTHISSTEPUSUALLYOCCURSINANORGANIZATIONSINFORMATIONSYSTEMPLANNINGPROCESS,ITAIMSTOHELPORGANIZATIONSCREATEANOVERALLDATADESCRIPTIONOREXPLANATION,ANDNOTTHEDESIGNOFASPECIFICDATABASEASPECIFICDATABASEFORONEORMOREINFORMATIONSYSTEMSPROVIDEDATAANDTHECORPORATEDATAMODELWHICHMAYINVOLVEANUMBEROFDATABASESDESCRIBEDBYTHEORGANIZATIONMAINTAININGTHESCOPEOFTHEDATADATAMODELINGINTHEENTERPRISE,YOUREVIEWOFTHECURRENTSYSTEM,THENEEDTOSUPPORTANALYSISOFTHENATUREOFTHEBUSINESSAREAS,THENEEDFORFURTHERDESCRIPTIONOFTHEABSTRACTDATA,ANDPLANNINGONEORMOREDATABASEDEVELOPMENTPROJECTFIGURE1SHOWSPINEVALLEYFURNITURECOMPANYSENTERPRISEDATAMODELOFAPART11INFORMATIONSYSTEMARCHITECTUREASSHOWNINFIGURE1,SENIORDATAMODELISONLYGENERALINFORMATIONSYSTEMARCHITECTUREISAORAPARTOFANORGANIZATIONSINFORMATIONSYSTEMBLUEPRINTINTHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMPLANNING,YOUCANBUILDANENTERPRISEDATAMODELASAWHOLEINFORMATIONSYSTEMARCHITECTUREPARTACCORDINGTOZACHMAN1987,SOWAANDZACHMAN1992VIEWSOFANINFORMATIONSYSTEMARCHITECTURECONSISTSOFTHEFOLLOWINGSIXKEYCOMPONENTSDATAFIGURE1SHOWS,BUTTHEREAREOTHERMETHODSTHATMANIPULATIONOFDATAPROCESSINGOFADATAFLOWDIAGRAMCANBEUSED,WITHTHEOBJECTMODELMETHODS,OROTHERSYMBOLSTHATNETWORKS,WHICHORGANIZATIONSANDINORGANIZATIONSWITHITSMAINTRANSMISSIONOFDATABETWEENBUSINESSPARTNERSITCANCONNECTTHROUGHTHENETWORKTOPOLOGYMAPANDTODEMONSTRATEPEOPLEWHODEALWITHTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFDATAANDINFORMATIONANDISTHESOURCEANDRECEIVERINTHEPROCESSMODELFORTHEDATASHOWSTHATTHESENDERANDTHERECEIVERIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEEVENTSANDTIMEPOINTSTHEYCANUSESTATETRANSITIONDIAGRAMANDOTHERMEANSTHEREASONSFORTHEINCIDENTANDDATAPROCESSINGRULESOFTENINTHEFORMOFTEXTDISPLAY,BUTTHEREAREALSOANUMBEROFCHARTSFORTHEPLANNINGTOOLSSUCHASDECISIONTABLES12INFORMATIONENGINEERINGINFORMATIONSYSTEMSPLANNERSINACCORDANCEWITHTHESPECIFICINFORMATIONSYSTEMPLANNINGMETHODSDEVELOPEDINFORMATIONSYSTEMARCHITECTUREINFORMATIONENGINEERINGISAPOPULARANDFORMALMETHODSINFORMATIONENGINEERINGISADATAORIENTEDCREATIONANDMAINTENANCEOFTHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMINFORMATIONENGINEERINGISBECAUSETHEDATAORIENTED,SOWHENYOUBEGINTOUNDERSTANDHOWTHEDATABASEISDEFINEDBYTHELOGOANDWHENINFORMATIONENGINEERINGACONCISEEXPLANATIONISVERYHELPFULINFORMATIONENGINEERINGFOLLOWTOPDOWNPLANNINGAPPROACH,INWHICHSPECIFICINFORMATIONSYSTEMSFROMAWIDERANGEOFINFORMATIONNEEDSINTHEUNDERSTANDINGDERIVEDFROMFOREXAMPLE,WENEEDABOUTCUSTOMERS,PRODUCTS,SUPPLIERS,SALESANDPROCESSINGOFTHEDATACENTER,RATHERTHANMERGINGMANYDETAILEDINFORMATIONREQUESTEDORDERSSUCHASASCREENORINACCORDANCEWITHTHEIMPORTATIONOFGEOGRAPHICALSALESSUMMARYREPORTTOPDOWNPLANNINGWILLENABLEDEVELOPERSTOPLANMORECOMPREHENSIVEINFORMATIONSYSTEM,CONSIDERSYSTEMCOMPONENTSPROVIDEANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHTOENHANCETHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMANDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEBUSINESSOBJECTIVESOFTHEUNDERSTANDING,DEEPENTHEIRUNDERSTANDINGOFINFORMATIONSYSTEMSTHROUGHOUTTHEORGANIZATIONINUNDERSTANDINGTHEIMPACTINFORMATIONENGINEERINGINCLUDESFOURSTEPSPLANNING,ANALYSIS,DESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONTHEPLANNINGSTAGEOFPROJECTINFORMATIONGENERATEDINFORMATIONSYSTEMARCHITECTURE,INCLUDINGENTERPRISEDATAMODEL13INFORMATIONSYSTEMPLANNINGINFORMATIONSYSTEMSPLANNINGOBJECTIVEISTOENABLEITORGANIZATIONSANDTHEBUSINESSSTRATEGYCLOSELYINTEGRATED,SUCHINTEGRATIONFORTHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMSANDTECHNOLOGYTOMAKETHEMOSTOFTHEINVESTMENTINTERESTISVERYIMPORTANTASTHETABLEASADESCRIPTION,INFORMATIONENGINEERINGAPPROACHTHEPLANNINGSTAGEINCLUDETHREESTEPS,WEINTHEFOLLOWUPOFTHREESECTIONSTHEYDISCUSSED1CRITICALFACTORSDETERMININGTHEPLANNINGPLANNINGISTHEKEYFACTORTHATORGANIZATIONALOBJECTIVES,CRITICALSUCCESSFACTORSANDPROBLEMAREASTHESEFACTORSDETERMINETHEPURPOSEOFTHEESTABLISHMENTOFPLANNINGANDENVIRONMENTPLANNINGANDINFORMATIONSYSTEMSLINKEDTOSTRATEGICBUSINESSPLANNINGTABLE2SHOWSTHEPINEVALLEYFURNITURECOMPANYSKEYPLANNINGANUMBEROFPOSSIBLEFACTORS,THESEFACTORSCONTRIBUTETOTHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMSMANAGERFORTHENEWINFORMATIONSYSTEMSANDDATABASESCLUBSTOPPRIORITYTODEALWITHTHEDEMANDFOREXAMPLE,GIVENTHEIMPRECISESALESFORECASTSTHISPROBLEMAREAS,INFORMATIONSYSTEMSMANAGERSINTHEORGANIZATIONMAYBESTOREDINTHEDATABASEADDITIONALHISTORICALSALESDATA,NEWMARKETRESEARCHDATAANDNEWPRODUCTTESTDATA2THEPLANNINGORGANIZATIONSSETTARGETSORGANIZATIONSPLANNINGTARGETSDEFINEDSCOPEOFBUSINESS,ANDBUSINESSSCOPEWILLLIMITTHESUBSEQUENTANALYSISANDINFORMATIONSYSTEMSMAYCHANGEPLACESFIVEKEYPLANNINGTARGETSASFOLLOWSORGANIZATIONALUNITSINTHEVARIOUSSECTORSORGANIZATIONSLOCATIONOFTHEPLACEOFBUSINESSOPERATIONSFUNCTIONSOFTHEBUSINESSSUPPORTORGANIZATIONSHANDLINGMISSIONOFTHERELEVANTGROUPUNLIKEBUSINESSORGANIZATIONSFUNCTIONMODULES,INFACTAFUNCTIONCANBEASSIGNEDTOVARIOUSORGANIZATIONSMODULESFOREXAMPLE,PRODUCTDEVELOPMENTFUNCTIONISTHEPRODUCTIONANDSALEOFTHECOMMONRESPONSIBILITYOFTHEMINISTRYTYPESOFENTITIESMANAGEDBYTHEORGANIZATIONONTHEPEOPLE,PLACESANDTHINGSOFTHEMAJORTYPESOFDATAINFORMATIONSYSTEMDATASETPROCESSINGSOFTWAREAPPLICATIONSANDSUPPORTPROCEDURES3TOSETUPABUSINESSMODELACOMPREHENSIVEBUSINESSMODELINCLUDINGTHEFUNCTIONSOFEACHENTERPRISEFUNCTIONALDECOMPOSITIONMODEL,THEENTERPRISEDATAMODELANDTHEVARIOUSPLANNINGMATRIXFUNCTIONALDECOMPOSITIONISTHEFUNCTIONOFTHEORGANIZATIONFORAMOREDETAILEDDECOMPOSITIONPROCESS,THEFUNCTIONALDECOMPOSITIONISTOSIMPLIFYTHEANALYSISOFTHEISSUE,DISTRACTEDANDIDENTIFYCOMPONENTSANDTHEUSEOFTHECLASSICALAPPROACHPINEVALLEYFURNITURECOMPANYINORDERTOFUNCTIONINTHEFUNCTIONALDECOMPOSITIONEXAMPLEINFIGURE2BELOWINDEALINGWITHBUSINESSFUNCTIONSANDSUPPORTFUNCTIONSOFTHEFULLSET,MULTIPLEDATABASES,ISESSENTIALTOASPECIFICDATABASETHEREFORELIKELYONLYTOSUPPORTFUNCTIONSASSHOWNINFIGURE2PROVIDEASUBSETOFSUPPORTINORDERTOREDUCEDATAREDUNDANCYANDTOMAKEDATAMOREMEANINGFUL,HASACOMPLETE,HIGHLEVELBUSINESSVIEWISVERYHELPFULTHEUSEOFSPECIFICENTERPRISEDATAMODELTODESCRIBETHESYMBOLAPARTFROMTHEGRAPHICALDESCRIPTIONOFTHISTYPEOFENTITY,ACOMPLETEENTERPRISEDATAMODELSHOULDALSOINCLUDEADESCRIPTIONOFEACHENTITYTYPEDESCRIPTIONOFBUSINESSOPERATIONSANDASUMMARYOFTHATBUSINESSRULESBUSINESSRULESDETERMINETHEVALIDITYOFTHEDATAANENTERPRISEDATAMODELINCLUDESNOTONLYTHETYPESOFENTITIES,INCLUDINGTHELINKBETWEENTHEDATAENTITIES,ASWELLASVARIOUSOTHEROBJECTSPLANNINGLINKSSHOWEDTHATTHELINKAGEBETWEENPLANNINGTARGETSACOMMONFORMOFMATRIXBECAUSEOFPLANNINGMATRIXNEEDNOTBEEXPLICITMODELINGDATABASECANBECLEARLYDESCRIBEDBUSINESSNEEDS,PLANNINGMATRIXISANIMPORTANTFUNCTIONREGULARPLANNINGMATRIXDERIVEDFROMTHEOPERATIONALRULES,ITWILLHELPSOCIALDEVELOPMENTACTIVITIESTHATTOPPRIORITYWILLBESORTINGANDDEVELOPMENTACTIVITIESUNDERTHETOPDOWNVIEWTHROUGHANENTERPRISEWIDEAPPROACHFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESEACTIVITIESTHEREAREMANYTYPESOFPLANNINGMATRIXISAVAILABLE,THEIRCOMMONALITIESARELOCATIONSFEATURESSHOWBUSINESSFUNCTIONINWHICHTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFOPERATIONALLOCATIONSUNITFUNCTIONSWHICHSHOWEDTHATBUSINESSFUNCTIONORBUSINESSUNITRESPONSIBLEFORIMPLEMENTATIONINFORMATIONSYSTEMDATAENTITIESTOEXPLAINHOWEACHINFORMATIONSYSTEMINTERACTWITHEACHDATAENTITYFOREXAMPLE,WHETHERORNOTEACHSYSTEMINEACHENTITYHAVETHEDATATOCREATE,RETRIEVE,UPDATEANDDELETESUPPORTFUNCTIONSDATAINEACHFUNCTIONALENTITIESINTHEDATASETFORTHEACQUISITION,USE,UPDATEANDDELETEINFORMATIONSYSTEMTARGETINDICATIONFOREACHINFORMATIONSYSTEMTOSUPPORTBUSINESSOBJECTIVESFIGURE3ILLUSTRATEAPOSSIBLEFUNCTIONSDATAENTITIESMATRIXSUCHAMATRIXCANBEUSEDFORAVARIETYOFPURPOSES,INCLUDINGTHEFOLLOWINGTHREEOBJECTIVES1IDENTIFYGAPSINTHEDATAENTITIESTOINDICATETHETYPESOFENTITIESNOTUSEANYFUNCTIONORFUNCTIONSWHICHDONOTUSEANYENTITY2FOUNDTHATTHELOSSOFEACHFUNCTIONALENTITIESINVOLVEDINTHEINSPECTIONSTAFFTHROUGHTHEMATRIXTOIDENTIFYANYPOSSIBLELOSSOFTHEENTITY3THEDISTINCTIONBETWEENDEVELOPMENTACTIVITIESIFTHEPRIORITYTOTHETOPOFASYSTEMDEVELOPMENTFUNCTIONFORAHIGHPRIORITYPROBABLYBECAUSEITIMPORTANTORGANIZATIONALOBJECTIVESRELATED,THENTHISAREAUSEDBYENTITIESINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEDATABASEHASAHIGHPRIORITYHOFFER,GEORGEANDVALACICH2002ARETHEWORKSOFTHEMATRIXONHOWTOUSETHEPLANNINGANDCOMPLETIONOFTHEINFORMATIONENGINEERINGTHEPLANNINGSYSTEMMORECOMPLETEDESCRIPTION2DATABASEDEVELOPMENTPROCESSBASEDONINFORMATIONENGINEERINGINFORMATIONSYSTEMSPLANNINGDATABASEISASOURCEOFDEVELOPMENTPROJECTSTHESENEWDATABASEDEVELOPMENTPROJECTSISUSUALLYINORDERTOMEETTHESTRATEGICNEEDSOFORGANIZATIONS,SUCHASIMPROVINGCUSTOMERSUPPORT,IMPROVEPRODUCTANDINVENTORYMANAGEMENT,ORAMOREACCURATESALESFORECASTHOWEVER,MANYMOREDATABASEDEVELOPMENTPROJECTISTHEBOTTOMUPAPPROACHEMERGING,SUCHASINFORMATIONSYSTEMUSERNEEDSSPECIFICINFORMATIONTOCOMPLETETHEIRWORK,THUSBEGINNINGAPROJECTREQUEST,ANDASOTHERINFORMATIONSYSTEMSEXPERTSFOUNDTHATORGANIZATIONSNEEDTOIMPROVEDATAMANAGEMENTANDBEGINNEWPROJECTSBOTTOMUPEVENINTHECIRCUMSTANCES,TOSETUPANENTERPRISEDATAMODELISALSONECESSARYTOUNDERSTANDTHEEXISTINGDATABASECANPROVIDETHENECESSARYDATA,OTHERWISE,THENEWDATABASE,DATAENTITIESANDATTRIBUTESCANBEADDEDTOTHECURRENTDATARESOURCESTOTHEORGANIZATIONBOTHTHESTRATEGICNEEDSOROPERATIONALINFORMATIONNEEDSOFEACHDATABASEDEVELOPMENTPROJECTSNORMALLYCONCENTRATEDINADATABASESOMEPROJECTSONLYCONCENTRATEDINTHEDATABASEDEFINITION,DESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFADATABASE,ASAFOLLOWUPTOTHEBASISOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINFORMATIONSYSTEMSHOWEVER,INMOSTCASES,THEDATABASEANDASSOCIATEDINFORMATIONPROCESSINGFUNCTIONASACOMPLETEINFORMATIONSYSTEMSDEVELOPMENTPROJECTWASPARTOFTHEDEVELOPMENT21SYSTEMDEVELOPMENTLIFECYCLEGUIDEMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTPROJECTSISTHETRADITIONALPROCESSOFSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTLIFECYCLESDLCSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTLIFECYCLEISANORGANIZATIONOFTHEDATABASEDESIGNERSANDPROGRAMMERSINFORMATIONSYSTEMCOMPOSEDOFTHEPANELOFEXPERTSDETAILEDDESCRIPTION,DEVELOPMENT,MAINTENANCEANDREPLACEMENTOFTHEENTIREINFORMATIONSYSTEMSTEPSTHISPROCESSISBECAUSEWATERFALLTHANFOREVERYSTEPINTOTHEADJACENTTHENEXTSTEP,THATIS,THEINFORMATIONSYSTEMISASPECIFICATIONDEVELOPEDBYAPIECEOFLAND,EVERYPIECEOFTHEOUTPUTISUNDERANINPUTHOWEVERSHOWNINTHEFIGURE,THESESTEPSARENOTPURELYLINEAR,EACHOFTHESTEPSOVERLAPINTIMEANDTHUSCANMANAGEPARALLELSTEPS,BUTWHENTHENEEDTORECONSIDERPREVIOUSDECISIONS,BUTALSOTOROLLBACKSOMESTEPSAHEADANDTHEREFOREWATERCANBEPUTBACKINTHEWATERFALLFIGURE4ONTHESYSTEMDEVELOPMENTLIFECYCLEANDTHEPURPOSEOFEACHSTAGEOFTHEPRODUCTCANBEDELIVEREDCONCISENOTESTHESYSTEMDEVELOPMENTLIFECYCLEINCLUDINGEACHSTAGEANDDATABASEDEVELOPMENTRELATEDACTIVITIES,THEREFORE,THEQUESTIONOFDATABASEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSTHROUGHOUTTHEENTIREDEVELOPMENTPROCESSINFIGURE5WEREPEATOFTHESYSTEMDEVELOPMENTLIFECYCLESTAGEOFTHESEVEN,ANDOUTLINESTHECOMMONDATABASEATEACHSTAGEOFDEVELOPMENTACTIVITIESPLEASENOTETHATTHESYSTEMSDEVELOPMENTLIFECYCLESTAGESANDDATABASEDEVELOPMENTSTEPS一一对应EXISTSBETWEENTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHECONCEPTOFMODELINGDATAINBOTHSYSTEMSDEVELOPMENTLIFECYCLESTAGESBETWEENENTERPRISEMODELINGDATABASEDEVELOPMENTPROCESSFROMTHEENTERPRISEMODELINGSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTLIFECYCLESTAGEOFTHEPROJECTFEASIBILITYSTUDIES,ANDTOCHOOSEAPART,ORGANIZATIONSSETTHESCOPEANDGENERALDATABASECONTENTENTERPRISEMODELINGININFORMATIONSYSTEMSPLANNINGANDOTHERACTIVITIES,THESEACTIVITIESDETERMINEWHICHPARTOFINFORMATIONSYSTEMSNEEDTOCHANGEANDSTRENGTHENTHEENTIREORGANIZATIONANDOUTLINESTHESCOPEOFDATAINTHISSTEP,CHECKTHECURRENTDATABASEANDINFORMATIONSYSTEMS,DEVELOPMENTOFTHEPROJECTASTHEMAINAREASOFTHENATUREOFTHEBUSINESS,WITHAVERYGENERALDESCRIPTIONOFEACHTERMINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINFORMATIONSYSTEMSWHENNEEDEDDATAEACHITEMONLYWHENITACHIEVEDTHEEXPECTEDGOALSOFORGANIZATIONSCANBEWHENTHENEXTSTEPCONCEPTUALDATAMODELINGONEHASALREADYBEGUNONTHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMPROJECT,THECONCEPTOFDATAMODELINGPHASEOFTHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMSNEEDSOFALLTHEDATAITISDIVIDEDINTOTWOSTAGESFIRST,ITBEGANTHEPROJECTINTHEPLANNINGSTAGEANDTHEESTABLISHMENTOFAPLANSIMILARTOFIGURE1ATTHESAMETIMEOUTLININGTHEESTABLISHMENTOFOTHERDOCUMENTSTOTHEEXISTINGDATABASEWITHOUTCONSIDERINGTHECIRCUMSTANCESSPECIFICDEVELOPMENTPROJECTSINTHESCOPEOFTHEREQUIREDDATATHISCATEGORYONLYINCLUDESHIGHLEVELDATAENTITIES,ANDMAINCONTACTTHENINTHESYSTEMDEVELOPMENTLIFECYCLEANALYSISSTAGEMUSTHAVEAMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMSETTHEENTIREORGANIZATIONDETAILSOFTHEDATAMODELDEFINITIONOFALLDATAATTRIBUTES,LISTINGALLDATATYPESTHATALLDATAINTERENTITYBUSINESSLINKAGES,DEFININGDESCRIPTIONOFTHEFULLDATAINTEGRITYRULESINTHEANALYSISPHASE,BUTALSOTHECONCEPTOFINSPECTIONDATAMODELALSOCALLEDTHECONCEPTBEHINDTHEMODELANDTHEGOALOFINFORMATIONSYSTEMSUSEDTOEXPLAINOTHERASPECTSOFTHEMODELOFCONSISTENCYCATEGORIES,SUCHASPROCESSINGSTEPS,RULESANDDATAPROCESSINGTIMEOFTIMINGHOWEVER,EVENIFTHECONCEPTISSUCHDETAILEDDATAMODELISONLYPRELIMINARY,BECAUSEFOLLOWUPINFORMATIONSYSTEMLIFECYCLEACTIVITIESINTHEDESIGNOFSERVICES,STATEMENTS,DISPLAYANDINQUIRIESMAYFINDTHATMISSINGELEMENTORMISTAKESTHEREFORE,THECONCEPTOFDATAOFTENSAIDTHATMODELINGISATOPDOWNMANNER,ITSAREASOFOPERATIONFROMTHEGENERALUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEDRIVER,RATHERTHANTHESPECIFICINFORMATIONPROCESSINGACTIVITIESBYTHEDRIVER3LOGICALDATABASEDESIGNLOGICALDATABASEDESIGNFROMTWOPERSPECTIVESDATABASEDEVELOPMENTFIRST,THECONCEPTOFDATAMODELTRANSFORMINTORELATIONALDATABASETHEORYBASEDONTHECRITERIATHATMEANSBETWEENTHEN,ASTHEDESIGNOFINFORMATIONSYSTEMS,EVERYCOMPUTERPROCEDURESINCLUDINGPROCEDURESFORTHEINPUTANDOUTPUTFORMAT,DATABASESUPPORTSERVICES,STATEMENTS,ANDINQUIRIESREVEALEDTHATADETAILEDEXAMINATIONINTHISSOCALLEDBOTTOMUPANALYSIS,ACCURATEVERIFICATIONOFTHENEEDTOMAINTAINTHEDATABASEANDTHEDATAINEACHAFFAIRS,STATEMENTSANDSOONTHENEEDSOFTHOSEINTHENATUREOFTHEDATAFOREACHSEPARATESTATEMENTS,SERVICES,ANDSOONTHEANALYSISMUSTTAKEINTOACCOUNTASPECIFIC,LIMITEDBUTCOMPLETEDATABASEVIEWWHENSTATEMENTS,SERVICES,ANDOTHERANALYSISMIGHTBENECESSARYTOCHANGETHECONCEPTOFDATAMODELESPECIALLYINLARGESCALEPROJECTS,THEDIFFERENTANALYTICALSYSTEMSDEVELOPMENTSTAFFANDTHETEAMCANWORKINDEPENDENTLYINDIFFERENTPROCEDURESORINACENTRALIZED,THEDETAILSOFTHEIRWORKUNTILALLTHELOGICDESIGNSTAGEMAYBEDISPLAYEDINTHESECIRCUMSTANCES,LOGICDATABASEDESIGNSTAGEMUSTBETHEORIGINALCONCEPTOFDATAMODELANDUSERVIEWTHESEINDEPENDENTORMERGEDINTOACOMPREHENSIVEDESIGNINLOGICDESIGNINFORMATIONSYSTEMSALSOIDENTIFYADDITIONALINFORMATIONPROCESSINGNEEDSOFTHESENEWDEMANDSATTHISTIMEMUSTBEINTEGRATEDINTOTHELOGICOFEARLIERIDENTIFIEDINTHEDATABASEDESIGNLOGICALDATABASEDESIGNISBASEDONTHEFINALSTEPFORTHEFORMATIONOFGOODDATASPECIFICATIONSANDDETERMINETHERULES,THECOMBINATION,THEDATAAFTERCONSULTATIONSPECIFICATIONSORCONVERTEDINTOBASICATOMICELEMENTMOSTOFTODAYSDATABASE,THESERULESFROMTHERELATIONALDATABASETHEORYANDTHEPROCESSKNOWNASSTANDARDIZATIONTHISSTEPISTHERESULTOFMANAGEMENTOFTHESEDATAHAVENOTCITEDANYDATABASEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMFORACOMPLETEDESCRIPTIONOFTHEDATABASEMAPLOGICALDATABASEDESIGNCOMPLETED,WEBEGANTOIDENTIFYINDETAILTHELOGICOFTHECOMPUTERPROGRAMANDMAINTENANCE,THEREPORTCONTENTSOFTHEDATABASEFORINQUIRIES4PHYSICALDATABASEDESIGNANDDEFINITIONPHYSICALDATABASEDESIGNANDDEFINITIONPHASEDECISIONSCOMPUTERMEMORYUSUALLYDISKDATABASEINTHEORGANIZATION,DEFINITIONOFACCORDINGTOTHELIBRARYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMFORPHYSICALSTRUCTURE,THEPROCEDURESOUTLINEDPROCESSINGSERVICES,PRODUCETHEDESIREDMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONANDDECISIONSUPPORTSTATEMENTSTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISSTAGEISTODESIGNANEFFECTIVEANDSAFEMANAGEMENTOFALLDATAPROCESSINGDATABASE,THEPHYSICALDATABASEDESIGNTOCLOSELYINTEGRATETHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMSOFOTHERPHYSICALASPECTSOFTHEDESIGN,INCLUDINGPROCEDURES,COMPUTERHARDWARE,OPERATINGSYSTEMSANDDATACOMMUNICATIONSNETWORKS5DATABASEIMPLEMENTATIONTHEDATABASEPREPAREDBYTHEREALIZATIONSTAGE,TESTINGANDINSTALLATIONPROCEDURESFORHANDLINGDATABASESDESIGNERSCANUSETHESTANDARDPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESUCHASCOBOL,CORVISUALBASIC,THEDEDICATEDDATABASEPROCESSINGLANGUAGESSUCHASSQL,ORTHEPR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