英语语法总结

1、英语常用语法讲与练第一节 动词时态的典型用法（tenses）英语中动词时态常见的有16种,参见下表:体时间一般体进行体完成体完成进行体现在1) 一般现在时 do/does5)现在进行时am/is/are doing9)现在完成时have/has done13)现在完成进行时have/has been doing过去2)一般过去时did6)过去进行时was/were doing10)过去完成时had done 14)过去完成进行时had been doing将来3)一般将来时shall/will do7)将来进行时will be doing11)将来完成时will have done15)将来完

2、成进行时will have been doing过去将来4)过去将来时should/would do 8)过去将来进行时would be doing12)过去将来完成时would have done16)过去将来完成进行时would have been doing就其用法各举一例如下：1） water boils at 100.2） he went to beijing ten times in 2000.3） i will go before he comes.4） she would not leave until i returned.5） i will think it over wh

3、ile you are collecting materials.6） she told me to wake him up if he was sleeping.7） i will be sitting in front of the tv set this time tomorrow.8） he promised that he would be looking after my dog when i left here. 9） we havent heard from each other for three years.10) jane had learned chinese befo

4、re she came to china.11) by the end of this term, i will have taught at his college for 10 years.12) yesterday mr. li said he would have been in this college for 10 years by the end of the term.13) he has been writing letters since his morning.14) after driving for a long time, she suddenly realized

5、 that she had been driving in the wrong direction all the afternoon.15) by the time the sun sets, they will have been working on the farm for 6 hours. 16) yesterday mr. li said he would have been teaching in this college for 10 years by the end of the term.1一般现在时 (the simple present tense)1) 经常发生或反复

6、发生的动作:he smokes a lot.how often do you go swimming?2) 现时的情况与状态:i know you are busy.how do you like this city?3) 永恒的真理:summer follows spring.the sun rises in the east. 还常常用于静态动词(表示一种状态的动词),代替使用进行时态: 如mean, seem, hate, surprise, guess, feel, hope, sound, need, know, understand, wish等. 表示现在时刻发生的动作: 运动解

7、说,演示说明,动作描述,剧情介绍,舞台动作说明,用来指引道路,图片说明. 表示将来情况: 表示规定,时间表,计划或安排要发生的事情,这时有一个表示未来时间的状语,只限于少数动词,如 arrive, be, begin, close, come, depart, dine, end, finish, go, leave, open, return, sail, start, stop. 另外在由if, unless, even if, when, after, before, as soon as, as long as, as等引导的时间或条件从句中,一般只能用一般现在时表示将来的动作.tur

8、n off the lights before you leave.if we hurry, we may catch the bus. 表示过去动作的用法,只限于少量动词,如hear, say, tell等.yes, you answer quite well.oh, i forget where she lives.此外,故事性读物中戏剧性的描绘,报纸标题中,小说章节的题目中,引用书面材料时. 常常和一般现在时一道用的副词和状语.如 now, today, often, usually, normally, generally, weekly, seldom, never, ever, a

9、t the moment, once a month, now and then等.2. 现在进行时 (the present continuous tense)1) 表示现在正在进行的动作:they are talking; they arent working.my head is aching.2)表示现在这个阶段正在发生的事(但说话的一刻不一定在进行):are you staying at the hotel?whats your daughter doing these days?在进行时用于表示将来动作的用法:如果主语是表示事物的名词作主语,动词都以一般现在时表示将来动作,如果以人

10、为主语,表示是安排要进行的动作,一般用现在进行时.另外,还有be going to 这个结构经常用来表示未来的情况,一是表示准备,打算干什么,二是表示即将发生的情况.im going to buy some cassette tapes.oh dear! its ten to nine. im going to be late. 有在时间或条件从句中,有时会用现在进行时表示未来动作.while you are traveling there, you must visit these places. 表示经常性动作的用法,这时都表现某类情绪.这类句子常带有 always, constantly

11、, forever, continually, perpetually这类副词.she is forever complaining about her job.you are always leaving your clothes on the floor! 至有一些静态动词也用于现在进行时.im hoping you will come. 除了以上这些,还可用于戏剧式的描绘,解说词,暂时的情况,新闻标题等. 3. 现在完成时(the present perfect tense)现在完成时是一个把过去和现在联系起来的时态.谈的都是已经发生的事,但和现在都有某种关系,就是指从过去某时到现时,某

12、事已完成或已经发生.如:ive lost my passport.has he found her car key?这个时态经常和just, already, yet, ever, always, before, so far, for, since, how long等词连用.ive already posted your letters.有时表示从过去到现在这一段时间内发生的事.ive been there twice this year.有时表示持续到现在的状态.ive waited a week for your answer. have gone to/have been to 和t

13、ime连用的情况 have got to=have to 4. 现在完成进行时(the present perfect continuous tense)现在完成进行时表示一个由过去某时起一直持续的动作,这动作可能刚刚停止,也可能正在进行.如:the ground is wet. it has been raining.youre out of breath. have you been running?用这个时态经常有一个表示现在之前这一段时间的状语,如all day, for some years, since, recently, how long, long, all等.有时表示在持续

14、的一段时间中动作的多次重复(而动作不一定在持续):jim has been phoning jerry every night for the past week.第二节 动词语态的典型用法 (voices)英语语态有两种：主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。一般来说，被动语态的主语是动词的承受者，即动作的对象。被动语态的形式是：be +过去分词。常用的被动语态构成形式如下：一般时态进行时态完成时态现在1）am/is/are done5）am/is/are being done7）have/has been done过去2）was/were done6

15、）was/were being done8）had been done将来3）shall/will be done_9) shall/will have been done过去将来4）should/would be done _10）should/would have been done举例：1) a car is powered by gasoline.2) all eyes were turned upon him.3) other processes will be discussed briefly.4) the manager said that the matter would b

16、e discussed at the next meeting.5) who is being operated on?6) at that time, i didnt know who was being operated on.7) no decision has been made about the matter yet.8) i was informed that the meeting had been postponed till next friday.9) hurry up, or the tickets will have been sold out by the time

17、 we get there.10) he hid himself in a pile of dry weeds. otherwise he would have been discovered.除了以上这些,不定式,分词,动名词也可有被动态.如:the obstacle has to be removed in the path. （不定式的被动式）being attacked by criminals, he cried out for help. （分词被动式）he tried his best to avoid being misunderstood. （动名词被动式）the build

18、ing can be completed next week. （带情态动词的被动式）特别提示： 有些动词以主动形式出现，却有被动含义。the knife cuts well.the cloth feels smooth. 短语动词构成的被动语态中，介词或副词不可省略。more schools and hospitals will be set up in the near future.time must be made good use of. 主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词(see, hear, watch, make, let)后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前往往不带to，但在被动

19、语态中带to。she was seen to pass by the window.he was heard to sing midnight. 主动形式表被动意义的几种情况。a. 某些感官动词和系动词加形容词可以用主动表示被动意义，如look, smell, taste, feel, sound, prove, wear 等。the flower smells sweet.her voice sounds beautiful.b. 在want, need, deserve, require和worth后，可用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。the house wants repairing.

20、(= to be repaired)the novel is worth reading twice. (= to be read twice)c. 在某些做表语的形容词后用不定式的主动形式表被动意义。he is hard to please.the passage is difficult to read. 有少数动词的进行时可以表示被动意义。the breakfast is cooking.the book is printing.被动语态除用“be+过去分词”表达外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构表达。he got punished for his wrong doing.he got

21、scolded by his parents.不及物动词不能用于被动语态，如appear, die, happen, belong to等。及物动词大多数都能用于被动语态，但某些表示静态意义的及物动词不能，如fit, cost, lack, suit, contain等。the book costs 10 yuan.the hat doesnt suit me.第三节 句子与从句 (sentences and clauses)1.英语的句子按使用目的可分为四类：陈述句 (declarative sentences)疑问句a一般疑问句 (general questions)b特殊疑问句 (spe

22、cial questions)c选择疑问句 (alternative questions)d反意疑问句 (disjunctive questions)祈使句 (imperative sentences)感叹句 (exclamatory sentences)1) 陈述句用来陈述一个事实或者观点.mary arrived quite early this morning.2) 一般疑问句以助动词(do, does, did, have, had, be, will, would, shall, should),情态动词(can, could, may, might, must, ought to)

23、开始,通常要求以yes或no回答。did mary arrive early this morning?3) 特殊疑问句通常以一个疑问词开始,语序要倒装: who, what, which, when, where, how(how long, how soon, how often).when did mary arrive this morning?4) 选择疑问句一般用or来连接两个选择部分,不能用yes或no回答。would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?5) 反意疑问句是指在陈

24、述句之后,加一个简短问句,对前面事实加以订正,确认或反诘的一种问句形式.mary arrived quite early this morning, didnt she?6) 祈使句上无主语句,表示请求,叮嘱,命令,号召等.open the classroom for mary, please.7) 感叹句用来表示强烈的感情或情绪,句首由what或how引导,句末加感叹号. how early mary arrived this morning!what a hard-working girl mary is! 2. 英语的句子按结构分，可分为三类：简单句 (simple sentences)

25、并列句 (compound sentences)复合句(complex sentences)a. 名词性从句(noun clauses)a.主语从句 (the subject clauses)b.表语从句 (the predicative clauses)c.宾语从句 (the objective clauses)d.同位语从句 (the appositive clauses)b定语从句 (the attributive clauses)c状语从句 (the adverbial clauses)1) 简单句:句子各成分都只是由单词或短语表示,而且句子中只包含一个主谓结构的句子.其中主语可以是并

26、列主语,谓语可以是并列谓语.mary is a good student.he rose, put on his coat and walked out of the office.mr. smith and mr. bank witnessed a car accident last evening.2) 并列句:包括由对等连接词连接的两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子.连接词可以是and, or, but.sarah and kathy were good friends, but their friendship broke up in the end.environment pollutio

27、n is a worldwide problem and its hard to handle.hurry up or well miss the train.3) 复合句:由一个主句和一个或几个子句(从句)构成的句子.句中主谓结构不止一个,但它们是有主从这种层级差别的.从句是主句的一个句子成分,可以担当主句的主语,表语,宾语,同位语,定语,状语.主语从句 ( the subject clauses)： that he won the first prize is known to us all. which team has won the game is not known yet. wh

28、oever leaves the room last should turn off the light. whether (or not) peter will attend the lecture hasnt been decided yet. what he said is true. who will chair the meeting has not been decided yet. whatever is worth doing should be done well. where to go for a picnic has not been decided. it is st

29、ill a question whether he will come to help. 表语从句 (the predicative clauses)： the problem is that weve lost our way. the question is how we can get in touch with him. this is what he said to me. the question is whether it is worth trying. it seems that it is going to snow. the reason why i was angry

30、is that he had repeated the same mistake. it is because that the plan should be carried out immediately. 宾语从句 (the objective clauses)： he said (that) he didnt like her. i dont know whether he will come. he asked whom i borrowed the money from. we didnt know why she didnt come.21 the picture reminded

31、 me of what i had ever seen near a lake.22 please tell me when we shall discuss our work plan.23 we thought a pity that you were unable to attend our meeting.24 i am afraid that my father will be back soon.25 i dont think he can do it better than me.26 i doubt that she will stay there. /i doubt whet

32、her (if) she will stay there. 同位语从句（the appositive clauses）：27 the news that a party is to be held makes us very exited.28 there arose the question where we could go for the cold night.29 i have no idea what has happened to her.30 do you know the reason why he was late? 定语从句 (the attributive clauses

33、) 关系代词that在从句中作主语/宾语指物指人1) this is the farm that belongs to his father.2) the book that i bought yesterday is very interesting.1) the boy that you saw just now is my kid brother.2) who is the girl that is talking in the room?which在从句中作主语/宾语指物1) pass me the book which is on the desk.2) would you let

34、me have a look at the book which you bought yesterday?who, whom在从句中作主语和宾语指人1) this is the professor who gave us an interesting lecture yesterday. 2) this is the councilor whom you can turn to for help at any time.whose在从句中作定语指物/人1) this is the boy whose father is a lawyer.2) id like that room whose

35、windows face south.关系副词 when时间i still remember the day when i entered college.where地点the photo reminds me of the park where i met mary for the first time.why原因she avoided talking about the reason why she was late again. that可以替代物和人,但有时和which, who(whom)不能通用.只能用that的情况:当先行词是everything, anything, somet

36、hing, nothing, all等不定代词时 you can take everything that you find useful.当先行词被all, only, little, much 等不定代词修饰时that is the only thing that i can do now.当先行词被形容词的最高级,序数词(first, second)以及last, next等顺序词修饰时she is one of the most remarkable women that ever lived.当先行词既有人又有物时they talked about the teachers and

37、schools that they had visited.当句子中已出现了which, who(whom)时,为了避免重复which was the hotel that he recommended to you?不能用that的情况:在非限制性定语从句中she heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.which引导的非限制性定语从句,有时可以代表主句中的一部分: john can write a letter in french, which mary can not.当关系代词作从句介词宾语时,如果介

38、词前移而关系代词紧跟其后时this is the book which/that you asked for.this is the book for which you asked. as连接定语从句主要用在the same n./pronas, so n./pron. as, such n./pron. as,as可替代先行词是人或物的名词.the same n结构中,可用as也可用that.this is the same watch as(that)i have lost.as引导非限制性定语从句,可代替整个句子,对其进行说,意为”正如/正像”,从句和主句用逗号隔开,其位置可在主句前,

39、中,后.he is a chinese-american, as is shown in his accent.常见的as引导的结构有: as is well known, as is often the case, as may be imagined, as has been said before, as has been pointed out, as is hoped, as is usual with sb., as is natural. but只可用于限制性定语从句,同具有否定意义的主句连用.there was no one but knew the secret alread

40、y. 定语从句中关系代词的省略,主要指which, that, who, whom作宾语时,或作介词宾语时,该介词不处于句首时.this is the book (that/which) i bought yesterday.this is the girl (whom) he worked with. 状语从句 (the adverbial clauses)类别引导词时间when, while, as, before, after, since, till/until, as soon as, whenever 地点where, wherever因果because, since, as, f

41、or, in that目的so that, in order that结果that, so that, so that, such that条件if, unless, so(as) long as, so far as让步though, although, no matter, even if, even though, however, whatever比较as, as as, not as(so) as, than行为方式as, as if, as though相反意义while第四节 主谓一致与代词一致(the subject-verb agreement)主谓一致有三大原则:语法一致原

42、则: 即形式上的一致.主语为单数形式,谓语动词也用单数形式, 反之亦然.概念一致原则: 即意义上的一致. 从意义上考虑, 主语为单数形式但意义上是复数(如集合名词), 谓语动词要用复数形式,反之亦然.邻近原则: 谓语动词的数和最临近的主语部分保持一致.1. 语法一致原则1)以单数名词或代词以及不可数名词作主语时,单.2)动词不定式,动名词短语或从句作主语时,单.to work hard is necessary in ones success.2. 概念一致原则1)一个国家,机构名称,书刊名称等作主语时,单.the united states was formed in 1976.2)表示时间

43、,距离,重量,度量,价值等的复数形式作主语表示一个概念时,单; 数学运算中,单.another two weeks is too long. five times five makes twenty five.3)表示学科名称的词形式上是复数,但表述的是一门学科,单.economics, electronics, ethics,linguistics, mathematics, phonetics, politics, statistics.4)有些名词形式是复数,但意义是单数,单.news(新闻), chaos(混乱), means(方法,手段), works(工厂), species(种类

44、), series(系列)5)由any, every, no ,some与 thing或 body, one构成的合成代词和either, neither, each, one, another等不定代词/副词作主语时,单.everything is ready, isnt it?6)集合名词作主语表示整体概念时,单.(government, audience, club, committee, crew, group, staff, police)his family is not very large. 7)由and连接的单数名词若表达一个整体的事物或概念时,单.time and tide

45、 waits for no man.8)由each, every, many a等词修饰的名词哪怕是以来连接的词组,其意义都是单数,单.in china, every boy and girl has the right to compulsory education.9)none of结构作主语时,正式时用单,非正式时用复.none of the drivers has/have turned up.3. 邻近原则1)有时谓语动词的数与最靠近的主语保持一致,主要出现在由eitheror, neithernor, whetheror, not onlybut(also), or等连接的并列主语

46、情况下和there be句型中neither he nor i am going to leave for beijing.2)a lot of(lots of), plenty of , part of, rest of, some of, the majority of等表示数量的词组以及表示几分之几或百分之几的概念与名词连用作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于该名词的单复数.lots of damage was caused by the fire.3)用连接的并列主语,一般情况谓语应用复数形式.但当以下短语修饰主语时,谓语动词的单复数不受其影响.(也就是说,这种情况并不是联合作主语,只有前

47、者是主语.如: accompanied by, along with, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, but, except, besides, with, together with, like, including, in addition to等.my brother, together with jane and james, is gone.4) the adj.或分词表示一类人或事物时,谓语动词用复数.the rich are not always selfish.5)不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数,但如

48、果不可数名词前有表示复数的数量词修饰时,则应该用复数.three million tons of coal were consumed every year in this college.6)作主语时,尽管意义上是复数,谓语动词习惯上用单数.more than one student has been infected with such disease.第五节 虚拟语气(the conjunctive mood)英语中有三种语气：陈述语气，祈使语气，虚拟语气。1.陈述语气 用来陈述事实；2.祈使语气 用来表述请求，命令：3.虚拟语气 表示对过去或现在某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况的假设，或

49、表达说话者的主观愿望（往往实现的可能性较小或根本不可能实现），建议，命令，劝告，要求。从句主句与现在的事实相反did(一般过去时)would do与过去的事实相反had done(过去完成时)would have done将来不大可能发生should/would do(或 were to) dowould do1. 介词短语或转折连词含蓄地表示,如bur for, without ,otherwise, or ,in the absence of等without teachers help, he wouldnt have made such a great progress in his s

50、tudy.2. 在非真实条件从句中的 if有时可省略，这时从句中的主语与谓语部分要倒装。had i a lot of money, i would buy this house.were she not ill, she would help a great deal.should he come early, tell him to wait for me.3. 在动词 wish后的宾语从句中i wish i were as strong as you.i wish i remembered his address.i wish i hadnt made that mistake.i wis

51、h he wouldnt come tomorrow.4. 在“愿望，请求，建议，命令”等意义有关的名词性从句中这些可以是宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句，构成形式：（在书面语中往往省略），用以表达说话人对某事的态度或看法，如“应该”，“最好”，“必须”等。 动词类：command direct order （命令） decide（决定） demand request require （要求） desire（希望） propose suggest recommend（建议） urge （敦促） maintain（坚持说） insist（坚持） 名词类：advice/ decision/ desi

52、re /order/ proposition（建议）/ request/ requirement/ suggestion/ proposal等。 形容词类：(it is ) advisable/ desirable/ necessary/ essential/ important/ urgent/ vital that等形式中。注： 当 suggest作“暗示，表明”解时，而insist表示“坚持认为”的内容不是“建议，命令，希望，愿望”等主观看法而强调其是事实时，其后的从句用陈述语气。5在as if/ as though引导的方式状语从句中 he acted as if nothing ha

53、d happened. the two rivals greeted each other as if they were old friends. he treated her that way as if she were his sister. 当主句的谓语是appear/ feel/ look/ seem/ taste/ smell等感官系列动词的现在时态时，句子是表示一种接近事实的推测或趋势，从句也可不用虚拟语气。 it looks as if a storm will soon come.this meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.

54、it seems as if well have to go home.it sounds as if he doesnt know what to do.6在would rather/ would sooner/ had rather/ would just as soon后面的宾语从句 中，用v-ed/ had done表示虚拟， 意思是“宁愿，希望”。i would rather that you went at once.（动作未发生） hed rather that he had not done it. （动作已发生）id rather that you had not married her.id just soon that you didnt speak rudely to her. 7在it is (high/ about) time (that we did)句型中，用v-ed或should + v.表示虚拟（但我们经常使用v-ed形式）。 it is time that we went home.it is high time that we should put an end to this discussion.8.le