阅读理解技巧

1、依据阅读理解题考查角度的不同，我们可把题型分为四种情况：事实细节题、判断推理题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题。针对不同的题型，应采用不同的解题技巧来应对。  第一讲事实细节题所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问或用与此相类似的词填空。说明文和叙述文的思考题有相当于部分是此类题）及语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论。）

2、抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键也是做好其它类型问题的基础。这类题型的题干常为： 1) When/Where did the story happen?  2) Which of the following statements is (not) correct?  3) Which of the following statements is (not)&#

3、160;mentioned in the passage? 4) Which is the right order of the events given in the passage? 5) All the statements are true except.  该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要

4、，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。弄清细节、准确获取信息，也是把握文章中心思想的前提。细节专题一：排序题此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后对上面的事实进行排序。要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件，把它作为事件发生的具体点，然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小，从而快速地选出正确答案。 例

5、1：In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside. In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing suits. Women did not walk about on the beach(沙滩)in their bathing dresses. They hired a bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for changing in, and for taking th

6、e bather down to the sea. It cost 2 pence(便士) to hire a machine and an attendant(侍者). When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine . Then she changed into her bathing dress. When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea. The bathing machine

7、stoped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water. If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pulled her in.（1996NMET） In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things. Which is the right order for doing them? a. Changing into

8、 bathing clothes b. Getting out of the bathing machine c. Paying 2 pence d. Getting into the bathing machine e. Being taken down the beach f. Getting into the water A. e, d, a, b, f, c B. c, d, a, e, b, f C. c, d, e, a, b, f D. d, a, e, b, f, c 细节专题二：计算题计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计

9、算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案了。 例2：Degree   We offer a wide choice of bachelors degrees (学位) for international students, which includes:

10、60;Arts, Communication Studies, Social Sciences, etc. Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Education are only for New Zealand citizens, for further information: degwaikato.ac.nz. Tuition&#

11、160;Fees(学费)  Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tuiwaikato.ac.nz. Accommodation(住宿)  You can hav

12、e a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further informat

13、ion: accwaikato. ac.nz Health  The Student Health Service provides excellent medical services for students. The Medical Centre is open five days a week, including student holidays with four doctor's and nurses to meet your medical needs. For further information: healwaikato.a

14、c.nz.Sports The Centre is a great place to have sports activities. Trained exercise teachers can help you work out a training plan and keep you active. The sports hall has volleyball, basketball and indoor football courts and a swimming pool as well. There are also a large number of sports clubs at

15、Waikato. For further information: sport waikato.ac.nz（2005安徽卷）You have to pay at least _ a year if you study at the University of Waikato. A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000 细节专题四：其它类型例4：Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the

16、Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510miles southwest of its nearest neighbor, St. Helena, and 1,950miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral（葡萄牙海军上将）of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming 

17、in a close second - and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land -is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island,

18、0;and 2,300 miles west of South America.  The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5thcentury, supposedly  by people who were lost at sea. They had

19、60;no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for 

20、;which the island is most famous. On Easter Sunday, 1772, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the 

21、Chilean territory （智利领土）. They share on street, a small airport, and a few hours of television per day.（2003年全国）It can be learned from the text that the island of

22、60;Tristan da Cunha _. Awas named after its discoverer Bgot its name from Holland settlers  Cwas named by the British government Dgot its name from the Guinness Book

23、 of RecordsWhich of the following is most famous for moai?   ATristan da Cunha.  BPitcairn Island. C. Easter Island. DSt. Helena. Which country does Easter Island

24、60;belong to?  ABritain. BHolland. CPortugal. DChile.  第二讲 推理判断题 这类题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理

25、题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。常见的题干有： 1) It can be inferred from the text that. 2) We can conclude that.  3) When the writer talks about., what he really&

26、#160;means is that. 4) Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? 判断题考查学生在理解文章的基础上，对不同观点进行评价和判断的能力。推理题考查学生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隐含信息的能力。 1) 判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。 2) 全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片

27、面结论。 3) 善于揣摩作者思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合。4）不可直接选取文中的原句。第三讲 主旨大意题主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。常见的设题方式有：1标题类常见的标题型题干： 1)The best title/ headline for this passage might be_. 2)The text (passage) could be entitled _.3)What is the best title for the passage? 4)Whi

28、ch of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 2 大意类常见的主题型题干： 5) This passage chiefly deals with_.6) Whats the topic of the article? 7) What is the subject discussed in the text? 8) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned? 3 目的主旨大意题 The authors main purpose in writing the

29、 passage is_. The passage is meant to _ The purpose of this article is _这类题通常围绕一个中心思想展开，不少文章一开头便展示出文章的中心思想，第一段常常是内容的梗概，同时又表达了中心思想，但是不少文章的中心思想贯穿全文，并没有用一句话明确表达出来，这就要求学生学会归纳概括。每个段落往往也由一个主题句或几个陈述句构成，它们在句中的位置不同，有时在开头, 首先点明本段大意; 有时在结尾, 总结本段大意。 做这类题，首先要找出文章的主题句。找出文章的主题句，也就明确了文章要讲什么，再通过速读全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。另外

30、在许多文段中，没有可以概括全段意义的主题句，必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节，进行全面分析，然后归纳成一般概念。但必须注意，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。A.主题句呈现的形式1）文首开门见山, 提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式. 例1.The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television ne

31、wscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops. 例2.Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up ou

32、r natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive. 2).文尾，在表述细节后, 归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式例3.A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared wi

33、th that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control h

34、is own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him. 3).文中，通常前面只提

35、出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展. 例4.Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a

36、 closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. 4).首尾呼应，为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见. 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。 例5.（首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, It was seeing people with s

37、nakes bites that led me to the career.she said （尾段）The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.Shu said. 5).无主题句，即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。 例6.Joshua Bingham studied 4 y

38、ears at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. Q: What is

39、 the main idea of the passage? A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student. C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education.B.实例说明例2：As prices and building costs keep rising,the "do-it-yourself"(DIY)trend（趋势）in the U.S.co

40、ntinues to grow."We needed furniture（家具）for our living room,"says John Ross,"and we just didn't have enough money to buy it.So we decided to try making a few tables and chairs."John got married six months ago,and like many young people these days,they are struggling to make a

41、 home at a time when the cost of living is very high.The Rosses took a 2-week course for $ 280 at a night school.Now they build all their furniture and make repairs around the house.Jim Hatfield has three boys and his wife died.Hs has a full-time job at home as well as in a shoe making factory.Last

42、month,he received a car repair bill for $ 420."I was deeply upset about it.Now I've finished a car repair course,I should be able to fix the car by myself."John and Jim are not unusual people.Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so the can fight the

43、high cost of living.If you want to become a "do-it-yourselfer",you can go to DIY calsses.And for those who don't have time to take a course,there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.（1998NMET） .What would be the best title for the text? A.the Joy of DIY B.You Can Do

44、It Too! C.Welcome to Our DIY Course! D.Ross and Hatfield:Believers in DIY. 第四讲 猜测词义猜测词义题是从特定的角度考查考生的阅读理解能力和处理生词的能力。猜测词义包括对词、词组和句意的理解，是高考英语试题阅读理解中的一类必考题。 猜测词义题常见的解题方法： （一）上下文线索猜测词义 任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，也是高考的热点。 如： If he thinks he can invit

45、e me out, he is all wet. I dont like to be with him. A. drunk B. sweating C. happy D. mistaken 根据I dont like to be with him我们感受到说话人的语气。我不愿意跟他在一起，那么，他要邀请我出去是不可能的 他就大错特错了。因此答案D。（二）根据定义或解释猜测词义 阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子，如to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to

46、mean ,in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括号来表示。如： Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies(军用物资),while others carried only passengers. 分析：such as后所列举物品均为“货物”，由此推断cargo的意思相同，和后面的passengers形成对比。 练习 (1)Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, su

47、ch as shoplifter, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them. （2）The best football, basketball and tennis players can become professional that means they will have a career in sports and will get money when they play. （3）Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a perso

48、n the desire to steal. （4）The word lefty means a person who uses his or her left hand for writing, eating and other jobs. （5）Doctors recommended that everyone exercise every day, particular those who spend many hours doing sedentary activities like reading, typing or sewing. （6）A person who has the

49、SARS （非典型肺炎）may have symptoms like coughing and a high temperature.（三）. 根据反义词或反义关系 有的文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这种句子多见unlike, although, but, yet, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, for one thing, for another, intead of, rather than等信息词。如： One idea about busi

50、ness is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business polite, life itself is games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. A. Quite right. B. Time enough. C. Most unlike. D. Just the opposite. 练习： 1Unlike the Unite States where many differe

51、nt nationalities make up the population, Japans population is quite homogeneous. 2. Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one panicked, we passed the time telling stories. 3. Most of us agreed; however, Gary dissented. 4. He is homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.(四). 根据同义词或近义词关系

52、常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有or, like, similarly等。如： Millions of animals die each year on Us roads, the Highway administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat exist in the Us today. The main reason? Roadkill. 分析：从后面的同位语an endangered wild cat 可知“ocelot”是一种野生猫 练习： 1 Not every histori

53、c mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls can be preserved. 2 We should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and vulgar. 3 Their friends laughed at them, and my sister felt wretched, very unhappy.（五）利用例证性线索 某

54、些冷僻的词汇后面会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。等连接性词语往往用来举例说明前面较难理解的名词。如： You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning. 分析：通过后面的例子：英语世界、中小学外语教学、英语学习，可知periodicals为“期刊杂志” 练习： 1 Many United Nations emloyees are polyglots: Mr.Simpson, for example, speaks f

55、ive languages fluently. 2 The largest player-Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices-Deluxe Sedans, Minivans, Station Wagons, Coaches, Santana Sedans are the big favorite. 3 When writing an article, we often use similes, such as brave as a lion and quick like lightn

56、ing. 阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。如： Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80ml of an anti-poisonmedicine to be saved. 分析：antipoison 是由poison加前缀anti-构成的，anti-意思是“反对、排斥、抵抗”，由此可猜出anti-poison是“解毒、抗毒”的意思。 练习： 1. Iran quake leaves city flattened. 2. When men and women lived