高中化学复习知识点（high school chemistry review knowledge points）

高中化学复习知识点（HIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRYREVIEWKNOWLEDGEPOINTS）HIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRYREVIEWKNOWLEDGEPOINTSCHEMICALREACTIONSANDTHEIRENERGYCHANGESASUMMARYOFCHEMICALREACTIONSANDTHEIRENERGYCHANGESCOREKNOWLEDGEREDOXREACTIONCOREKNOWLEDGEFIRST,AFEWBASICCONCEPTS1REDOXREACTIONWHEREELECTRONTRANSFERREACTIONISREDOXREACTIONASTHEVALENCEOFELEMENTSCHANGE2OXIDATIONANDREDUCTIONREACTIONMATERIALLOSESELECTRONSREFLECTSINCREASEDVALENCEISANOXIDATIONREACTIONELECTRONICMATERIALREACTIONREFLECTEDINLOWERVALENCEISTHEREDUCTIONREACTION3PRODUCTOFOXIDATIONANDREDUCTIONTHEPRODUCTFORMEDBYOXIDATIONOFTHEREDUCINGAGENTWHENTHEELECTRONSARELOSTINTHEREACTIONISTHEPRODUCTOFOXIDATIONTHEOXIDANTISREDUCEDTOELECTRONSINTHEREACTIONANDTHERESULTINGPRODUCTISAREDUCEDPRODUCT4OXIDATIONANDREDUCTIONSUBSTANCESINTHEREACTIONOFTHEELECTRONASOXIDANT,OXIDANTWITHOXIDATIONSUBSTANCESINTHEREACTIONOFTHEELECTRONASAREDUCINGAGENT,REDUCINGAGENTHASREDUCTIONTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENTHECONCEPTSARETWOANALYSISANDREPRESENTATIONOFOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONSDOUBLETRACKBRIDGEMETHODIN1CASESITREPRESENTSTHEGAINANDLOSSOFELECTRONSINTHEREACTIONANDTHERESULTTHEWIREBRIDGEISDIRECTEDBYTHEREACTANTTOTHESAMEELEMENTOFTHEGENERATORSINGLETRACKBRIDGEMETHODEXAMPLEEXAMPLEITINDICATESTHEELECTRONTRANSFERINTHEREACTIONTHEWIREBRIDGEISDIRECTEDBYTHEREDUCTANT,THEELECTRONDEFICIENTELEMENT,ANDTHEELECTRONELEMENTOFTHEOXIDANTTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHETHREEORFOURBASICREACTIONTYPESANDTHEREDOXREACTIONTHE1DISPLACEMENTREACTIONSAREALLREDOXREACTIONS2CHEMICALREACTIONSANDDECOMPOSITIONREACTIONSAREPARTLYREDOXREACTIONSALL3METATHESISREACTIONSARENOTREDOXREACTIONSFOUR,THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEVALENCESTATEANDTHEOXIDATIONANDREDUCTIONOFTHEELEMENTSTHECOMMONLOWESTVALENCEELEMENTSCANNOTGETELECTRON,ONLYHASREDUCINGFOREXAMPLEALLMETALELEMENTSASCL1,S2,O2,OPRICE,ATTHEHIGHESTVALENCEELEMENTSCANNOTLOSEELECTRONS,CANONLYRECEIVEELECTRONICANDOXIDBILLITYINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEVALENCEOFELEMENTS,SUCHASBOTHOXIDIZING,ANDREDUCTION,BUTALSOOFTENONEASPECTSUCHASS,O2,CL2BYOXIDATIONFIVECOMPARISONOFOXIDATIONANDREDUCTION1OXIDATIONOXIDANTOXIDATIONPRODUCTREDUCIBILITYREDUCINGAGENTREDUCINGPRODUCTNOTETHEOXIDATIONREDUCTIONISGENERALLYDEPENDENTONTHEREDOXREACTION2ACCORDINGTOTHEORDEROFMETALACTIVITYK,CA,NA,MG,AL,ZN,FE,SN,PB,H,CU,HG,AG,PT,AU3ACCORDINGTOTHEORDEROFNONMETALLICACTIVITIESSIXBASICTYPESOFREDOXREACTIONSALL1REDOXALLATOMVALENCECOMPOUNDVALENCEELEMENTSCHANGESUCHAS2H2O22H2OZN2HCLH2ZNCL2THE2PARTTHEREDOXELEMENTSOFATOMICVALENCEONLYPARTOFCHANGESUCHASMNO24HCLCONCENTRATEDMNCL2CL22H2O3,SELFOXIDATIONISREDUCED,ANDTHECHANGEOFVALENCESTATEOFDIFFERENTELEMENTSINTHESAMESUBSTANCEISCHANGEDSUCHAS2KCLO32KCL3O22H2OO22H24DISPROPORTIONATIONREACTIONTHECHANGEOFVALENCESTATEOFTHESAMEELEMENTINTHESAMESUBSTANCESUCHASCL22NAOHNACLNACLOH2OSEVEN,THEBASICLAWOFREDOXREACTION1,TWOCONSERVATIONRELATIONSCONSERVATIONOFMASSANDCONSERVATIONOFTHETOTALNUMBEROFELECTRONSTHE2LAWOFINCORPORATIONTHEREACTIONOFDIFFERENTVALENCESTATESOFTHESAMEELEMENTFOLLOWSTHEPRINCIPLEOF“RELIABLECONVERGENCE“IONREACTIONIONEQUATIONCOREKNOWLEDGEELECTROLYTESANDNONELECTROLYTES1ELECTROLYTEACOMPOUNDTHATCONDUCTSELECTRICITYINANAQUEOUSSOLUTIONORWHENHEATEDACOMPOUNDTHATCANNOTCONDUCTELECTRICITYWHENDISSOLVEDINWATERORHEATEDEXAMPLE1CAOANDSO3ARESOLUBLEINWATERANDELECTRICALLYCONDUCTIVEFECANCONDUCTELECTRICITYARETHEYELECTROLYTESTHISISTHEANALYSISOFCAOELECTROLYTE,BUTCANNOTSAYTHATISBECAUSEITISSOLUBLEINWATERCONDUCTIVEELECTROLYTESOLUBLEINWATERHASTHEFOLLOWINGEFFECTSCAOH2OCAOH2,THECAOH2SO3ITSELFISNOTCONDUCTIVEELECTROLYTE,SOLUBLEINWATERHASTHEFOLLOWINGEFFECTSSO3H2OH2SO4,H2SO4THECONDUCTIVITYOFELECTROLYTEACTUALLYREFERSTOTHEREACTIONWITHWATER,THROUGHTHEIROWNFREEDOMANDASHIFTOFIONIZATIONIONCONDUCTIVECOMPOUNDSFENOTACOMPOUND,ITDIDNTBELONGTOTHEELECTROLYTEANDNONELECTROLYTEOFTHECOLUMN2STRONGELECTROLYTEANDWEAKELECTROLYTETWO,IONREACTION1REACTIONSINVOLVINGIONSARECALLEDIONICREACTIONSIONEXCHANGETYPEDOUBLEDECOMPOSITIONREACTION2TYPESOXIDATIONREDUCTIONTHREEIONEQUATION1INRESPONSETOTHEACTUALUSEOFIONIONREACTIONBETWEENSYMBOLSTOREPRESENTTHEFORMULACALLEDIONEQUATION2SIGNIFICANCEIONICEQUATIONREPRESENTSALLIONREACTIONSOFTHESAMETYPE3,THEMETHODOFWRITINGIONICEQUATIONS1WRITE“WRITETHECORRECTCHEMICALEQUATION“2“DEMOLITION“DISSOLVINGSOLUBLEANDEASILYIONIZEDSUBSTANCESINIONICFORM,WHICHAREINSOLUBLEANDDIFFICULTTOIONIZE,ANDGASSUBSTANCESAREWRITTENINACHEMICALFORMULA3DELETEDELETETHEIONSTHATDONOTPARTICIPATEINTHEREACTIONBEFOREANDAFTERTHEREACTION4“CHECK“CHECKWHETHERTHENUMBEROFATOMSONTHETWOSIDESOFTHEIONICEQUATIONISEQUAL,ANDWHETHERTHETOTALCHARGEISEQUALFOUR,THEMETHODOFDETERMININGWHETHERTHEIONEQUATIONISWRITTENCORRECTLYTHEFOLLOWINGFIVEPRINCIPLESMUSTBECONSIDERED1ACCORDINGTOOBJECTIVEFACTSOFMATERIALREACTIONEXAMPLE1IRONREACTSWITHDILUTEHYDROCHLORICACID2FE6H2FE33H2ERROR,THERIGHTISFE2HFE2H22THELAWSOFCONSERVATIONOFMASSMUSTBEOBSERVEDANEXAMPLEOF2CL2ICLI2ERROR,THERIGHTISCL22I2CLI23THEPRINCIPLEOFCHARGEBALANCEMUSTBEOBSERVEDEXAMPLE3CHLORINEGASISPASSEDINTOTHEFECL2SOLUTIONFE2CL2FE32CLERROR,THERIGHTIS2FE2CL22FE32CL4OXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONMUSTFOLLOWTHEPRINCIPLEOFGAINANDLOSSCONSERVATIONOFELECTRONSATTENTIONSHOULDBEPAIDTOTHEDETERMINATIONOFWHETHERTHEELECTRONTRANSFERREDBYOXIDANTANDREDUCINGAGENTISTRIMMED5MUSTFOLLOWTHEPRINCIPLEOFCONSTANTCOMPOSITIONIEMATERIALCOMPOSEDOFANIONSANDCATIONSFIXEDANEXAMPLEOF4BAOH2SOLUTIONANDDILUTEH2SO4BAOHHSO42BASO4H2OMIXEDERROR,THERIGHTISBA22OHSO422HBASO42H2OFIVE,DETERMINEWHETHERTHEIONSINTHESOLUTIONCANCOEXISTINLARGEQUANTITIESTHESOCALLEDIONCANCOEXISTINTHESAMESOLUTION,WHICHMEANSNOREACTIONBETWEENIONSIFTHEREACTIONBETWEENIONSCANNOTEXISTINALARGENUMBER1INTHESAMESOLUTION,IFTHEIONMEETSANYOFTHEFOLLOWINGCONDITIONS,THEIONREACTIONWILLOCCUR,ANDTHEIONSCANNOTCOEXISTINTHESOLUTION1THEFORMATIONOFINSOLUBLEORSLIGHTLYSOLUBLESUBSTANCESSUCHASBA2ANDCO32,AGANDBR,CA2ANDSO42ANDOH,OHANDCU2ANDSOON,CANNOTCOEXISTINLARGENUMBERS2GENERATEGASORVOLATILESUBSTANCESSUCHASNH4ANDOH,HANDCO32,HCO3,S2,HSO3,SO32ANDSOON,CANNOTCOEXISTINLARGENUMBERS2,THEFORMATIONOFDIFFICULTTOIONIZESUBSTANCESSUCHASHANDCO32,S2,SO32,F,CLOANDOTHERWEAKACIDSOHANDNH4,CU2ANDOTHERWEAKBASICHANDOHGENERATEDWATER,THESEIONSCANNOTCOEXISTINLARGENUMBERS4REDOXREACTIONOXIDATIVEIONSSUCHASFE3,NO3,CLO,MNO4ANDREDUCTIVEIONSSUCHASS2,I,FE2,SO32ISNOTALOTOFATTENTIONFE2ANDFE3COEXISTENCECANCOEXISTMNO4ANDCLARENOTALOTOFCOEXISTENCE2APPLICATIONRULESOFADDITIONALIMPLICITCONDITIONS1WHENTHESOLUTIONISCOLORLESSANDTRANSPARENT,THEREMUSTBENOCOLOREDIONSINTHESOLUTIONTHECOMMONCOLOREDIONSARECU2,FE3,FE2,MNO4ANDSOON2THEREMUSTBENOIONSTHATREACTWITHOHINSTRONGLYALKALINESOLUTIONS3THEREMUSTBENOIONSINTHESTRONGLYACIDICSOLUTIONTHATREACTWITHHTHECHANGEOFENERGYINACHEMICALREACTIONCOREKNOWLEDGE1ENERGYCHANGEINCHEMICALREACTIONS1THEBASICCHARACTERISTICSOFCHEMICALREACTIONSTHEFORMATIONOFNEWSUBSTANCES,OFTENACCOMPANIEDBYCHANGESINENERGYANDLUMINESCENCE,DISCOLORATION,OUTGASSING,PRECIPITATIONANDOTHERPHENOMENA2EXOTHERMICREACTIONANDENDOTHERMICREACTIONTHEREISAHEATRELEASEREACTIONCALLEDEXOTHERMICREACTIONTHEREISAHEATABSORPTIONREACTIONCALLEDENDOTHERMICREACTIONTHEREASONTHECHARACTERISTICSOFCHEMICALREACTIONISANEWSUBSTANCE,THETOTALENERGYOFNEWMATERIALANDREACTIONMATERIALISNOTTHESAME,THEREACTANTSANDTHENEWENERGYDIFFERENCEINENERGYFORMISEXOTHERMICANDENDOTHERMIC,THEENERGYISCLOSETOTHEHEATABSORPTIONANDHEATRELEASEARENOTOBVIOUSTHEEXAMPLECO2CO2COMBUSTIONNEUTRALIZATIONREACTION,THEMETALREACTSWITHACIDZN2HCLZNCL2H2CAOH2OCAOH2ISANEXOTHERMICREACTIONENDOTHERMICREACTIONEXAMPLESCCO2OH2COH2CUOCUH2OBA8H2O2NH4CLBACL28NH310H2O22COMBUSTIONGENERALLYSPEAKING,COMBUSTIONREFERSTOTHEBURNINGANDHEATINGOFFUELANDOXYGENINTHEAIRTHEREARETWOCONDITIONSFORCOMBUSTIONONEISCOMBUSTIBLEINCONTACTWITHOXYGEN,TWOISCOMBUSTIBLETEMPERATUREREACHEDTHEIGNITIONPOINTSUFFICIENTCOMBUSTIONCONDITIONSFIRST,THEREISENOUGHAIRTWO,THEREISALARGEENOUGHCONTACTSURFACEWITHTHEAIRTHEHARMOFINADEQUATECOMBUSTIONLESSHEAT,WASTEOFRESOURCESANDPOLLUTANTSFOSSILBURNINGINCLUDESOIL,NATURALGAS,COAL,NONRENEWABLEENERGYFULLUTILIZATIONOFCOALANDDEVELOPMENTOFNEWTECHNOLOGYNEWTYPEPULVERIZEDCOALCOMBUSTIONMACHINEGASIFICATIONANDLIQUEFACTIONOFCOALCONVERTEDTOWATERGASORDRYDISTILLATIONGASKNOWLEDGEOFALKALINEMETALFIRST,ALKALIMETALISATYPICALMETALELEMENTFAMILYTHEMAINCONTENTSAREASFOLLOWS1,KNOWLEDGENETWORKSODIUMCOREKNOWLEDGEIATOMICSTRUCTUREOFSODIUMSTRUCTUREFEATURESSODIUMATOMHASTHREEELECTRONSINTHEOUTERMOSTLAYER,ONLYONEELECTRON,EASYTOLOSEANELECTRONINTOSODIUMIONSNAE,NA,TOFORMASTABLESTRUCTUREITSHOWSTHESTRONGREDUCIBILITYINCHEMICALREACTIONSTWO,NATURE1PHYSICALPROPERTIESSOFT,BRIGHT,LIGHT,LOWANDCONDUCTIVESOFTSOFT,HARD,BRIGHTSILVERYWHITEMETALLICLUSTERLIGHTLESSDENSE,LIGHTERTHANWATERLOWLOWMELTINGPOINTCONDUCTIVECAPABLEOFCONDUCTINGELECTRICITYANDCONDUCTINGHEAT2CHEMICALPROPERTIESSTRONGREDUCIBILITY,REACTIVEMETALSREACTWITHO2ROOMTEMPERATURENA2OWHITESOLIDIGNITEORHEATUPTONA2O2PALEYELLOWSOLIDREACTIONWITHSMILLINGEXPLOSIONREACTWITHWATERINTENSEPHENOMENONMELTING,FLOATING,TRAVELING,SINGING,REDDROPSOFPHENOLPHTHALEIN,THESOLUTIONTURNSREDREACTINGWITHACIDSVERYINTENSEANDSOEXPLOSIVEREACTSWITHCERTAINMOLTENSALTSMETALSTHATCANDISPLACECERTAINMOLTENSALTSEG,TICL4,ETCREACTINGWITHASALTSOLUTIONTHEESSENCEISTOREACTWITHWATERINTHESALTSOLUTIONFIRSTANDTHENUNDERGOAMETATHESISREACTIONTHREE,THEEXISTENCEANDPRESERVATIONOFSODIUMTHEREARETWOFORMSOF1ELEMENTSINNATUREFREESTATEANELEMENTINTHEFORMOFELEMENTARYSUBSTANCEANELEMENTINTHEFORMOFACOMPOUNDTHECHEMICALPROPERTIESOFSODIUMAREVERYLIVELYTHEREARENOFREESTATESINNATURE,BUTONLYCOMPOUNDSNACL,NA2CO3,NA2SO4,NANO3,ETC2SAVEBECAUSEATROOMTEMPERATURE,SODIUMMETALREACTSWITHOXYGENINTHEAIRANDREACTSWITHWATERANDSTEAM,SOMETALSODIUMISSTOREDINKEROSENEORPARAFFINOIL,MAINLYTOKEEPOUTTHEAIRANDWATERFOUR,THEUSEOFSODIUM1KNAALLOYISUSEDINATOMICREACTORASHEATCONDUCTINGAGENT2PREPARATIONOFNA2O23MAKEELECTRICLIGHTSOURCEHIGHPRESSURESODIUMLAMP4SMELTINGRAREMETALSFIVEANALYSISOFKEYANDDIFFICULTPOINTSANALYSISOFTHECHANGEPROCESSOF1SODIUMDEWINTHEAIRWITHSODIUMMETALINAIR,BEGINTHEINCISIONISSILVERWHITESODIUMREALLYANDDARKNA2O,WHITESOLIDNAOH,ALIQUIDNAOHCO2,DELIQUESCENCECAKINGABSORPTIONINTONA2CO310H2OANDFINALLYINTOPOWDERWEATHERINGTHEREACTIONISASFOLLOWS4NAO22NA2ONA2OH2O2NAOH2NA2H2O2NAOHH22NAOHCO2NA2CO3H2ONOTETHATTHEFORMATIONOFSODIUMCARBONATESHALLNOTBEINDICATEDINTHELOWERFORMNA2OCO2NA2CO3,WHICHISNOTTRUEBECAUSEOFTHEABILITYOFSODIUMOXIDECOMBINEDWITHWATERTHANWITHCARBONDIOXIDEREACTIONISMUCHSTRONGER2SODIUMREACTSWITHWATERITCANBESUMMEDUPINFIVEWORDSMELTING,FLOATING,SWIMMING,SINGING,ANDREDMELTINGISTHEMELTINGOFSODIUMINTOSMALLSHINYBALLSFLOATINGREFERSTOTHEDENSITYOFSODIUMLESSTHANWATER,FLOATINGONTHEWATERSURFACESWIMMINGMEANSTHESODIUMBALLISSWIMMINGAROUNDTHESURFACEBECAUSEOFTHEINTENSEREACTIONMINGONEISMETALSODIUMANDWATERREACTIONGASISSUEDAHISSINGSOUNDTHETWOREFERSTOTHEGASCOLLECTIONTOIGNITEDETONATIONREACTIONFROMH2REDREFERSTOTHESOLUTIONWITHPHENOLPHTHALEINRED,ISPRODUCEDTHECHEMICALEQUATIONFORTHEREACTIONOFSODIUMHYDROXIDE2NAOHH22NA2H2OTHEESSENCEOFTHEREACTIONISTHEREDOXREACTIONBETWEENSODIUMANDHIONIZEDINWATER2NA2OHH22NA2H2OREACTIONOF3SODIUMWITHACIDANDSALTSOLUTIONSODIUMREACTSWITHTHEACIDISSODIUMREACTSWITHACIDIONIZATIONOFTHEH,SOWHENTHEREACTIONBETWEENMETALANDACIDSOLUTION,THESOLUTIONOFTHEMAINSOURCEOFHACID,SOSODIUMREACTSWITHACID,IFSODIUMISEXCESSIVETOREACTWITHWATERBECAUSETHEACIDCONCENTRATIONOFHISFARGREATERTHANTHECONCENTRATIONOFHINWATERSO,THEREACTIONOFSODIUMANDACIDTHANWATERANDREACTSVIOLENTLY,ANDCOMBUSTIONORMINOREXPLOSIONTHEREACTIONWITHSODIUMSALTSOLUTION,SODIUMSALTSOLUTIONANDISESSENTIALLYSOLVENTINHREACTIONSOTHEIONIZEDWATERINSALTSOLUTION,SODIUMREACTSWITHWATERTOGENERATESODIUMHYDROXIDE,SODIUMHYDROXIDEANDSOMEMETALCATIONSORNH4SALTSOLUTIONINDOUBLEDECOMPOSITIONREACTION2FECL36NA6H2O2FEOH6NACL3H232NH4CL2NA2H2OH2O2NAOHH22NH3THEREFORE,SODIUMREACTSWITHASALTSOLUTIONANDCANNOTDISPLACEMETALSFROMTHESALTTYPICALEXAMPLEWITH1STUDENTSAANDB,THEDISPUTEOFTHESODIUMMETALCOLORABOOKABOUTSODIUMISSILVERWHITE,BSAIDHESAWSODIUMISDARKGRAYTHESTUDENTSCHEARTHEIRARGUMENT,FROMTHELABORATORYTOOKALITTLESODIUM,AVERYSIMPLEEXPERIMENTPROVEDTHATSODIUMMETALSILVER,ANDEXPLAINSTHEDARKGRAYSODIUMISUSUALLYSEEREASONSCHOWPROVEDANDEXPLAINEDSTUDENTCWILLREMOVEARESOLUTIONONSODIUMSLIDES,CALLEDAANDBTWOPEOPLEOBSERVE,SEEISDARKGREY,ANDCWITHAKNIFECUTINSIDETHESODIUM,SODIUMSILVERCEXPLANATIONDUETOTHENATUREOFTHEACTIVESODIUM,SODIUMOXIDEISOUTSIDE,ITISDARKGREYINEXAMPLE2,54GISMADEUPOFAMIXTUREOFALKALIMETALRANDITSOXIDER2OTOREACTWITHSUFFICIENTWATERANDEVAPORATETHESOLUTIONAFTERDRYINGTOOBTAIN8GWITHOUTCRYSTALS1DETERMINEWHATKINDOFMETALISBYCALCULATION2HOWMUCHISTHEMASSOFRANDR2OINAMIXTUREYOUCANUSEANALYTICMETHODTHEEXTREMEHYPOTHESISHYPOTHESIS54GALLMETALELEMENTTHEHYPOTHESIS54GOXIDE,LAUNCHEDTHEATOMICWEIGHTRANGEOFR,BETWEENTHEACTUALATOMICWEIGHTOFRSHOULDBEBETWEENTHETWO,WHICHLAUNCHEDTHENAMEELEMENTS1ASSUMETHAT54GISALLMETALELEMENTS,ACCORDINGTOTHEATOMICWEIGHTOFA1R2ROHH22R2H2O2A12A11754G,8G,A1353ASSUMETHAT54GISALLOXIDE,ACCORDINGTOTHEATOMICWEIGHTOFA2RR2OH2O2ROH2A2162A217A210754G8GTABLELOOKUPSHOWEDTHATRWASSODIUM,ANDR2OWASNA2O2ACCORDINGTOTHE2NA2H2O2NAOHH2NA2OH2O2NAOH46806280MNAMNA2OGETMNA,MNA2O,54G,MNA23GMNAMNA2O8G,MNA2O31GANALYSISANDCALCULATIONBYCALCULATINGTHEATOMICWEIGHT,WHATISTHEELEMENTDETERMINEDBYTHEATOMICWEIGHTANDTHEEXTREMEHYPOTHESISISACOMMONMETHODTOSOLVETHEPROBLEMOFMIXTURECALCULATION3PUTASMALLPIECEOFMETALSODIUMEXPOSEDTOAIR,OBSERVEDTHEFOLLOWINGPHENOMENATHESODIUMMETALSURFACEGRADUALLYDARKENIIAFTERAPERIODOFTIME,ANDGRADUALLYWETTHEOVERTIMEINTOAWHITESOLIDANDAFTERAPERIODOFTIMEINTOAWHITESOLIDWHITEPOWDERTHECHEMICALFORMULAOFVARIOUSWRITETHEABOVEPHENOMENONANALYSISOFSODIUMMETALASACTIVEMETAL,EASILYOXIDIZEDBYOXYGENGENERATEDSODIUMOXIDEINTHEAIR,SOTHESURFACEGRADUALLYBECOMEDARKANDDULLSODIUMOXIDEINTHEAIRDISSOLVEDINWATER,THESURFACEBECOMESMOISTANDPRODUCESODIUMHYDROXIDETHEREACTIONOFCARBONDIOXIDEANDWATERANDSODIUMHYDROXIDEINAIR,GENERATINGCARBONACIDCRYSTALSODIUM,SODIUMCARBONATECONTAINING10THECRYSTALLIZATIONOFWATERAFTERAPERIODOFTIME,CONTAINSWATEROFCRYSTALLIZATIONCRYSTALWEATHERINGDEHYDRATION,INTOPOWDERMATERIALANSWER14NAO22NA2ONA2OH2O2NAOH2NAOHCO29H2O,NA2CO3,10H2ONA2CO3,10H2O,NA2CO310H2OTOEVALUATETHECHEMICALEQUATIONOFASERIESOFCHANGESINTHEEXPOSUREOFMETALSTOTHEAIR,THECHEMICALPROPERTIESOFSODIUMANDSODIUMCOMPOUNDSAREACTUALLYEXAMINEDSODIUMCOMPOUNDSINTRODUCTIONLEARNEDINJUNIORHIGHSCHOOL,ANDTHENSTUDYHERETEACHINGOBJECTIVESINTHISSECTION1MASTERTHEPROPERTIESOFIMPORTANTCOMPOUNDSOFNAOXIDESANDSODIUM2THROUGHTHETHERMALSTABILITYEXPERIMENTSOFNA2CO3ANDNAHCO3,UNDERSTANDTHEMETHODSTOIDENTIFYTHEM3UNDERSTANDTHEUSEOFIMPORTANTCOMPOUNDSOFSODIUMTHISSECTIONFOCUSESONTEACHINGPROPERTIESANDIDENTIFICATIONMETHODSTEACHINGDIFFICULTIESINTHISSECTIONREACTIONSWITHTHEIONICCOMPOUNDOFSODIUMISANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHECOLLEGEENTRANCEEXAMINATIONITISOFTENCOMBINEDWITHTHECALCULATIONTOEXAMINETHEABILITYOFCALCULATIONANDREASONINGCOREKNOWLEDGESODIUMOXIDECOMPARETHEPROJECTOFSODIUMPEROXIDECHEMICALFORMULANA2ONA2O2VALENCEOFSODIUM1,SODIUM1,1OXYGENOXYGEN2APALESOLIDWITHAPALEYELLOWSOLIDCLASSALKALINEOXIDEPEROXIDENOTALKALINEOXIDETURNLEARNNATUREWATERQUALITYANDREACTIONOFNA2OH2O2NAOH4NAOHO22NA2O22H2OCO2NA2OCO2NA2CO3AND2NA2O22CO22NA2CO3O2REACTIONMATRIXNA2O2HCL2NACLH2OREACTEDWITHHYDROCHLORICACIDTO2NA2O24HCL4NACL2H2OO2STABILITYNA2ONA2O2BLEACH/YESTRANSFORMING2NA2OO22NA2O2USE/OXYGENSUPPLY,BLEACHTWO,SODIUMCARBONATECOMPARESODIUMBICARBONATECARBONATECHEMICALFORMULANA2CO3NAHCO3THENAMEOFSODAASH,SODASODAWHITEPOWDER,WHITEPOWDER,SMALLWHITECRYSTALSOLUBILITYWATERSOLUBLESOLUBLEHEATSTABILITY,HEATING,DECOMPOSITION,HEATING,EASYDECOMPOSITIONNOREACTIONWITHNAOHHCO3OHCO32H2OANDCLARIFYLIMECACO3CA2OHHCO3CA2CO32CACO3H2OSMALLCA22OH2HCO3CACO3CO3