质量与检测外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、检测检验类外文翻译

质量与检测外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、检测检验类外文翻译QUALITYANDINSPECTIONACCORDINGTOTHEAMERICANSOCIETYFORQUALITYCONTROLASQC,QUALITYISTHETOTALITYOFFEATURESANDCHARACTERISTICSOFAPRODUCTORSERVICETHATBEARONITSABILITYTOSATISFYGIVENNEEDSTHEDEFINITIONIMPLIESTHATTHENEEDSOFTHECUSTOMERMUSTBEIDENTIFIEDFIRSTBECAUSESATISFACTIONOFTHOSENEEDSISTHE“BOTTOMLINE”OFACHIEVINGQUALITYCUSTOMERNEEDSSHOULDTHENBETRANSFORMEDINTOPRODUCTFEATURESANDCHARACTERISTICSSOTHATADESIGNANDTHEPRODUCTSPECIFICATIONSCANBEPREPAREDINADDITIONTOAPROPERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHETERMQUALITY,ITISIMPORTANTTOUNDERSTANDTHEMEANINGOFTHETERMSQUALITYMANAGEMENT,QUALITYASSURANCE,ANDQUALITYCONTROLQUALITYMANAGEMENTISTHATASPECTOFTHEOVERALLMANAGEMENTFUNCTIONTHATDETERMINESANDIMPLEMENTSTHEQUALITYPOLICYTHERESPONSIBILITYFORQUALITYMANAGEMENTBELONGSTOSENIORMANAGEMENTTHISACTIVITYINCLUDESSTRATEGICPLANNING,ALLOCATIONOFRESOURCES,ANDRELATEDQUALITYPROGRAMACTIVITIESQUALITYASSURANCEINCLUDESALLTHEPLANNEDORSYSTEMATICACTIONSNECESSARYTOPROVIDEADEQUATECONFIDENCETHATAPRODUCTORSERVICEWILLSATISFYGIVENNEEDSTHESEACTIONSAREAIMEDATPROVIDINGCONFIDENCETHATTHEQUALITYSYSTEMISWORKINGPROPERLYANDINCLUDEEVALUATINGTHEADEQUACYOFTHEDESIGNSANDSPECIFICATIONSORAUDITINGTHEPRODUCTIONOPERATIONSFORCAPABILITYINTERNALQUALITYASSURANCEAIMSATPROVIDINGCONFIDENCETOTHEMANAGEMENTOFACOMPANY,WHILEEXTERNALQUALITYASSURANCEPROVIDESASSURANCEOFPRODUCTQUALITYTOTHOSEWHOBUYFROMTHATCOMPANYQUALITYCONTROLCOMPANIESTHEOPERATIONALTECHNIQUESANDACTIVITIESTHATSUSTAINAQUALITYOFPRODUCTORSERVICESOTHATTHEPRODUCTWILLSATISFYGIVENNEEDSTHEQUALITYCONTROLFUNCTIONISCLOSESTTOTHEPRODUCTINTHATVARIOUSTECHNIQUESOFUNSATISFACTORYSOURCESOFQUALITYPERFORMANCEMANYOFTHEQUALITYSYSTEMSOFTHEPASTWEREDESIGNEDWITHTHEOBJECTIVEOFSORTINGGOODPRODUCTSFROMBADPRODUCTSDURINGTHEVARIOUSPROCESSINGSTEPSTHOSEPRODUCTSJUDGEDTOBEBADHADTOBEREWORKEDTOMEETSPECIFICATIONSIFTHEYCOULDNOTBEREWORKED,THEYWERESCRAPPEDTHISTYPEOFSYSTEMISKNOWNASA“DETECTIONCORRECTION”SYSTEMWITHTHISSYSTEM,PROBLEMSWERENOTFOUNDUNTILTHEPRODUCTSWEREINSPECTEDORWHENTHEYWEREUSEDBYTHECUSTOMERBECAUSEOFTHEINHERENTNATUREOFHUMANINSPECTORS,THEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHESORTINGOPERATIONSWASOFTENLESSTHAN90QUALITYSYSTEMSTHATAREPREVENTIVEINNATUREAREBEINGWIDELYIMPLEMENTEDTHESESYSTEMSPREVENTPROBLEMSFROMOCCURRINGINTHEFISTPLACEBYPLACINGEMPHASISONPROPERPLANNINGANDPROBLEMPREVENTIONINALLPHASESOFTHEPRODUCTCYCLETHEFINALWORDONHOWWELLAPRODUCTFULFILLSNEEDSANDEXPECTATIONSISGIVENBYTHECUSTOMERSANDUSERSOFTHATPRODUCTANDISINFLUENCEDBYTHEOFFERINGOFCOMPETITORSTHATMAYALSOBEAVAILABLETOTHOSECUSTOMERSANDUSERSITISIMPORTANTTORECOGNIZETHATFINALWORDISFORMEDOVERTHEENTIRELIFEOFTHEPRODUCT,NOTJUSTWHENITWASPURCHASEDBEINGAWAREOFCUSTOMERSNEEDSANDEXPECTATIONSISVERYIMPORTANT,ASWASPREVIOUSLYDISCUSSEDINADDITION,FOCUSINGTHEATTENTIONOFALLEMPLOYEESINANENTERPRISEONTHECUSTOMERSANDUSERSANDTHEIRNEEDSWILLRESULTINAMOREEFFECTIVEQUALITYSYSTEMFOREXAMPLE,GROUPDISCUSSIONSONPRODUCTDESIGNSANDSPECIFICATIONSSHOULDINCLUDESPECIFICDISCUSSIONOFTHENEEDSTOBESATISFIEDABASICCOMMITMENTMANAGEMENTSHOULDBETHATQUALITYIMPROVEMENTMUSTBERELENTLESSLYPURSUEDACTIONSSHOULDBEINGRAINEDINTHEDAYTODAYWORKINGOFTHECOMPANYTHATRECOGNIZETHATQUALITYISAMOVINGTARGETINTODAYSMARKETPLACEDRIVENBYCONSTANTLYRISINGCUSTOMEREXPECTATIONSTRADITIONALEFFORTSTHATSETAQUALITYLEVELPERCEIVEDTOBERIGHTFORAPRODUCTANDDIRECTALLEFFORTSTOONLYMAINTAINTHATLEVELWILLNOTBESUCCESSFULINTHELONGHAULRATHER,MANAGEMENTMUSTORIENTTHEORGANIZATIONSOTHATONCETHESOCALLEDRIGHTQUALITYLEVELFORAPRODUCTHASBEENATTAINEDIMPROVEMENTEFFORTSCONTINUETOACHIEVEPROGRESSIVELYHIGHERQUALITYLEVELSTOACHIEVETHEMOSTEFFECTIVEIMPROVEMENTEFFORTS,MANAGEMENTSHOULDUNDERSTANDTHATQUALITYANDCOSTARECOMPLEMENTARYANDNOTCONFLICTINGOBJECTIVESTRADITIONALLY,RECOMMENDATIONSWEREMADETOMANAGEMENTTHATACHOICEHADTOBEMADEBETWEENQUALITYANDCOSTTHESOCALLEDTRADEOFFDECISIONBECAUSEBETTERQUALITYINEVITABLYWOULDSOMEHOWCOSTMOREANDMAKEPRODUCTIONDIFFICULTEXPERIENCETHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDHASSHOWNTHATTHISISNOTTRUEGOODQUALITYFUNDAMENTALLYLEADSTOGOODRESOURCEUTILIZATIONANDCONSEQUENTLYMEANSGOODPRODUCTIVITYANDLOWQUALITYCOSTSALSOSIGNIFICANTISTHEHIGHERSALESANDMARKETPENETRATIONRESULTFROMPRODUCTSTHATAREPERCEIVEDBYCUSTOMERSTOHAVEHIGHQUALITYANDPERFORMANCERELIABILITYDURINGUSEFOURBASICCATEGORIESOFQUALITYCOSTSAREDESCRIBEDINTHEFOLLOWING（1）PREVENTIONCOSTSINCURREDINPLANNING,IMPLEMENTING,ANDMAINTAININGAQUALITYSYSTEMTHATWILLENSURECONFORMANCETOQUALITYREQUIREMENTATECONOMICALLEVELSANEXAMPLEOFPREVENTIONCOSTISTRAININGINTHEUSEOFSTATISTICALPROCESSCONTROL（2）APPRAISALCOSTSINCURREDINDETERMININGTHEDEGREEOFCONFORMANCETOQUALITYREQUIREMENTSANEXAMPLEOFAPPRAISALCOSTISINSPECTION（3）INTERNALFAILURECOSTSARISINGWHENPRODUCTS,COMPONENTS,ANDMATERIALSFAILTOMEETQUALITYREQUIREMENTSPRIORTOTRANSFEROFOWNERSHIPTOTHECUSTOMERANEXAMPLEOFINTERNALFAILURECOSTISSCRAP（4）EXTERNALFAILURECOSTSINCURREDWHENPRODUCTSFAILTOMEETQUALITYREQUIREMENTSAFTERTRANSFEROFOWNERSHIPTOTHECUSTOMERANEXAMPLEOFEXTERNALFAILURECOSTISWARRANTYCLAIMSAPROBLEMSOLVINGAPPROACHSHOULDBEFOLLOWEDINSEEKINGQUALITYIMPROVEMENTTHERESULTSOFANYIMPROVEMENTEFFORTWILLNOTBEPERMANENTUNLESSTHEROOTCAUSESOFTHEPROBLEMSHAVEBEENFOUNDSOAPPROPRIATEIRREVERSIBLECORRECTIVEACTIONCANBEIMPLEMENTEDTHEROOTCAUSECANBEDEFINEDASTHEREALCAUSEOFAPROBLEMTHISISOFTENQUITEDIFFERENTFROMTHEAPPARENTCAUSE,WHICHAPPEARSAFTERASUPERFICIALINVESTIGATIONAFREQUENTLYASKEDQUESTIONISHOWTOKNOWNWHENTHEROOTCAUSEISFOUNDANDWHENTHEINVESTIGATORISNOTSTILLBEINGDECEIVEDBYTHEAPPARENTCAUSEAMEANINGANSWERISTHATIFTHEROOTCAUSEHASBEENFOUND,THEPROBLEMISABLETOBETURNEDONANDOFFBYADDINGORREMOVINGTHECAUSEONCETHEROOTCAUSEHASBEENFOUND,ANIRREVERSIBLECORRECTIVEACTIONMUSTBEIMPLEMENTEDSOTHEREISNOFORESEEABLESITUATIONBYWHICHTHEROOTCAUSECANRETURNANDSOPERMANENTIMPROVEMENTRESULTSALTHOUGHTHELEVELOFQUALITYCONTROLISDETERMINEDINLARGEPARTBYPROBABILITYTHEORYANDSTATISTICALCALCULATIONS,ITISVERYIMPORTANTTHATTHEDATACOLLECTIONPROCESSESONWHICHTHESEPROCEDURESDEPENDBEAPPROPRIATEANDACCURATETHEBESTSTATISTICALPROCEDUREISWORTHLESSIFFEDFAULTYDATA,ANDLIKEMACHININGPROCESSES,INSPECTIONDATACOLLECTIONISITSELFAPROCESSWITHPRACTICALLIMITSOFACCURACY,PRECISION,RESOLUTION,ANDREPEATABILITYALLINSPECTIONAND/ORMEASUREMENTPROCESSESCANBEDEFINEDINTERMSOFTHEIRACCURACYANDREPEATABILITY,JUSTASAMANUFACTURINGPROCESSISEVALUATEDFORACCURACYANDREPEATABILITYCONTROLLEDEXPERIMENTSCANBEPERFORMED,ANDSTATISTICALMEASURESOFTHERESULTSCANBEMADETODETERMINETHEPERFORMANCEOFAMETHODOFINSPECTIONRELATIVETOTHEPARTSTOBEINSPECTEDSUITABILITYOFONEORANOTHERMETHODCANBEJUDGEDONTHEBASISOFSTANDARDDEVIATIONSANDCONFIDENCELEVELSTHATAPPLYTOEACHAPPROACHASUSEDINAGIVENINSPECTIONSITUATION质量与检测根据美国质量管理协会的定义，质量是产品或服务能够满足规定需求而具有的特性和特征的总和。这个定义表明，应该首先确定顾客的需求，因为满足这些需求是达到质量目标的关键。然后应该把顾客的需求转化为产品的特性和特征，并据此进行设计工作和制订产品的技术要求。除了正确地理解质量这个术语之外，对质量管理、质量保证和质量控制等术语的理解也是非常重要的。质量管理是确定和实施质量方针的全部管理功能。质量管理是高层管理人员的职责。这项工作包括战略规划、资源分配和与之有关的质量规划活动。质量保证包括能够给予满足规定需求的产品或服务以适当信任所必需的全部有计划，有组织的活动。这些活动的目标是给人们提供对质量体系能够正常工作的信任，而且包括对设计方案和技术要求妥善性的评价或者对生产作业能力的审查。内部质量保证的目标在于使公司的管理人员对产品质量具有信心，而外部质量保证的目的在于向公司产品的用户们在产品质量方面做出担保。质量控制包括了为保持产品或服务的质量，使其能满足规定需求所采取的作业技术和有关活动。质量控制功能与产品的关系最为密切，它采用各种技术和活动来监视加工过程，并且消除生成不合格产品的根源。许多过去的质量体系的设计目标是，在各个加工阶段中，将合格的产品与不合格的产品区分开来。那些被判定为不合格的产品必须经过重新加工以满足技术要求。如果它们不能被重新加工，就应该被当成废料处理。这种体系被称为“检测改正”体系。在这种体系中，只有在对产品进行检测时，或者当用户使用产品时，才会发现其中存在的问题。由于检查人员本身固有的因素所决定，这种分类拣选工作的有效性经常低于90。目前，预防型质量体系得到了越来越广泛的应用。在这种体系中，为了避免发生质量问题，首先强调对产品生产的各个阶段进行合理的规划和制订预防发生问题的措施。对于一种产品满足需求或期望值的好坏程度的最终评价是由顾客和用户们作出的，而且会受到可以向这些顾客和用户出售同类产品的竞争对手的影响。这个最终评价是基于产品在整个使用寿命周期内的表现作出的，而不是仅仅只根据其在购买时的性能作出的。认识到这一点是很重要的。如前所述，了解顾客的需求和期望是很重要的。此外，将一个企业中的全体员工的注意力集中在顾客和用户以及他们的需求上，会产生一个更有效的质量体系。例如，在对产品设计方案和技术要求进行小组讨论时，要对顾客应该得到满足的需求进行专门的讨论。管理人员的一个基本职责是不懈地追求质量改善。应该认识到在当今的市场中，质量是一个由顾客们对产品日益增高的期望所驱动的动态目标，质量行动必须落实到公司每天的工作中。传统的作法是对某一产品确定一个适当的质量等级，然后集中全部力量使产品满足这个质量等级。这种方法不适合于在长期的生产中使用。与之相反，管理人员应该给企业确定这样的方向一旦某种产品达到了适当的质量等级之后，还应对其进行不断的改进，使其达到更高的质量等级。为了获得最有效的改进成果，管理人员应该明白质量与成本是互补的，而不是相互矛盾的。传统上，对管理人员的建议是必须在质量与成本之间作出选择。这种方法被称为折衷判断。这是因为对于质量好的产品，其成本必然要比较高，而且其生产难度也比较大。目前，全世界范围内的经验已经表明，这是不正确的。高质量的产品从根本上实现了资源的优化利用，从而意味着高生产能力和低质量成本。此外，被顾客们