江西省上饶市横峰中学2021届高三语文上学期第一次月考试题2020102702116.doc
江西省上饶市横峰中学2021届高三上学期第一次月考试题全科
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江西省上饶市横峰中学2021届高三生物上学期第一次月考试题 考试时间：90分钟一、选择题：（本题包括30小题，共60分，每小题只有一个选项符合题意）1下列选项中都属于人体内环境中成分的是（ ）a消化液、神经递质b泪液、尿液c胃蛋白酶、胰液d葡萄糖、胰岛素2内环境的稳态是指（ ）a由于血液中缓冲物质的调节作用使内环境维持在相对稳定的状态b内环境的温度、渗透压、各种化学物质的含量维持在一个恒定的水平c正常机体在神经系统、激素的调节下，通过各个组织、器官的协调活动，共同维持内环境的相对稳定状态d正常机体通过调节作用，使各个器官、系统协调活动，共同维持内环境的相对稳定状态3下列关于人体生命活动调节的叙述，正确的是（ ）a兴奋在反射弧上都是以电信号形式传导b兴奋在反射弧中进行双向传导c反射弧中的神经中枢都是大脑皮层d神经调节的基本方式是反射，反射都是通过反射弧完成的4下列各组实例中，均能够体现生长素两重性的一组是（ ）a胚芽鞘的向光性和根的向地性b顶端优势和根的向地性c茎的背地性和生长素类似物除杂草d无子番茄的培育和顶端优势5下列关于艾滋病及其病原体hiv的说法，正确的是（ ）ahiv侵入t细胞后，将rna整合到人的基因组中bhiv侵入人体后，t细胞不会受hiv刺激而增殖chiv容易发生变异，使机体不能产生相应的抗体dhiv破坏t细胞后，病人恶性肿瘤的发病率升高6炎热的夏天某人给自己准备了多种饮料，下列相关叙述正确的是（ ）a功能性饮料中某种成分可使中枢神经细胞膜电位发生反转b碳酸饮料的摄入会引起人体的血浆ph明显降低c多喝一些盐汽水主要补充该人剧烈运动后流失的水分和钙盐d喝冰镇饮料会刺激大脑皮层冷觉感受器进而可能导致汗液分泌减少7下列有关人体水分调节的叙述正确的（ ）a渴觉中枢兴奋同时抗利尿激素分泌减少 b抗利尿激素分泌减少，则尿量增加c大量饮水，则抗利尿激素分泌增加 d细胞外液离子浓度降低，则尿量减少8下列有关胰岛素和胰高血糖素的说法，错误的（ ）a胰岛素是体内唯一能够降低血糖浓度的激素b胰岛素不仅能够促使葡萄糖分解，还能够抑制非糖物质转化成葡萄糖c胰高血糖素能促进肝糖原和肌糖原分解使血糖升高d在调节血糖浓度时胰高血糖素和胰岛素表现为拮抗作用9下列与病原体有关的叙述，不正确的是（ ）a抗体可以进入细胞消灭寄生在其中的结核杆菌b抗体抵抗病毒的机制与溶酶体杀灭细菌的机制不同c内环境中形成的抗原一抗体复合物可被吞噬细胞吞噬消化d人感染h1v后的症状与体内该病毒浓度和t细胞数量有关10下列关于植物激素的说法错误的是（ ）a赤霉素既可以促进细胞伸长，也可以促进种子萌发和果实发育b脱落酸主要在根冠和萎蔫的叶片中合成c当乙烯的含量增高时，抑制了生长素促进黄化豌豆幼苗切段细胞伸长的作用d色氨酸在光照条件下才可以转变为生长素11下列与人体生命活动调节有关的叙述,错误的是（ ）a大脑皮层受损的患者，膝跳反射能完成b条件反射和非条件反射一定都需要神经中枢参与c婴幼儿缺乏生长激素可影响其神经系统的发育和功能d胰腺受反射弧传出神经的支配,其分泌胰液也受促胰液素调节12兴奋在神经元间传递异常有多种原因。下列情况中，使突触后膜无法兴奋的原因不包括（ ）a突触间隙ca2浓度低，使神经递质的释放量远低于正常值b兴奋类递质与突触后膜上的受体结合后，无法被及时灭活c突触后膜上的一种神经递质受体与某病原体抗原结构类似，被免疫系统攻击d某种神经毒素使突触后膜上的大量cl通道开放13在西非肆虐的埃博拉病毒已严重威胁了人类的健康，世界各国正在研制疫苗以应对该病毒的传播。下列关于埃博拉病毒进入人体后会发生的情况的叙述正确的是（ ）at细胞受病毒刺激后有特定mrna的合成.b相应的浆细胞通过与病毒结合能抑制其增殖c康复者再次接触该病毒时，记忆细胞能快速增殖并产生抗体消灭病毒d组织液中增殖的病毒表面的抗原蛋白可制成疫苗14如图表示人体和人体细胞间某些信息传递机制的模式图，图中箭头表示信息传递方向，下列叙述正确的是（ ） a b ca如果该图表示一个完整的反射弧，则a表示感受器，b表示神经中枢，c表示效应器，且其中的信息均以局部电流的形式由a传到cb如果该图表示细胞中遗传信息的表达过程，则d过程只发生在细胞核中c如果该图中a为下丘脑，b为垂体，c为甲状腺，则c分泌的激素过多对于a分泌d、b分泌e均具有抑制作用d如果该图中a表示突触小体，b为神经递质，c为突触后膜，则发生在a中的信息转换过程为：电信号化学信号电信号15如图所示。右图两曲线分别代表根或茎的生长速度跟生长素浓度的关系，请问左图中的abcd四点分别代表右图中的哪些点？（ ）an、m、p、q bm、n、p、q cp、q、n、m dp、q m、n16下列叙述正确的是（ ）a感受器接受刺激就会产生兴奋b看到酸梅而引起唾液分泌是非条件反射c神经纤维上兴奋的传导方向与膜内的电流方向相同d大脑皮层言语区的s区受损伤，导致人不能听懂别人讲话17下列关于种群特征的叙述,正确的是（ ）a年龄结构不影响种群密度b不同种群的种群密度没有差异c性别比例的改变不影响种群密度d出生率减去死亡率等于自然增长率18下列各项中，能正确表示一条食物链的是（ ）a草兔狼细菌 b阳光草兔狼c昆虫蛇鹰 d草食草昆虫青蛙蛇鹰19某同学运用黑光灯诱捕的方法对农田中具有趋光性的昆虫进行调查。下列叙述错误的是（ ）a趋光性昆虫是该农田生态系统的消费者b黑光灯传递给趋光性昆虫的信息属于化学信息c黑光灯诱捕的方法可用于调查某种趋光性昆虫的种群密度d黑光灯诱捕的方法可用于探究该农田趋光性昆虫的物种数目20如图是自然界碳循环的简图，图中甲、乙、丙各代表（ ）a甲为生产者、乙为分解者、丙为消费者b甲为消费者、乙为分解者、丙为生产者c甲为分解者、乙为生产者、丙为消费者d甲为生产者、乙为消费者、丙为分解者21某池塘内草鱼种群增长速率的变化规律如图所示。下列有关叙述错误的是（ ）a. 调查草鱼的种群密度时，网眼太大常使调查值偏大b. t3时草鱼的种群密度约为t5时对应种群密度的一半c. t5时增加饵料的投放，池塘草鱼的环境容纳量会有所增大d. 无论t2之前数据如何，t2t3和t3t5时间段内种群数量都是逐渐上升22森林生物群落不包括这个森林中的（ ）a水源和土壤 b细菌和真菌 c各种动植物 d有害的生物23下列关于生态系统中物质循环的叙述，错误的是（ ）a低碳生活方式有助于维持生物圈中碳循环的平衡b物质循环是在生产者、消费者、分解者之间进行的c煤和石油燃烧以及微生物分解产生的co2，促进了碳循环d组成生物体的各种元素在生态系统中都是循环的，且均具有全球性24如图为某生态系统能量流动示意图单位：j/(cm2a)，以下分析不正确的是（ ）a甲通过光合作用固定在有机物中的总能量为1250 j/(cm2a)b甲到乙的能量传递效率为16%c乙营养级个体数量不一定多于丙营养级个体数量d在此生态系统中，一只狼捕食一只野兔，获得的能量只能在10%20%之间25某地的一个生态养殖大棚里，水底爬着螃蟹，水面漂浮着无土栽培的某种蔬菜，而水面上方，黄瓜藤枝枝蔓蔓。蔬菜和黄瓜生长所需的肥料就来自螃蟹的排泄物。同时大棚里种了一种特殊辣椒，能起到驱虫作用。下列相关分析正确的是（ ）a只需输入太阳光能即可维持该生态系统的稳定b特殊辣椒的驱虫作用依赖于生态系统的信息传递c蔬菜和黄瓜从螃蟹的排泄物中获得养分，所以蔬菜和黄瓜也可作为分解者d该生态系统中螃蟹、蔬菜、黄瓜构成了生物群落，体现了群落的水平结构26如图为一个陆地生态系统食物网的结构模式图，下列有关叙述错误的是（ ）该食物网中共有6条食物链 h占据3个营养级g和f之间存在竞争和捕食关系 图中a、e均为生产者一旦g的数量大量减少，该生态系统就很难维持相对稳定的状态abc d27生态文明建设促进条例中提出：围绕“治山、治气、治水、治土”，加大对生态环境的保护与治理力度。下列相关叙述正确的是（ ）a“治山”退耕还林还草属于群落的初生演替b“治土”提倡生态农业的设计原则是使生态系统中的物质和能量被分层次多级利用c“治气”通过减少化石燃料的燃烧就可以达到目标d“治水”通过物理沉降、化学分解和微生物分解可以很快清除污染28下列与生态学有关的调查、探究实验的说法，正确的是（ ）a可用标志重捕法调查某地区的人口密度b调查土壤小动物类群丰富度时，应使用高倍显微镜观察肉眼难以识别的小动物c应用生态学原理设计并制作生态缸时，应考虑各营养级生物间的合适比例并将生态缸密封d探究培养液中酵母菌种群数量的变化时，每次计数后应重新配制酵母菌培养液再继续计数29在某一农田生态系统中，大面积单一种植某种农作物（甲）可导致害虫a的爆发，改成条带状合理地间作当地另一种农作物（乙）后，乙生长良好，害虫a的爆发也受到了抑制。对此，不合理的解释是（ ）a新的种间关系不利于害虫a b新的群落空间结构不利于害虫ac乙的出现使害虫a的环境容纳量下降 d乙和害虫a存在互相抑制的竞争关系30在漫长的历史时期内，我们的祖先通过自身的生产和生活实践，积累了对生态方面的感性认识和经验，并形成了一些生态学思想，如：自然与人和谐统一的思想。根据这一思想和生态学知识，下列说法错误的是（ ）a生态系统的物质循环和能量流动有其自身的运行规律b若人与自然和谐统一，生产者固定的能量便可反复利用c“退耕还林、还草”是体现自然与人和谐统一思想的实例d人类应以保持生态系统相对稳定为原则，确定自己的消耗标准二、非选择题：（本题包括3小题，共40分）31.（16分）临近2020年的春节，武汉出现不明原因肺炎，并出现死亡病例和传染现象，我国政府及时采取防治措施，疫情得到有效防控。科学家检测发现这场肺炎是由一种新型“冠状病毒”引起。请回答下列相关问题：（1）新冠肺炎病毒侵入体内后，会激活免疫细胞释放细胞因子，该物质会刺激_体温调节中枢，使有关腺体分泌的_和肾上腺素的量增加，从而使产热增加。（2）病毒进入人体内后，首先由_组成的防线会发挥防御作用，与特异性免疫相比，这种免疫类型的主要特点_（答出两条）。（3）被病毒侵染的肺泡细胞，称为_，人体内的_细胞会与该细胞密切接触使其裂解死亡，释放病毒。（4）2月2 8日，国家卫健委鼓励康复者捐献血浆，提高重症危重症患者治愈率。康复者血清中能与新型冠状病毒结合的物质主要是_，与该物质合成与加工有关的细胞器有_。32.（14分）某一森林在遭受大火完全烧毁前后，草本植物、灌木和乔木的生物量变化如图所示(b点为发生火灾的时间)。请回答下列问题。（1）欲调查该生态系统植物丰富度宜采用_法。（2）ab段，三类植物在群落中会呈现出镶嵌分布，从而形成了群落的_。（3）bf段，显示火灾后植物群落的演替情况，其演替过程往往从图2中的_阶段开始，结果是生态系统的稳定性增强。生态系统的稳定性是指_。三类植物在bf段的增长方式近似于_型增长曲线。（4）该森林中，鼬能够依据田鼠留下的气味去猎捕后者，田鼠同样也能够依据鼬的气味或行为躲避猎捕。可见，信息能够_。（5）田鼠和鼬都是恒温动物，同化的能量中只有3%5%用于_，其余在呼吸作用中以热能形式散失。33.（10分）rag2基因缺失小鼠不能产生成熟的淋巴细胞。科研人员利用胚胎干细胞（es细胞）对rag2基因缺失小鼠进行基因治疗，其技术流程如图（图中数字序号表示的是相关过程）。请回答：（1）按此方法和图示技术流程，完成rag2基因缺失小鼠的基因治疗涉及的多种酶，其中有（3种）_和耐高温的dna聚合酶（taq酶）等。测rag2基因的表达情况，可提取治疗后小鼠骨髓细胞的蛋白质，用_进行杂交实验。（2）过程将进行培养的上皮细胞注入去核的卵母细胞中，接受细胞核的卵母细胞应处于_时期；过程利用的技术是_，当重组胚胎培养到囊胚期时，可从其_分离出es细胞，es细胞在功能上具有_的特点。（3）过程中获取的目的基因是_，若要将目的基因导入受体细胞，需要构建_，构建之前可以根据_设计引物，利用pcr技术对目的基因进行扩增。为了检测es细胞的dna上是否插入了干扰素基因，可采用_技术。横峰中学2020-2021学年度上学期第一次月考高三年级生物试卷参考答案一、选择题：（本题包括30小题，共60分，每小题只有一个选项符合题意）1d 【解析】人体内的液体都叫体液，可以分成细胞内液和细胞外液，其中细胞外液是人体细胞直接生存的环境，又叫内环境。内环境主要由组织液、血浆、淋巴组成。内环境是细胞与外界环境进行物质交换的媒介。消化道、呼吸道、生殖道等都是直接与外界相通的，不属于内环境。 【详解】a、消化道直接与外界相通，消化液不属于人体内环境成分，a错误；b、泪液和尿液都不属于内环境成分，b错误；c、胃蛋白酶和胰液都在消化道里，不属于内环境成分，c错误；d、葡萄糖、胰岛素都属于内环境成分，d正确。故选d。2d 【解析】a.通过神经体液免疫调节网络使内环境维持在相对稳定的状态，a错误；b.内环境的温度、渗透压、各种化学物质的含量维持在一个相对稳定的的水平，b错误；c.正常机体在神经系统、内分泌系统和免疫系统的调节下，通过各个组织、器官的协调活动，共同维持内环境的相对稳定状态，c错误；d.正常机体通过调节作用，使各个器官、系统协调活动，共同维持内环境的相对稳定状态，d正确。故选d。3d 【解析】兴奋在神经纤维上的传导形式是电信号，在神经元之间是以化学信号的形式传递的，a项错误；兴奋在神经纤维上双向传导，在神经元间单向传递，只能由一个神经元的轴突向另一个神经元的树突或细胞体传递，所以兴奋在反射弧中是单一方向的传递，b项错误；神经中枢是指反射弧中起综合分析作用的部分。大脑皮层中有许多条件反射的神经中枢，皮层以下（脑干、脊髓等）有许多非条件反射的神经中枢，c项错误；神经调节的基本方式是反射，反射的结构基础是反射弧，反射的完成必须要完整的反射弧，d项正确。4b 【解析】1、生长素作用具有两重性，即低浓度促进生长，高浓度抑制生长，主要表现为：既能促进生长，也能抑制生长；既可以疏花疏果，也可以防止落花落果；既能促进生根，也能抑制生根。 2、顶端优势是顶芽优先生长而侧芽受到抑制的现象。原因是顶芽产生的生长素向下运输，使近顶端的侧芽部位生长素浓度较高，从而抑制了该部位侧芽的生长。 【详解】a. 胚芽鞘的向光性，向光侧和背光侧都是起促进作用，没有体现两重性，a错误；b. 顶端优势和根的向地性，既有促进作用又有抑制作用，体现了两重性，b正确；c. 茎的背地性，近地侧和远地侧都是起促进作用，没有体现两重性，c错误；d. 无子番茄的培育体现的是生长素可以促进果实发育的作用，没有体现两重性，d错误。故选：b。5d 【解析】hiv是逆转录病毒，其入侵t细胞时，先逆转录形成dna，dna整合到人的基因组中，a错误；hiv侵入人体后，t细胞一段时间内会增殖，b错误；hiv容易发生变异，但机体能识别hiv，使机体产生相应的抗体，c错误；hiv破坏t细胞后，免疫功能降低，病人恶性肿瘤的发病率升高，d正确。6a 【解析】1. 血浆中的ph维持相对稳定，主要是因为血浆中含有hco3-、hpo4-等离子作缓冲物质，对进入内环境中的酸或碱性物质起缓冲作用。2. 温度感受器有的在体表，有的在体内，皮肤、黏膜和内脏器官中都有温觉感受器和冷觉感受器的分布。3.神经细胞在未受到刺激时处于静息状态，此时细胞膜上钾离子通道开放，导致钾离子外流形成静息电位，表现为外正内负；受到刺激时，细胞膜上的钠离子通道开放，导致钠离子大量内流，形成动作电位，表现为外负内正。 【详解】a、功能性饮料中的某种成分如咖啡因可作用于中枢神经细胞，使细胞膜电位发生反转，a正确；b、由于人体血浆中含有缓冲物质碳酸饮料摄入后人体血浆ph基本能维持稳定，b错误；c、剧烈运动流失的主要是水分和钠盐，c错误；d、夏天喝冰镇饮料、会刺激消化道内的冷觉感受器，从而可能会导致汗液分泌减少，冷觉感受器不在大脑皮层，d错误。故选a。7b 【解析】本题考查水平衡调节，要求考生理解人体水平衡调节过程，明确抗利尿激素的功能。内环境渗透压升高刺激下丘脑渗透压感受器，兴奋传达到大脑皮层产生渴觉，同时抗利尿激素分泌增多，肾小管和集合管对水分的重吸收增多，使尿量减少，a错误，b正确；大量饮水导致内环境渗透压降低，则抗利尿激素分泌减少，c错误；细胞外液离子浓度降低，则内环境渗透压降低，则抗利尿激素分泌减少，尿量增多，d错误。8c 【解析】胰岛素是体内唯一能够降低血糖浓度的激素，a正确；胰岛素具有降血糖的作用，不仅能够促使葡萄糖分解，还能够抑制非糖物质转化成葡萄糖，b正确；胰高血糖素能促进肝糖原分解使血糖升高，但是不能促进肌糖原分解形成葡萄糖，c错误；胰高血糖素和胰岛素分别具有升血糖和降血糖的作用，因此两种激素表现为拮抗作用，d正确。9a 【解析】a抗体一般在内环境中起作用，不能进入细胞中，a错误；b抗体的作用机理是与抗原结合，抑制病原体对细胞的黏附或在体内的繁殖，进一步的变化是与抗原结合成沉淀或细胞集团，最后被吞噬细胞吞噬消化掉。而溶酶体是利用酶的作用，将细菌分解，因此二者的原理不同，b正确；c抗体在内环境中与抗原结合成复合物后，被吞噬细胞吞噬消化掉，c正确；dhiv主要攻击人体的t细胞，t细胞被破坏后，人体的免疫力下降，最后导致失去免疫系统的防卫、监控和清除功能，导致人体容易被其他病原体感染或者患癌症。t细胞数量越少，症状越严重，说明人感染hiv后的症状与体内该病毒浓度和t细胞数量有关，d正确。10d 【解析】植物激素是由植物体内产生，并从产生部位运输到作用部位，对植物的生长发育具有显著影响的微量有机物。不同的植物激素对植物的生长发育的作用不同。赤霉素的主要作用是促进细胞伸长，从而引起植物的增高，促进种子的萌发和果实的发育；脱落酸的主要作用是抑制细胞分裂，促进叶和果实的衰老和脱落；乙烯的主要作用是促进果实成熟；细胞分裂素的主要作用是促进细胞分裂。 【详解】a.赤霉素可以促进细胞伸长，也可以促进种子萌发和果实发育，a正确；b.脱落酸主要在根冠和萎蔫的叶片中合成，b正确；c.当乙烯的含量增高时，抑制了生长素促进黄化豌豆幼苗切段细胞伸长的作用，c正确；d.生长素的合成不需要光照，d错误。故选d。11c 【解析】反射弧是反射活动的结构基础，包括感受器、传入神经、神经中枢、传出神经和效应器。甲状腺激素的功能：促进新陈代谢；促进生长发育，提高神经系统的兴奋性；促进神经系统的发育。促胰液素由小肠黏膜分泌，能促进胰腺分泌胰液。 【详解】膝跳反射的中枢在脊髓，因此大脑皮层受损的患者，膝跳反射仍能完成，a正确；反射包括条件反射和非条件反射，都是由完整的反射弧完成的，而神经中枢是反射弧的结构之一，b正确；甲状腺激素能促进中枢神经系统的发育，能提高神经系统的兴奋性，因此婴幼儿缺乏甲状腺激素可影响其神经系统的发育和功能，c错误；胰腺受反射弧传出神经的支配，由于促胰液素能促进胰腺分泌胰液，因此胰腺也受促胰液素调节，d正确。12b 【解析】神经递质存在于突触前膜的突触小泡中，只能由突触前膜释放，然后作用于突触后膜，使下一个神经元产生兴奋或抑制，兴奋只能从一个神经元的轴突传递给另一个神经元的细胞体或树突，因此兴奋在神经元之间的传递只能是单向的。【详解】ca2+由通道蛋白进入突触前神经元，ca2+促进突触小泡释放神经递质，如果突触间隙中的ca2+减少，神经递质的释放量远低于正常值，a不符合题意；兴奋类递质与突触后膜上的受体结合后，无法被及时灭活，则突触后膜会持续性兴奋，b符合题意；突触后膜上的一种神经递质受体与某病原体抗原结构类似，被免疫系统攻击后，神经递质无法与其结合，进而无法使突触后膜兴奋，c不符合题意；cl内流可使外正内负的膜电位增大，抑制了突触后神经元的兴奋，d不符合题意。故选：b。13a 【解析】a、t细胞受病毒刺激后会增殖分化形成记忆细胞和效应t细胞，因此会有特定mrna的合成，a正确；b、浆细胞能分泌抗体，抗体与病毒特异性结合，而浆细胞本身不能病毒结合，b错误；c、康复者再次接触该病毒时，记忆细胞能快速增殖分化形成浆细胞，浆细胞可以产生抗体与病毒特异性结合，c错误；d、病毒没有细胞结构，不能在组织液中增殖，d错误。故选a。14c 【解析】若该图表示一个完整的反射弧，则其中的信息在神经纤维上是以局部电流的形式传导，在神经元之间是以化学信号的形式传递，a错误；若该图表示细胞中遗传信息的表达过程，则d为转录，场所是细胞核、线粒体和叶绿体，e为翻译，场所是核糖体，b错误；若a表示下丘脑，分泌促甲状腺激素释放激素作用于b垂体；则甲状腺激素分泌过多对a分泌d、b分泌e均具有抑制作用，这是负反馈调节，c正确；d、如果该图中a表示突触小体的膜（即突触前膜），b为递质，c为突触后膜，则发生在a中的信号转换过程为电信号化学信号，d错误。15a 【解析】植物横放时，由于重力的作用，a、b两点生长素浓度较低，c、d点生长素浓度较高，但根对生长素较为敏感，在此浓度下，促进a点生长，抑制c点生长；茎对生长素表现为不太敏感，在此浓度下，对b、d均具有促进作用，且对d点的促进效果更强，故a、b、c、d分别对应右图中的n、m、p、q点，a项正确，b、c、d项错误。16c 【解析】1、反射指人体通过神经系统，对外界或内部的各种刺激所发生的有规律的反应。神经的基本调节方式是反射。2、反射弧包括感受器、传入神经、神经中抠、传出神经、效应器五部分。3、条件反射是人出生以后在生活过程中逐渐形成的后天性反射，是在非条件反射的基础上，经过一定的过程，在大脑皮层参与下完成的，是一种高级的神经活动，是高级神经活动的基本方式。4、大脑皮层言语区有w区（此区发生障碍，不能写字）、v区（此区发生障碍，不能看懂文字）、s区（此区发生障碍，则不能讲话）、h区（此区发生障碍则不能听懂话）。【详解】a、感受器接受刺激不一定产生兴奋，只有刺激强度达到一定的阈值才能产生动作电位，即产生兴奋，a错误；b、第一次吃到酸梅后流口水是口腔受到刺激后的非条件反射，出生即会。多次吃过酸梅的人，当他看到酸梅的时候，也会流口水。这就是他在曾经吃过酸梅流口水的基础上才能完成的，因此是条件反射，b错误；c、兴奋的传导方向是由兴奋部位向未兴奋部位传导，与膜内局部电流的方向相同，c正确；d、大脑皮层言语区的s区受损伤，导致人不能讲话，d错误。故选c。17d 【解析】a、年龄结构通过影响出生率影响种群密度的变化，a错误；b、不同种群的种群密度有较大的差异，受多重因素的影响，b错误；c、性别比例通过影响出生率影响种群密度的变化，c错误；d、出生率减去死亡率等于自然增长率，d正确。故选d。18d 【解析】在生态系统中，各种生物之间由于食物关系而形成的一种联系，叫做食物链。动植物之间就是通过食物链相互联系起来的，动植物之间是吃与被吃的关系，食物链可表示为：生产者初级消费者次级消费者三级消费者等等。 【详解】a、细菌属于分解者，a错误；b、阳光属于非生物的物质和能量，b错误；c、缺少生产者，c错误；d、在草食草昆虫青蛙蛇鹰，只有生产者和消费者，d正确。故选：d。19b 【解析】趋光性昆虫以植物为食，属于生态系统的消费者，a正确；黑光灯是一种特制的气体放电灯，它发出330400 nm的紫外光波，故黑光灯传递给趋光性昆虫的信息属于物理信息，b错误；黑光灯诱捕的方法是一种根据昆虫趋光特点检测相对密度的方法，可用于调查某种趋光性昆虫的种群密度，c正确；黑光灯能诱捕多种趋光性昆虫，从而可以统计一定范围内趋光性昆虫的种类，d正确。20a 【解析】生态系统是由非生物成分和生物成分两部分组成的。其中，根据获得的营养和能量的方式，生物成分又可以划分为生产者、消费者、分解者。其中生产者指的是绿色植物，它们通过光合作用，吸收二氧化碳，制造成有机物，也能通过呼吸作用释放二氧化碳，所以甲为生产者；消费者指的是各种动物，它们的生存都直接或间接的以绿色植物为食，也能通过呼吸作用释放二氧化碳，所以丙为消费者；分解者指的是细菌、真菌等营腐生生活的微生物，它们将动植物残体等含有的有机物分解成简单的无机物，归还到无机环境中，促进了物质的循环，所以乙为分解者。故选a。21a 【解析】若调查的时候捕捉所用的渔网网眼过大，则会导致捕捉的个体数变小，即m、m、n都会变小，但是m：n比值基本不变，故计算出的n会偏小，a错误；t3时对应k/2，t5时对应k，b正确；t5时增加饵料，食物增多，环境容纳量会有所增大，c正确；t2t3和t3t5种群的增长速率均大于0，故种群密度会上升，d正确。故选a。22a 【解析】本题主要考查群落的概念。群落的概念：在一定空间内所有生物种群的集合体，它具有一定的结构、一定的种类构成和一定的种间相互关系，并在环境条件相似地段可以重复出现。森林生物群落包括这个森林中的所有的生物，如动物、植物和微生物，不包括无机环境，如阳光、空气、水源和土壤等，a正确；bcd错误。故选a。23b 【解析】导致温室效应的主要原因是化石燃料的燃烧排放大量co2，由于温室气体co2增多造成温室效应，低碳生活方式减少大气中的co2，有助于维持生物圈中碳循环的平衡。防止温室效应的方法有：减少使用化石燃料，开发新能源，植树造林等，由于植物的光合作用能吸收co2，所以可以通过植树造林减少co2的量。物质循环是在无机环境与生物群落之间进行的。 【详解】a、温室气体二氧化碳增多造成温室效应，低碳生活方式减少大气中的二氧化碳，有助于维持生物圈中碳循环的平衡，a正确；b、物质循环应是在无机环境与生物群落之间进行的，b错误；c、煤和石油燃烧以及微生物分解产生的co2，促进了碳循环，c正确；d、组成生物体的各种元素在生态系统中都是循环的，且均具有全球性，d正确。24d 【解析】甲通过光合作用固定在有机物中的总能量=175+875+200=1250 j/(cm2a)，a正确；甲到乙的能量传递效率=2001250=16%，b正确；根据能量流动的特点，乙营养级个体含有的能量多于丙营养级个体含有的能量，但是乙营养级个体数量不一定多于丙营养级个体数量，c正确；能量传递效率指的是两个营养极之间，而不是两个个体之间，d错误。25b 【解析】该生态系统的稳定不仅需要太阳光，还需保证生物数量的比例协调等才能维持稳定，a选项错误；蔬菜和黄瓜不能作为分解者，属于生产者，c选项错误；该生态系统中螃蟹、蔬菜、黄瓜及分解者等所有生物才能构成生物群落，d选项错误。26d 【解析】该食物网存在8条食物链：egh、efgh、ebfgh、ebdc、abfgh、abdc、adc、ac；h占据第三、四、五营养级，g和f之间有竞争和捕食关系；流入此生态系统的总能量是生产者固定的太阳能，即a和e固定的太阳能总量；生产者的数量相对稳定可维持生态系统相对稳定。 【详解】该食物网共有8条食物链，错误；h占据3个营养级：第三、第四、第五营养级，正确；g和f之间有竞争和捕食关系，正确；a和e均能固定的太阳能，均属于生产者，正确；g不是生产者。所以g改变不会影响生态系统相对稳定的状态，错误。故选d。27b 【解析】初生演替是指在原生裸地或者原生荒原上进行的演替行为；次生演替是指原来的植物群落由于火灾、洪水、崖崩、风灾、人类活动等原因大部份消失后所发生的演替，由其他地方进入或残存的根系、种子等重新生长而发生的。 【详解】a、退耕还林还草是从耕地发展出新的群落，属于次生演替，a错误；b、生态农业的设计原则是使生态系统中的物质和能量被分层次多级利用，b正确；c、“治气”不仅需要减少化石燃料的燃烧，同时还需要开发新型清洁能源、植树造林等，c错误；d、只有在河流受到轻微污染时，才能通过物理沉降、化学分解和微生物分解很快消除污染，但受到严重污染时，就不能很快清除污染了，d错误；故选b。28c 【解析】调查大型且活动能力强的动物的种群密度采用标志重捕法，样方法用于调查植物和活动能力弱动物的的种群密度；观察肉眼难识别的小动物使用放大镜；统计土壤动物丰富度：记名计算法和目测估计法。在制作生态缸的最后，需要封上生态缸盖子，置于通风、光线良好但要避免阳光直射的环境中，以观察生态缸的稳定性。在生态缸中添加小动物，则应注意各营养级生物之间的合适比例，从能量流动的角度分析，这是因为能量流动是逐级递减的，所以高营养级的生物数量应该少些。 【详解】a、调查某地区的人口密度一般采用逐个计数法，a错误；b、调查土壤小动物类群丰富度时，应使用放大镜观察肉眼难以识别的小动物，b错误；c、在设计制做生态缸时，应考虑系统内不同营养级生物之间的合适比例并将生态缸密封，c正确；d、探究培养液中酵母菌种群数量的变化时，应定期从酵母菌培养液中吸取样液稀释振荡后再计数，d错误。故选c。29d 【解析】由题目所给信息“间作当地另一种农作物（乙）后，乙生长良好，害虫a的爆发也受到了抑制”可以直接推出新的种间关系和群落空间结构对害虫a是不利的，且乙的出现使害虫a的环境容纳量下降，可判断出乙和害虫a之间不存在互相抑制的竞争关系，a、b、c正确，d错误。30b 【解析】生态系统的能量流动是单向流动、逐级递减的，能量是不能循环利用的。二、非选择题：（本题包括3小题，共40分）31. （16分，每空2分）（1）下丘脑 甲状腺激素 （2）吞噬细胞和体液中的杀菌物质 人人生来就有，不针对某一类特定病原体，而是对多种病原体都有一定的防御作用 （3）靶细胞 效应t （4）抗体 核糖体、内质网、高尔基体和线粒体 31.【解析】（1）据分析可知，病毒侵入体内后，会激活t淋巴细胞释放淋巴因子，该物质会刺激下丘脑体温调节中枢，通过分级调节，使有关腺体分泌的甲状腺激素和肾上腺素的量增加，从而使产热增加，体温上升。（2）新冠肺炎病毒进入人体内后，首先非特异性免疫发挥作用，由于已经侵入人体，这时由吞噬细胞和体液中的杀菌物质组成的第二道防线会发挥防御作用，与特异性免疫相比，这种免疫类型的主要特点有生来就有，不针对某一类特定病原体，而是对多种病原体都有一定的防御作用。（3）被病毒侵染的肺泡细胞，携带能被免疫细胞识别的抗原，称为靶细胞，在细胞免疫的过程中，人体内的效应t细胞会与该细胞密切接触使其裂解死亡，释放病毒。（4）由于康复者曾经接触新冠肺炎病毒，体内免疫系统产生了对应的免疫细胞和免疫活性物质，其血清中能与新型冠状病毒结合的物质主要是抗体，抗体的本质是分泌蛋白，与其合成与加工有关的细胞器有核糖体（合成）、内质网（加工）、高尔基体（进一步加工）和线粒体（提供能量）。32.（14分，每空2分）（1）样方 （2）水平结构 （3）d 生态系统所具有的保持或恢复自身结构和功能相对稳定的能力 s （4）调节生物的种间关系，以维持生态系统的稳定（5）生长、发育、繁殖等生命活动 32.【解析】（1）植物生长位置固定，可以用样方法调查该生态系统植物物种丰富度以及物种分布的均匀度。（2）草本植物、灌木和乔木是生态系统中的生产者。图中ab段，三类植物在群落中的镶嵌分布，体现群落的水平结构特点。（3）bf段，火灾后植物群落演替属于次生演替。从各种植物出现的先后时间可推断演替的过程是从草本植物阶段开始，对应图2中的d。其演替过程为：草本植物阶段灌木阶段森林阶段，生态系统的稳定性增强。生态系统所具有的保持或恢复自身结构和功能相对稳定的能力，叫做生态系统的稳定性。三类植物在bf段的生物量变化趋势都是先增加后趋向平衡，数量增长方式近似于s型曲线。（4）鼬能根据田鼠的气味捕猎后者，同时后者也能根据鼬的气味躲避捕猎，说明生态系统的信息传递能够调节种间关系，以维持生态系统的相对稳定。（5）每一个营养级同化的能量有两个去向：一是自身呼吸消耗，二是用于自身生长、发育、繁殖等生命活动，储存在体内的有机物中。33.（10分，每空1分） （1）限制性核酸内切酶（或限制酶）、dna连接酶和胰蛋白酶（或胶原蛋白酶） 抗rag2蛋白的抗体（2）m中期（或减数第二次分裂中期） 早期胚胎培养 内细胞团 发育的全能性（3）rag2基因 含rag2基因的基因表达载体（或基因表达载体） rag2基因的脱氧核苷酸序列（或碱基对序列或遗传信息） dna分子杂交 33.【解析】（1）基因重组技术需要限制性核酸内切酶和dna连接酶，细胞培养需要胰蛋白酶。测rag2基因的表达情况，可提取治疗后小鼠骨髓细胞的蛋白质，用抗rag2蛋白的抗体进行杂交实验。（2）用处于m中期去核的卵母细胞作为受体细胞，因为它的细胞质中含有促进细胞核全能性表达的物质，有利于重组细胞的发育。过程为早期胚胎培养，当重组胚胎培养到囊胚期时，可从其内细胞团分离出es细胞，es细胞在功能上具有全能性。（3）过程中获取的目的基因是rag2基因，要将目的基因导入受体细胞，需要构建含rag2基因的基因表达载体，构建之前可以根据rag2基因的脱氧核苷酸序列设计引物，利用pcr技术对目的基因进行扩增。为了检测es细胞的dna上是否插入了干扰素基因，可采用dna分子杂交技术检测。16江西省上饶市横峰中学2021届高三英语上学期第一次月考试题考试时间：120分钟第一部分 听力（共两节，满分 30 分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的a、b、c三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1. when did the man buy his own car? a. one month ago.b. one year ago.c. five years ago.2. who did the woman buy the shirt for? a. herself.b. her daughter.c. her son.3. what did the speakers think of the movie? a. meaningful.b. confusing.c. violent.4. what does the man like most about the park? a. its clean there.b. its relaxing there.c. its beautiful there.5. what will the woman do tonight? a. paint the living room.b. visit her friend jason.c. have dinner at her parents.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的a、b、c三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。6. what is the speakers relationship? a. friends.b. neighbors.c. renter and owner.7. why does the woman complain about her neighbor? a. he is always rude to her.b. he always wakes her up in the morning.c. he always fixes things late at night.听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。8. how did harriet know the time? a. from her iphone.b. from her watch.c. from the sun.9. what does don think about harriets explanation? a. its wrong.b. its funny.c. its too scientific.10. where might the conversation be taking place? a. in a field.b. in a classroom.c. at a computer lab.听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。11. what does the woman say about playing basketball? a. she finds it pretty easy.b. she is good at it.c. she knows the general rules.12. where did the woman buy the basketball? a. in a store.b. on the street.c. at school.13. what will the speakers do first? a. buy some special shoes.b. go home to change.c. find a basketball court.听第9段材料，回答第14至17题。14. where did the woman first meet the man? a. in high school.b. in the college.c. in a chemistry competition.15. what did the man do after high school? a. he went straight to university.b. he traveled around the world.c. he worked at a small school.16. what is the school in connecticut known for?a. its famous teachers.b. its foreign language department.c. its low cost.17. what does the woman mean at the end? a. it is enjoyable to study chinese.b. it is her lifetime goal to speak chinese well. c. it takes a long time to master a foreign language.听第10段材料，回答第18至20题。18. what is the purpose of the staff meeting? a. to find ways to help mrs. smith.b. to hear how mrs. smith is doing.c. to figure out whats wrong with mrs. smith.19. where did mrs. smith feel the pain?a. in her arm.b. in her lung.c. in her shoulder.20. how long has mrs. smith worked at the company?a. less than two weeks.b. about three months.c. over five years.第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题：每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（a、b、c和d）中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。ado you want to go out to eat with your kids？here are some restaurants that are good for kids in downtown los angeles.grand caftel: (213)356-4155do you need a place that opens as early as your kids wake up？then go to grand caf. families can order breakfast off the menu or enjoy the buffet. because of the variety，buffets seem to be an easy option for families with picky eaters. there are many options for the different moods of all family members.nickel dinertel: (213)623-8301nickel diner was listed in los angeles magazine as one of “las best new restaurants”. the space is small，but the menu is wonderfully large. the atmosphere is quiet and relaxed，which makes it easy to bring the kids. one of the most attractive things about nickel diner is its unique menu of breakfast foods.lucky strike bowltel: (213)542-4880theres nothing like a good game of bowling to add some happiness to the family outing. why not take the family to a place where you can bowl while eating? try their homemade belgium fries, the mini burgers, flatbread pizza, or crispy tacos. downtown las lucky strike bowl will never make you and your kids disappointed.kulatel: (213)290-9631kula is an exciting sushi bar and is a big hit for little sushi eaters. kulas concept includes providing “a high standard of natural organic foods” and they use 100% organic rice. if your child is not a sushi eater, there are also many other options.21who would most probably go to eat at grand caf?apeople who love organic foods.bpeople who want to play while eating.cpeople who love a quiet eating environment.dpeople who want to serve themselves in a restaurant.22if you want to play while eating, which number would you call to reserve a place?a(213)356-4155b(213)290-9631c(213)542-4880d(213)623-830123what is the text meant to?ato recommend some kid-friendly restaurants.bto recommend some nice foods in the city.cto encourage people to go to los angeles.dto encourage people to go out to eat.bas a first responder, you never know what type of situation you might walk into, or who youll meet along the way. thats definitely been the case for jeffrey lanenberg, a 51-year-old paramedic(急救医务人员) since 1984.ten years into the job, lanenberg received a call that reported that a man in his early 30s had fallen down in the mall of america. when lanenberg and his partner arrived at the scene, they found the young male face down on the ground. he had gone unconscious, making weak attempts to breathe. his wife stood beside him holding their small son in horror. they quickly rushed to defibrillate(除颤) and calm the man to keep him under control. after lanenberg dropped the patient off at the neighboring hospital, he thought about the man and his family for a long time.lanenberg thought he had experienced everything under the sun until one random visit to office max three years ago, where he met a man repeatedly walk back and forth while staring at him. as it turned out, the man was the patient he had saved 20 years earlier.“you gave me 20 years more than i ever thought id have,” the man said. he thanked lanenberg repeatedly and told him he had someone he wanted him to meet. he stepped around the corner and reappeared with a 20-something-year-old man. lanenberg instantly knew that it was the son he had seen standing by his mother all those years ago.“that day changed my life,” lanenberg said. “before that, everything was about workwhen i talk to my beginner-training class, i tell them you never know the impact you can have on someones life.”24what did lanenberg do with the young man?ahe cured the man at the scene.bhe gave the man the first aid.che only sent the man to hospital.dhe took care of the mans wife and son.25what did lanenberg think of the meeting with the man?ait was unbelievable.bit was a common routine.cit was a matter of course.dit was a dangerous situation.26why was the man thankful to lanenberg?alanenberg helped bring up his little son. blanenberg donated to support his family.clanenberg gave him the present happy life. dlanenberg taught his son to be a new doctor.27how did the meeting change lanenbergs life?ahe took up teaching work to train newcomers.bhe got a promotion to be a team leader.che was rewarded with much money.dhe changed his attitude to his job.ca new device (设备) works like a solar panel, except it doesnt harvest energy from the sun to produce electricity. instead, it uses energy from the cold night sky.in the center of this device is a thermoelectric generator (热电发电机), which uses the temperature difference between earth and outer space to create electricity.as long as one side of it is cooler than the other, the generator can produce electricity. the cooler side faces the sky and is attached to an aluminum plate. that plate is sealed under a transparent cover and surrounded with materials that keep heat out. it stays cooler than the surrounding air by getting rid of any heat it absorbs as infrared (红外线的) radiation. that radiation can zip up through the transparent cover and on toward outer space.the bottom of the generator is attached to an exposed aluminum plate, which is warmed by the local air. at night, the top plate can get several degrees centigrade cooler than the bottom of the generator.researchers tested the device one clear december night in stanford, calif. the generator produced up to about 25 milliwatts of power per square meter of the device. that was just enough power to light a small electric lamp. further improvements might develop its production to at least 500 milliwatts per square meter.“its a very clever idea,” says yuan yang, a materials scientist who works at columbia university in new york city. “the device still needs improving,” he notes. “but this new device may be useful for backup power,” yang says. “it might also provide a bit of energy to people living in areas that lack electricity.”“the device could help power remote weather stations or other environmental devices,” says aaswath raman, a materials scientist who worked on the device at the university of california, los angeles. “whats more, this may be useful in areas that dont see sunlight for months at a time,” raman adds.28how is the device designed?ait includes two aluminum plates with different functions.bit is equipped with a heat resistant generator in the center.cits two aluminum plates are exposed to air to keep heat out.dits generator is sealed by a transparent cover to remain cool.29what is the limitation with the tested device?ait wont be expanded to be much larger.bit fails to produce electricity fast enough.cit is unable to power small electric lamps.dit produces a limited amount of electricity.30in paragraph 6, yuan yang mainly intends to .apoint out the problems with the devicebevaluate the device on a positive basiscexplain the research work for the devicedcomment on aaswath ramans prediction31what can be a suitable title for the text?alamps are powered by the energy from the cold night skyba generator producing electricity has been applied in many areascscientists have made a breakthrough in harvesting green energyda device uses energy from the cold night sky to produce electricityda new generation addiction is quickly spreading all over the world. weboholism, a twentieth century disease, affects people from different ages. they surf the net, use email and speak in chatrooms. they spend many hours on the computer, and it becomes a compulsive habit. they cannot stop and it affects their lives.decades ago, no one thought that using computers could become compulsive behaviour that could affect the social and physical life of computer users. this obsessional behaviour has affected teenagers and college students. they are likely to log on computers and spend long hours at different websites.they become hooked on computers and gradually their social and school life is affected by this situation. they spend all free time surfing and dont concentrate on homework, so this addiction influences their grades and success at school. because they can find everything on the websites, they hang out there. moreover, this addiction to websites influences their social life. they spend more time in front of computers than with their friends. the relation with their friends changes. the virtual life becomes more important than their real life. they have a new language that they speak in the chatrooms and it muses cultural changes in society. because of the change in their behaviour, they begin to isolate themselves from the society and live with their virtual friends. they share their emotions and feelings with friends who they have never met in their life. although they feel confident on the computer, they are not confident with real live friends they have known all their life. it is a problem for the future. this addictive behavior is beginning to affect the entire world.32the underlined word “obsessional” in the second paragraph probably means _.aattractivebaddictivecprofessionaldpotential33we can infer from the passage that _.aweboholism has the greatest effect on teenagersbstudents can hardly balance real and virtual lifecpeople are addicted to games on the internetdvirtual life is more vivid and attractive anyway34which of the following is not true of weboholism?ait contributes to the development of the web.bthe chatroom language may change social culture.cthe problem will be getting more and more serious later.dpeople addicted to the web often become inactive in real life.35the authors attitude towards weboholism is that of being _.aoptimisticbneutralccriticaldacceptable第二节（共 5 小题，每小题 2 分，满分 10 分） 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。 tips for traveling with your parentsmany of us have fond memories of traveling with our parents as children,which makes going on vacation with them as adults much more special. 36 but depending on your parentsage,health, and preferences,going away together can also bring challenges.here are ups to help make sure everyone has a good time.find a point person.37 its best when there is a single point person for planning who becomes the advocate for all members of the travel party.if mobility is an issue,try planning with accessible go,a platform that enables travelers to search by city or interest for wheelchair-friendly activities.build in options.38 being aware of each travelers fitness and activity level is crucial in designing a route.for example,start with a slow-paced activity that everyone can enjoy such as wine tasting，and have more-energetic activities,like hiking. 39 consider buying insurance.emergencies-such as a missed flight or lost luggage-can happen at any age,so its wise to invest in travel insurance.many policies cover medical emergencies as well as everyday travel mishaps(小事故). 40 some insurance supplements even arrange air medical transfers to the travelers hospital of choice.abe optional.bits a chance to return the favor.cmake sure those who get ill are well attended to.das our parents are aging,they should not travel alone.ebe sure to do your homework as some policies are better than others.fhaving one person in charge can significantly minimize stress and confusion.gthe most important thing is striking a balance between activities and free time to ensure that no one gets exhausted.第三部分 英语知识运用 （共两节，满分 45分） 第一节 完形填空（共 20 小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分 30 分） 阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（a、b、c 和 d）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 i was at the market at 5 p.m. to pick up a few essentials: cream for coffee, eggs for breakfast and advil for my 41 . after rushing all day doing jobs, i did not want to be 42 , to say the least. but i told myself it was my 43 stop before going home to put my feet up.so i 44 a parking place, grabbed a bag from the trunk and found a shopping cart. thats when i saw her. she was 45 in a shopping cart. she looked to be maybe 9-months old, short blond curls, blue eyes. i couldnt take my 46 off her. then i did what i always do with 47 : i gave her my best smile. it may have looked a bit mad, 48 it comes from my heart.thats a(an) 49 i formed long ago when i became a mother. it started with my child, in that 50 , life-changing moment of her birth.at times, my smile would fade to a look of 51 or worry, but it never left my face for long. ive learned that everyone needs a 52 sometimes, young and old, friends and 53 , even those at the market in a rush to get home.she took her 54 deciding just what to make of my smile. but finally, she 55 . i wish you could have seen her. i laughed and waved goodbye. and she 56 me a kiss. that put a smile on my face that got a smile 57 from every shopper i passed. i was 58 smiling when i got home and realized id forgotten to get advil. 59 , i didnt need it. my headache was gone.somehow, in that simple 60 of smiles, this weary old world becomes a better place. if youre lucky, maybe theyll even blow you a kiss and make your headache go away.41aheadachebtoothacheccoughdcold42awalkingbworkingcdrivingdshopping43afirstbbestclastdworst44aspottedbboughtcgotddrew45asittingbsleepingclyingdstanding46abreathbeyeschandsdbag47ashoppersbchildrencgirlsdstrangers48abecausebsocanddbut49ahobbybmemorycexperiencedhabit50afamiliarbimaginarycunforgettabledbitter51afearbwarmthccuriousnessdfantasy52acomfortbsmilecgreetingdrespect53astrangersbfamiliescenemiesdrelatives54aturnbtoysccouragedtime55aspoke upblit upcstood updbacked up56ablewbwavedchuggeddgave57ain surprisebwith carecwith feardin return58aalwaysbevercstilldjust59aregularlybsadlycluckilydfrankly60adiscussionbexchangeccreationdbargain第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面短文,在空白处填人1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。cambridge university researchers have developed a“no-touch touchscreenthat uses artificial intelligence to predict a users 61 (intend)before their hand reaches the display. the screen was 62 (original)designed for use in cars, but the engineers 63 built it claim it could also have widespread applications during a pandemic(瘟疫).the“predictive touchtechnology can 64 (use)to prevent the spread of pathogens(病原体)on touchscreens at supermarket check-outs, atms and ticket terminals at railway stations. the technology works by predicting where a user wants 65 (touch)the screen as they begin the hand movement towards the screen. a combination of al and sensors(传感器) 66 (determine)what the user wants in real time by also tracking contextual information like the users profile, environmental conditions and an eye-gaze tracker.other touch-free technologies include gesture control, which can be found on 67 latest generation of google and samsung smartphones, as well as some smart tvs.the technology has many advantages over more basic mid-air interaction techniques or 68 (tradition)gesture recognition, because it supports intuitive interactions(直观互动)with conventional interface designs and doesnt require 69 (learn)on the part of the user. it fundamentally relies 70 the system to predict what the user intends and can be incorporated into both new and existing touchscreens and other interactive display technologies.第四部分 写作 （共两节，满分 35分） 第一节 短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10 分） 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（），并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（ ）划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。life is full of various experiences, some of them are unforgettable. i still remember the hiking experiences with my classmates for 16 km a year ago. that summer day, we set off early in the morning, think it would be a great fun to walk for so long a distance. however, as the weather is getting hotter and hotter, i found their legs heavier and heavier. whats worse, my feet began bleeding because long time pressing against the shoes. at one point, i even wanted to give up. but i managed to dragging the rest of the way to the destination. though not pleasant, this journey was impressive or rewarding, i have learnt that life is a long journey like this. no matter what happened, we should never give up.第二节 书面表达（满分25分）假定你是红星中学的李华，你校正在开展提高社会公德的活动。请你根据下列要点，用英文写一篇演讲稿。1不守公德的现象；2改进的方法；3呼吁。注意：1词数100左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3开头和结尾已为你写好。dear friends, nowadays we can still see some behavior against public morals. _thank you!横峰中学2020-2021学年度上学期第一次月考高三年级英语答案听 力 1-5 ccbac 6-10 cbaba11-15 cbbaa 16-20 bcbac阅读理解 21-23 dca 24-27 bacd 28-31 adbd 32-35 bbac 36-40 bfgae完形填空 41-45 adcca 46-50 bbddc 51-55 abadb 56-60 adccb语法填空 61. intention 62originally 63who/that 64be used 65to touch66determines 67the 68traditional 69learning/to be learnt 70on短文改错 71. them改成which 72. experiences改成experience 73. think改成thinking 74. 去掉great前面的a 75. is改成was 76. their改成my 77. because后加of 78.dragging改成drag 79. or 改成and 80. happened改成happens书面表达dear friends, nowadays we can still see some behavior against public morals. as is often the case, people tend to talk loud in public places, annoying others around. spitting and littering rubbish can be seen everywhere. whats worse, its common that the young or middleaged sit on the bus while the elderly stand.measures must be taken to change this situation. first of all, as students, we should manage our own behavior and help people around us form good habits. meanwhile, it is necessary for the government and authorized organizations to encourage people to behave properly.dont underestimate the role you can play. do remember, we can make a difference! take action right now!thank you !录音原文英语听力模拟试题（十五）text 1w: thats a nice car. did you buy it last month?m: no, i rented this car for my wedding. and my own car i bought five years ago is still in good condition. (1)text 2 w: id like to return this shirt, please. it is too small for my son. (2) i would like to return it and buy this dress for my daughter instead.m: no problem, madam. come this way, please.text 3 m: did you understand that movie? i liked the actors, but i was confused about the story.w: yeah, i wish i knew more about the spanish war. it would probably make more sense. (3)text 4 w: what do you think of this park? i think it is one of the most beautiful places in the city. i also like how quiet it is.m: i agree, but what i like best is you dont see any waste paper or plastic bags on the ground. everyone is doing their part to protect the environment here. (4)text 5 m: ive got to go. jason is waiting for me by the lift. ive offered to help him paint his living room.w: all right. just make sure you are home before six. were going to my parents house for dinner tonight. (5)text 6 (第6题为推断题)w: i have had a problem with the person living one floor above me. he wakes up at 6:00 a.m. and walks around loudly. it wakes me up every morning. (7)m: i understand. people here are usually respectful of each other. it usually doesnt become a problem after a short conversation. w: well, i have spoken to this person before, and he just told me, “too bad!”m: oh, that is unacceptable. i will speak to him on your behalf. dont worry.w: thank you. i also still need some repairs done on the bathroom sink when you get a chance.m: ill send someone over to look at it right away.text 7 (第10题为推断题) m: what time is it, harriet? (8) im starving, but i guess its not time for lunch yet.w: lets seeaccording to my iphone, its just a few minutes past noon. (8)m: what? i thought my watch was wrong. shouldnt the sun be overhead if its noon?w: oh, don. i can tell you werent listening in science class last week. the sun is only overhead at noon for two days a year. (9)m: ha-ha. very funny. (9)w: no, really. mrs. sorenson explained it. the earth goes around the sun at an angle, and that changes where the sun is at noon.m: butthen those old clocks that measured time by the suns shadow are all wrong?w: umm, not exactly. theyre just not the same as the time we keep on our computers.m: i wish i were sitting at a computer right now instead of out here. im starting to hate nature.text 8w: will you teach me how to play basketball?m: sure, its pretty easy.w: i know. ive played before, and i know the general rules of the game. (11) im just not very good at it.m: do you have a basketball? (12)w: yes, i just bought a new one today. there was a man selling them on the street by my house. (12) what do you think about it? is it a good one?m: its not bad. how much did you pay for it?w: it was only $5.m: thats a good deal. so, is there a basketball court near here?w: we can use the one at the school down the road. no one is ever there.m: ok. let us just run home first to change. (13) do you have any basketball shoes?w: do i need special shoes to play basketball?m: no. just make sure you have a pair of shoes that will support your ankles.text 9 m: do you mind if i sit here?w: no, of course not. go ahead.m: dont i know you?w: yes. now that you mention it, i think we had a chemistry class together in high school. (14)m: youre right! (14) how are you? its been a long time!w: what did you do after high school? (15)m: i went straight to university afterwards. (15) what about you?w: i took a year off to go traveling.m: that sounds exciting. where did you go?w: i went all over the world. it was the best year of my life. where did you go to school?m: i went to a small school in connecticut. it has a very good reputation for its foreign language department. (16)w: oh, did you study a foreign language?m: yes, i received some money to study chinese.w: thats a very difficult language to learn, isnt it?m: it is, but its very enjoyable.w: so, you can actually speak chinese?m: i can, but not as well as id like to. ill probably be studying chinese until the day i die!w: i think most languages take a lifetime to learn well. (17)text 10 hello, folks. thanks for coming to this staff meeting. i want to update all of you on mrs. smiths situation. (18) as most of you know, mrs. smith was told that she had cancer a few months ago. she went to the doctor because of the pain in her arm, (19) and a tumor was found in her upper lung near her shoulder. mrs. smith has two young children and a husband. most of you know her family very well, since she has worked at our company for over five years. (20) first, i want to say how impressed i am with your kindness to her family. for the last three months, someone has brought her family a meal to eat every single night! your concern for her and her loved ones moves me. mrs. smith is very thankful for all your help during this difficult time. and lastly, i want to give you some good news. the doctor told mrs. smith that she is much better. she will have an operation in two weeks. if all goes well, she will survive. thank you all for caring!【阅读a分析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要推荐了四个适合儿童的餐厅。21细节理解题。根据grand caf中because of the variety，buffets seem to be an easy option for families with picky eaters. there are many options for the different moods of all family members.“由于多样性，自助餐似乎对有挑食的家庭是一个简单的选择。对于所有家庭成员的不同情绪，有许多选择。”可知，想要在餐馆里吃自助餐的人最有可能去grand cafe馆吃饭。故选d。22细节理解题。根据lucky strike bowl中theres nothing like a good game of bowling to add some happiness to the family outing. why not take the family to a place where you can bowl while eating?“没有什么比打保龄球更能给家庭出游增添乐趣了。为什么不带家人去一个可以边吃饭边打保龄球的地方呢?”可知，如果你想边吃边玩，你可以打(213)542-4880来预订座位。故选c。23推理判断题。根据第一段do you want to go out to eat with your kids？here are some restaurants that are good for kids in downtown los angeles.“你想和孩子们出去吃饭吗?在洛杉矶市中心有一些有益于孩子的餐馆。”由此可知，这篇文章推荐一些适合儿童的餐厅。故选a。【阅读b分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了急救医务人员lanenberg与其20多年前救助的病人偶然重逢，病人的感激使他对自己的工作有了新的认识。24细节理解题。根据第二段中的“they quickly rushed to defibrillate(除颤) and calm the man to keep him under control.”可知，lanenberg给那个年轻人做了除颤和镇静等急救措施，故b项正确。25推理判断题。根据第三段中的“lanenberg thought he had experienced everything under the sun until one random visit to office max three years ago”可知，在偶遇以前救助过的病人之前，lanenberg以为自己经历了一切，言外之意，他怎么也想不到自己竟会遇到以前救助过的病人，由此判断出，lanenberg认为这是难以置信的，故a项正确。26细节理解题。根据第四段中的“you gave me 20 years more than i ever thought id have”可知，那人说lanenberg给了他比想象中多活了20年的时间，也就是说他认为他现在的快乐生活是lanenberg给他的，故c项正确。27细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“before that, everything was about workthe impact you can have on someones life.”可知，在那之前，一切都是关于工作的，与以前救助过的病人偶遇之后，lanenberg告诉学生们你永远不会知道你对别人的生活会产生什么影响，由此可知，这件事改变了lanenberg对工作的态度，故d项正确。【点睛】本篇第2题难度较大，需要结合文章语境揣摩作者的态度，上文说20年前，lanenberg救助了一个在商场突然晕倒的年轻人，再结合第三段中的“lanenberg thought he had experienced everything under the sun until one random visit to office max three years ago”可知，在偶遇以前救助过的病人之前，lanenberg以为自己经历了一切，言外之意，他怎么也想不到自己竟会遇到以前救助过的病人，由此可知，lanenberg认为与20年前救助过的病人偶遇是难以置信的，故a项正确。【阅读c分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了，一种类似太阳能电池板的新设备可以使用寒冷夜空的能量来发电，介绍了新设备的工作原理、实验情况和未来的价值。28细节理解题。由第三段的句子“the cooler side faces the sky and is attached to an aluminum plate. that plate is sealed under a transparent cover and surrounded with materials that keep heat out. it stays cooler than the surrounding air by getting rid of any heat it absorbs as infrared radiation.”（较冷的一面面向天空，与铝板相连。那块板被密封在一个透明的盖子下，并被隔热材料包围着。它比周围的空气更冷，因为它能消除红外线辐射所吸收的热量。）和第四段段“the bottom of the generator is attached to an exposed aluminum plate, which is warmed by the local air. at night, the top plate can get several degrees centigrade cooler than the bottom of the generator.”（发电机底部连接在暴露的铝板上，铝板由当地空气加热。）可知，这个设备由一个隐藏的铝板和一个暴露的铝板组成，推断出这个设备包括不同功用的两块铝板，排除c项，a项切题；由第二段的句子“in the center of this device is a thermoelectric generator”可知，中间是热发电机，排除b项；由第三段的“that plate is sealed under a transparent cover and surrounded with materials that keep heat out.”可知，被透明盖子盖住是为了保温，排除d项。故选a项。29细节理解题。由第五段的句子“the generator produced up to about 25 milliwatts of power per square meter of the device. that was just enough power to light a small electric lamp.”和第六段的句子“the device still needs improving”可知，发电机每平方米产生的功率高达25毫瓦，刚好足以点亮一盏小电灯，这个装置还需要改进；可知此设备只能提供有限的电量。故选d项。30推理判断题。由第六段的句子“its a very clever idea”（这是一个非常聪明的想法），“but this new device may be useful for backup power”（这种新设备可能对备用电源有用）和“it might also provide a bit of energy to people living in areas that lack electricity.”（它还可能为生活在缺电地区的人们提供一点能源。）由此判断出，yuan yang主要从积极的方面评价这个设备。故选b项。31主旨大意题。由第一段的“a new device (设备) works like a solar panel, except it doesnt harvest energy from the sun to produce electricity. instead, it uses energy from the cold night sky.”（一种新设备的工作原理与太阳能电池板类似，只是它不从太阳获取能量来发电；相反，它使用的是来自寒冷夜空的能量），第二到四这三段对此发电设备工作原理的描述，第五段关于它实验效果的描述，最后两段关于科学家对此设备的评论，可知本文最佳标题“是一种利用寒冷夜空的能量发电装置。”故选d项。【阅读d分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要说明了如今青少年和大学生的网络成瘾问题，指出了网络成瘾对于他们行为和心理情感方面会产生的危害。32. 词义猜测题。根据后文they are likely to log on computers and spend long hours at different websites.可知他们可能会登录电脑，在不同的网站上花费很长时间。以及下一段第一句they become hooked on computers and gradually their social and school life is affected by this situation.可知他们开始沉迷于电脑，渐渐地他们的社会生活和学校生活也受到这种情况的影响。由此可知，上网对于青少年和大学生来说已经成为了一种上瘾行为，导致他们在网上花费了大量的时间。故划线词意思为“上瘾的”。a. attractive吸引人的；b. addictive上瘾的；c. professional专业的；d. potential潜在的。故选b。33. 推理判断题。根据第四段中they spend more time in front of computers than with their friends. the relation with their friends changes. the virtual life becomes more important than their real life.可知他们花在电脑前的时间比和朋友在一起的时间多。他们和朋友的关系变了。虚拟生活变得比现实生活更重要。由此可推知，学生很难平衡现实生活和虚拟生活。故选b。34. 细节理解题。根据第四段中they have a new language that they speak in the chatrooms and it muses cultural changes in society.(他们在聊天室里说一种新的语言，这种语言潜移默化地反映了社会的文化变迁)可知b选项“聊天室语言可能会改变社会文化”正确；最后一段中it is a problem for the future. this addictive behavior is beginning to affect the entire world.(这是未来的一大问题。这种成瘾行为开始影响整个世界)可知c选项“这个问题以后会变得越来越严重”正确；最后一段中because of the change in their behaviour，they begin to isolate themselves from the society and live with their virtual friends.(由于他们行为的改变，他们开始将自己与社会隔离，与虚拟的朋友生活在一起)可知d选项“沉迷于网络的人往往在现实生活中变得不活跃”正确。由此可知，a选项“它有助于网络的发展”错误。故选a。35. 推理判断题。根据第一段a new generation addiction is quickly spreading all over the world. weboholism, a twentieth century disease, affects people from different ages. they surf the net, use email and speak in chatrooms. they spend many hours on the computer, and it becomes a compulsive habit. they cannot stop and it affects their lives.可知新一代的上瘾物正在全世界迅速蔓延。网络成瘾是一种20世纪的疾病，影响着不同年龄段的人。他们上网冲浪，发电子邮件，在聊天室聊天。他们花很多时间在电脑上，这已成为一种强迫性的习惯。他们不能停下来，这会影响他们的生活。结合文章主要说明了如今青少年和大学生的网络成瘾问题，指出了网络成瘾对于他们行为和心理情感方面会产生的危害。由此可推知，作者对网络成瘾的态度是一种批判的态度。故选c。【七选五分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要就如何和父母在旅行中拥有一次愉悦的经历提出了一些建议。36. 上文讲述的是我们中很多人有着小时候和父母一起旅游的美好记忆。作为成年人和父母一起旅游会更特别。下文说了根据父母的年龄、健康等，和父母一起外出也会带来挑战，并提出一起出去玩得开心的建议。由此可以推出，空格处作者想要再次和父母出去旅游，并解释为什么要一起出去旅游。b选项：这是一个回报的机会。符合语境，故选b。37. 空格位于第二段的第一句，其段落的标题为“找一个重要的人”，其下文紧接着也讲了最好有一个专门负责计划的人。由此可知，空格处会说有一个负责的人的好处。f选项：有一个负责的人可以极大地减少压力和混乱。符合语境，故选f。38. 空格位于第三段的第一句。其段落标题为“设置选择”，其下文说的是了解每个旅客的健康状况和活动水平对路线设计至关重要。由此可推断空格处为总起句。g选项：最重要的是在活动和空闲时间取得平衡，确保没有人筋疲力尽。符合语境，故选g。39. 上文说了在确保活动和空闲时间取得平衡的情况下可以自己选择喜欢的活动，并列举了几个例子供选择。a选项：请随意选择。符合语境，故选a。40. 上文讲述的是许多保险包括医疗紧急情况和日常旅游意外事件，下文说的是一些补充保险甚至安排了旅客的航空医疗转移到旅客选择的医院。由此可知每个保险的政策不一样。e选项：一定要做好功课，因为有些(保险)政策比其他(保险)政策好。符合语境，故选e。【完形填空分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者在商店里用自己的微笑换来他人微笑的经历，告诉读者要对生活和他人充满笑容和善意。41考查名词词义辨析。句意：以及为我的头痛准备的advil药。a. headache头痛；b. toothache牙痛；c. cough咳嗽；d. cold感冒。与文章最后一句话中的“make your headache”呼应，这里指作者头痛所以要买止痛药。故选a项。42考查动词词义辨析。句意：忙了一天工作后，不夸张地说我都不想购物了。a. walking走路；b. working工作；c. driving驾驶；d. shopping购物。与下一句but引导的句子呈现转折关系，这里指作者累到不想购物。故选d项。43考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但我告诉自己这是回家前的最后一趟购物。a. first第一个；b. best最好的；
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