长期施肥对小麦玉米轮作系统的影响

1、Long-term manure amendments and chemical fertilizers enhanced soil organic carbon sequestration in a wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)maize(Zea mays L.)rotationsystem 长期粪肥修复和化肥增强了小麦（Triticum aestivum L.） - 玉米（Zea mays L.）轮作系统中的土壤有机碳吸收AbstractBACKGROUND:The carbon sequestration potential is aected by cropp

2、ing system and management practices,but soil organic carbon(SOC) sequestration potential under fertilizations remains unclear in north China背景：碳固存潜力是种植系统和管理实践的影响，但是在施肥条件下中国北方的土壤有机碳（SOC）固存潜力仍不清楚This study examined SOC change,total C input to soil and,via integration of these estimates over years,carb

3、on sequestration eciency(CSE,the ratio of SOC change over C input) under no fertilization(control), chemical nitrogen fertilizer alone (N) or combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (NP,NK,PKandNPK), or chemical fertilizers combined with low or high (1.5×)manure input (NPKMand1.5NPKM

4、).这项研究检测了SOC变化，土壤的总C输入，并通过多年来综合估计碳螯合效率（CSE，SOC变化与C输入的比率） 在没有施肥（对照），只有化学氮肥（N）或与磷肥和钾肥（NP，NK，PKandNPK）组合，或与低或高（1.5×）粪肥投入（NPKMand1.5NPKM）组合。RESULTS:Results showed that, as compared with the initial condition,SOC content increased by 0.03, 0.06, 0.05, 0.09, 0.16, 0.26, 0.47 and 0.68 Mg C ha 1 year 1

5、 under control, N, NK, PK, NP, NPK, NPKM and 1.5NPKM treatments respectively. Correspondingly, the C inputs of wheat and maize were 1.24, 1.34, 1.55, 1.33, 2.72, 2.96, 2.97 and 3.15 Mg ha 1 year 1 respectively.结果表明，与初始条件相比，SOC含量在对照，N，NK，PK，NPNPK，NPKM和1.5NPKM处理条件下分别提高了0.03, 0.06, 0.05, 0.09, 0.16, 0.

6、26, 0.47 和0.68 Mg C 。 相应地，小麦和玉米的C投入分别为1.24, 1.34, 1.55, 1.33, 2.72, 2.96, 2.97和3.15 Mg 。The long-term fertilization-induced CSE showed that about 11% of the gross C input was transformed into SOC pool.长期施肥诱导的CSE显示约11的总C输入转化为SOC库。CONCLUSION:Overall,this study demonstrated that decade-long manure inpu

7、t combined with chemical fertilizers can maintain high crop yield and lead to SOC sequestration in north China.结论：总的来说，本研究表明，长达10年的粪肥与化肥相结合投入，可以保持较高的作物产量，并导致华北地区的SOC封存。INTRODUCTIONThe soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is an important indicator of soil quality and has significant direct and indirect imp

8、acts on soil quality. 土壤有机碳（SOC）库是土壤质量的重要指标，对土壤质量具有显著地直接和间接影响。Maintenance of SOC is essential for long-term sustain-able agriculture, since declining levels generally lead to decreased crop productivity.维持SOC对于长期可持续农业至关重要，因为下降的水平通常导致作物生产力下降.Optimum levels of SOC can be managed through improving till

9、age methods,applying mineral fertiliz-ers and organic amendments and adopting appropriate crop rotations可以通过改进耕作方法，施用矿物肥料和有机修复物并采用适当的作物轮作来管理SOC的最佳水平。It is the C input and output balance that determines the carbon sequestration of soil. C输入和输出的平衡决定土壤碳固存The major source of C input in cropland agricult

10、ure comes from crop residues (straws, stubble, roots and rhizodeposition exudates) and organic manures.耕地农业中C投入的主要来源是作物残留（秸秆，茬，根和根际沉积渗出物）和有机肥料。The below-ground biomass returned to the cropland is however difficult to determine and can only be estimated from its proportion to crop yield or abovegroun

11、d biomass. 然而，返回到农田的地下生物量很难确定，并且只能从其与作物产量或地上生物量的比例来估计。Clearly, the C input varies with crop type, soil fertility, management practices and climatic conditions. 显然，C输入因作物类型，土壤肥力，管理实践和气候条件而异。For example, Srinivasarao etal reported that the C inputs ranged from 0.5 Mg ha/year for no fertilization to 3.

12、6 Mg C ha/year for chemical fertilization with groundnut shell under a groundnut-based system in southern India例如，Srinivasarao等人报道，在印度南部，C输入量为0.5毫克/公顷/年至3.6毫克/公顷/年，前者不施肥，后者在基础花生系统条件下，用花生壳施化肥。Kundu etal estimated that the C inputs in soil ranged from 0.9 Mg C ha/year for no fertilization to1.8 Mg C h

13、a/ year for chemical fertilization under rainfed soybeanwheat rotation in a sandy loam soil of Indian Himalayas.Kundu等人估计土壤中的C输入量在印度喜马拉雅山的砂质壤土中从未施肥的0.9Mg/公顷/年到在旱作大豆 - 小麦轮作下施化肥的1.8Mg/公顷 /年。A high C input usually results in high carbon sequestration in soil.高C输入通常导致土壤中高的碳固存However, the relationship be

14、tween the carbon sequestration and the C input varies in different studies.然而，碳固存和C输入之间的关系在不同的研究中不同Many studies have indicated a strong positive linear relation between the C amount incorporated into soil, either from the crop residues or from external sources such as manure,and the carbon sequestra

15、tion.许多研究表明，在作物残留物或来自外部来源如粪肥引入土壤中的C量与碳固存之间存在显著的正线性关系Logarithmic correlations were also found based on long-term fertilization experiments.基于长期施肥实验也发现对数相关性The linear relation indicated that the soil had constant carbon sequestration efficiency and no C saturation level within a certain range of C inp

16、ut线性关系表明土壤在C输入的一定范围内具有恒定的碳固存效率和没有C饱和水平 In contrast, the logarithmic relation showed a weakening efficiency of carbon sequestration when the SOC approached saturation level.相反，当SOC接近饱和水平时，对数关系显示碳固存的效率减弱The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain located in the temperate zone of north China is one of the most productive

17、 agricultural regions in China, but few studies have focused on SOC sequestration potential in the typical croplands of this region.黄淮海平原位于中国北方温带，是中国最具生产力的农业区之一，但很少有研究集中在该地区典型农田中的SOC固存潜力In this study,we investigated a long-term fertilization experiment in a typical wheatmaize rotation system in Zhen

18、gzhou city of north China,located in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain在这项研究中，我们调查了在中国北方郑州市（位于黄淮海平原）一个典型的小麦 - 玉米轮作系统的长期施肥实验Our objectives were (i) to quantify the effects of different fertilization treatments on SOC change, C input from crop and manure, and carbon sequestration rate, (ii) to evaluate the effe

19、cts of different fertilization treatments on aboveground grain and straw of wheat and maize and (iii) to establish a relationship between annual C input and carbon sequestration rate我们的目标是（i）量化不同施肥处理对SOC的变化，来自作物和粪便的C输入和碳固存率的影响，（ii）评估不同施肥处理对小麦和玉米地上谷物和秸秆的影响，以及（iii）建立年度C输入与碳固存率之间的关系EXPERIMENTALThe long

20、-term experiment was started in 1990 in Zhengzhou city(34.28 N, 112.30 E), Henan Province长期实验于1990年在河南省郑州市开展（34.28°N，112.30°E）It belonged to the National Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Efficiency Long-term Monitoring Network,located in north China with a temperate monsoonal climate它属于国家土壤肥力

21、和施肥效率长期监测网络，位于中国北方，温带季风气候 We confirm that the field studies did not involve endangered or protected species我们确认实地研究不涉及濒危或受保护物种The experimental site, soil properties and climate conditions were reported in detail by Tang etalTang等人详细报道了试验地点，土壤性质和气候条件Briefly,it is an alluvial plain in the middle reach

22、es of the Yellow River, with an altitude of 21 m简而言之，它是黄河中游的冲积平原，海拔21米The soil is derived from alluvial sediments of the Yellow River and is classified as a fluvoaquic soil.土壤来源于黄河的冲积沉积物，被归类为流感水土The annual precipitation in the area during the time of the study was 640mm, of which 70% occurred from J

23、une to September.研究期间该地区的年降水量为640mm，其中70发生在6月至9月。The mean annual temperature was 14.4 and the lowest and highest mean monthly values were 1.2 in January and 27.5 in July respectively.年平均气温14.4，最高和最低平均月气温分别为-1.2和7月27.5。The field was under a winter wheat (Triticumaes-tivum L.)summer maize (Zea mays L.

24、) cropping system for many years and was not fertilized in the two years prior to the start of the experiment in order to make it more homogeneous该田在冬小麦（Triticumaes-tivum L.） - 夏玉米（Zea mays L.）作物系统下多年，并且在实验开始之前的两年内不施肥，以使其更均匀 Before the experiment was started in 1990, the soil was calcareous with a p

25、H of 8.3 and contained 6.7 g/kg organic carbon , 0.65 g/kg total N, 0.64 g/kg total P , 16.9 g/kg total K , 76.6 mg/kg alkaline hydrolysable N, 6.5 mg/kg available P (Olsen-P) and 71.7 mg/kg available K (ammonia acetate extractable).在1990年开始实验之前，土壤是钙质的，pH为8.3，含有6.7g / kg有机碳，0.65g / kg总氮，0.64g / kg总P

26、，16.9g / kg总K，76.6mg / kg 碱性可水解N，6.5mg / kg有效P（Olsen-P）和71.7mg / kg有效K（乙酸氨可萃取）。Experimental designA wheatmaize double crop rotation was adopted every cropping year for all treatments对于所有处理，每个作物年采用小麦 - 玉米双轮作物轮作 Each year, winter wheat seeds were sown in strips around 20 October and harvested in late

27、May the following year每年，冬小麦种子在10月20日左右播种，并在下一年5月下旬收获Summer maize seeds were sown in holes between the wheat strips in early June and harvested in early October夏季玉米种子在6月初在小麦条之间的孔中播种，并在10月初收获The tillage method consisted of rotary tillage (20 cm depth) in autumn after maize harvest耕作方法包括玉米收获后秋季的旋耕（20厘

28、米深）Maize stubbles were incorporated into the soil, and the rest was removed from the fields玉米茬进入土壤，其余的从田地中移除Wheat seeds were manually sown after tillage operation.在耕作后手工播种小麦种子 Maize seeds were manually sown without tillage operation手工播种玉米种子，不进行耕作操作Herbicides and pesticides were applied during the gr

29、owth periods when needed除草剂和杀虫剂在需要时在生长期间施用Wheat and maize were harvested to the level of the soil surface;thus the stubble was left above the soil surface and roots were left in the soil小麦和玉米土壤表面以上的部分被收获;因此，茬留在土壤表面上方，根部留在土壤中Grains and straws were weighted separately after air drying.分别称重空气干燥后的谷物和秸秆T

30、he eight treatments included no fertilizer and no manure (control), mineralnitrogen(N), mineral nitrogen and phosphorus combination (NP), mineral nitrogen and potassium combination (NK),mineral nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium combination (NPK),mineral fertilizer plus a low rate of organic manure

31、(NPKM) and mineral fertilizer plus a high rate of organic manure(1.5NPKM)(the source of organic manure was horse dung, cow dung or barnyard manure in different years)8种处理包括无肥料和粪肥（对照），矿物氮（N），矿物氮和磷组合（NP），矿物氮和钾组合（NK）,矿物氮，磷和钾组合(NPK),矿物肥料加低有机肥（NPKM）和矿物质肥料加上高有机肥（1.5NPKM）（有机肥的来源是不同年份的马粪，牛粪或谷仓前空地）The manure

32、s were applied only in wheat season肥料只在小麦季节施用The application amount of manures in NPKM treatment was calculated based on the N concentration in manures so as to maintain the same total N input as in NPK treatment and keep the ratio of N in manures to mineral N as 7:3 (Table1)NPKM处理中粪肥的施用量基于粪便中的氮浓度以保

33、持与NPK处理中相同的总氮输入，并将粪便中的N与矿物N的比率保持为7：3（表1）For maize, the application rates of N,P and K were 187.5, 41 and 78 kg ha/ year respectively in both NPK and NPKM treatments对于玉米，NPK和NPKM的处理中N，P和K的施用率分别为187.5,41和78 kg 公顷/年The application amounts of fertilizers and manures in 1.5NPKM treatment were 1.5 times t

34、hose in NPKM treatment in both wheat season and maize season在小麦季节和玉米季节1.5NPKM处理中化肥和粪肥的施用量是NPKM的1.5倍Fertilizers such as urea, superphosphate and potassium chloride were applied施用肥料如尿素，过磷酸盐和氯化钾Each treatment was replicated three times (plot size 8.5m × 6m) in a randomized block design. Protected

35、area space was set around the experimental plot.每个处理在随机区组设计中重复三次（样地大小8.5m×6m）。 在实验样地周围设置保护区空间。Soil sampling and analysisSoil samples were collected annually at a depth of 020 cm at five sites from each plot through the whole experimental period,approximately 310 days after corn harvest在整个实验期间，在

36、玉米收获后约3-10天，在每个样地的5个位点，每年在0-20cm的深度收集土壤样品The fresh samples were mixed thoroughly, air dried, sieved through a 2 mm sieve and stored for analysis of SOC and total N将新鲜样品充分混合，空气干燥，通过2mm筛过筛并储存以分析SOC和总NThe SOC concentration was determined by oxidizing organic carbon with K 2 Cr 2 O 7 (1.5molL /1 )in an

37、acid environment with H 2 SO 4 and by reading subsequently with a spectrophotometer通过在酸性环境下(H 2 SO 4)用K 2 Cr 2 O 7（1.5mol L -1）氧化有机碳并随后用分光光度计测定SOC 浓度Three replicates were carried out for each analysis每个分析进行三次重复Bulk density (BD,g cm 3 ) was measured with a conventional core method using a cylinder (2

38、0 cm 2 × 5 cm) to extract successive cores at 5cm increments to a cumulative depth of 20 cm使用圆筒（20 cm 2 × 5 cm），通过常规核心方法测量堆积密度（BD，gcm -3），以5cm增量提取连续的核至累积深度为20cm 堆积密度是把粉尘或者粉料自由填充于某一容器中，在刚填充完成后所测得的单位体积质量。床料的堆积密度b与床料密度p之间的关系是b=p（1-）为物料静止时的空隙率，b为堆积密度，需要测量，p为真实密度，可以查阅文献。Estimation of carbon bio

39、mass, carbon inputs and sequestrationThe annual harvestable carbon biomass was estimated according to harvestable aboveground yield and carbon content of grain and straw of wheat and maize respectively根据可收获地上产量和小麦和玉米的谷物和秸秆的碳含量分别估算年可收获碳生物量：C ag = Y wg × C wg + Y ws × C ws + Y mg × C mg

40、 + Y ms × C ms (1)where C ag is the aboveground carbon biomass, Y wg and Y ws are the grain and straw yields of wheat, C wg and C ws are the carbon contents of grain and straw of wheat, Y mg and Y ms are the grain and straw yields of maize and C mg and C ms are the carbon contents of grain and

41、straw of maize其中C ag是地上碳生物量，Y wg和Y ws是小麦的谷物和秸秆产量，C wg和C ws是小麦谷物和秸秆的碳含量，Y mg和Y ms是玉米的谷物和秸秆产量 ，C mg和C ms是玉米的谷物和秸秆的碳含量For all treatments, organic carbon contents were taken as national averaged values, i.e. 399 and 444g/kg (oven-dried basis) for wheat and corn respectively对于所有处理，将有机碳含量取作国家平均值，小麦和玉米分别为3

42、99和444g/kg （烘干基）烘干基质:在高温(105)将基质的自由水和结合水基本全部脱去。 干基质:一般是在自然风干，含水率一般在20%以下The annual organic carbon input (C input ,ton ha 1 ) was estimated from below ground biomass carbon (C bg ,ton ha 1 ),stubbles incorporated into topsoil (C st , ton ha 1 ), seed inseminated into soil (C seed , ton ha 1 ) and org

43、anic manure applied (C manure , ton ha 1 ):每年有机碳输入（C输入，ton ha 1）从地下碳生物量（C bg，ton ha 1），结合到表土中的残茬（C st，ton ha 1），种子向土壤 ，ton ha 1）和有机肥施用（C粪肥，ton ha 1）： C input = C bg + C st + C manure + C seed (2) C bg = R bg × C ag (3) C st = R wst × Y ws × C ws + R mst × Y ms × C ms (4)R bg

44、 is the ratio of annual underground carbon from crops to aboveground biomass carbon, which was estimated as 30% forwheat and maizeR bg是来自作物的年地下碳与地上碳生物量的比率，对于小麦和玉米估计为30R wst is the ratio of wheat stubbles incorporated into soil to wheat straw, which was determined and recorded as 2527% for NP, NPK, N

45、PKM and 1.5NPKM treatments and 3336% for control, N, NK and PK treatments.R wst是掺入土壤中的小麦茬与小麦秸秆的比率，对NP，NPK，NPKM和1.5NPKM处理测定并记录为25-27，对于对照，N，NK和PK处理记录为33-36 R mst is the ratio of maize stubbles to maize straw (about 3% for all treatments) inall plotsR mst是所有样地中玉米茬与玉米秸秆的比例（所有处理的约3）C seed estimated for

46、wheat (seed rate 200 kg ha 1 year 1 ) was 0.084Mg C ha 1 year 1 and for maize (seed rate 38 kg ha 1 year 1 ) was 0.016 Mg C ha 1 year 1C种子估计小麦（种子率200 kg ha -1年-1）为0.084Mg C ha -1年-1，玉米（种子率38 kg ha -1年-1）为0.016 Mg C ha -1年 -1The SOC sequestration rate (S, Mg C ha 1 year 1 ) in each treatment is defin

47、ed here as S = C rate × BD × d10 (5)where C rate (g kg 1 year 1 ) is the SOC content change rate, which was determined by linear regression over the years of experiment for each treatment respectively其中C率（g kg -1年-1）是SOC含量变化率，其通过对于每种处理的多年经验的线性回归分别确定 BD (g cm 3 ) is the final soil bulk dens

48、ity and d (cm) is the soil depth (we used 20 cm for our calculations)BD（g cm -3）是最终土壤体积密度，d（cm）是土壤深度（我们使用20cm计算）The relationship between C addition to the soil by different sources and storage within the soil was determined测定不同来源的C添加到土壤中和在土壤中储存的C之间的关系The rate constant of annual C input incorporated

49、into soil organic matter (SOM) (h) and the decay rate constant of native SOC (k) were calculated from the Jenkinson equation assuming a single-pool,first-order kinetic relationship between C addition and storage结合土壤有机质（SOM）的年C输入速率常数（h）和从Jenkinson方程计算出自然SOC的衰变速率常数（k），假设C添加和存储之间的单池，一阶动力学关系 Cs/t = hA k

50、SOC (6)where SOC is the soil organic C, t represents time, Cs/tis the change in SOC during the experimental period and A is the annua C input to the soil其中SOC是土壤有机碳，t表示时间，Cs/t是实验期间SOC的变化，A是土壤的年C输入Statistical analysisStatistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 for Windows(SPSSInc.,Chicago,IL,U

51、SA).Statistical significance of differences inthe variables among the treatments was tested using Fishers leastsignificant difference (LSD) multiple comparison test. Differenceswith P<0.05 were considered statistically significant使用SPSS 17.0 for Windows进行统计分析（SPSSInc。，Chicago，IL，USA）。差异的统计显着性使用费舍

52、尔最小检验处理之间的变量显着差异（LSD）多重比较检验。 差异P <0.05为差异有统计学意义RESULTSLong-term changes in SOC under different fertilizationTreatmentsAs shown in Fig. 1, SOC concentrations remained positively changed from the initial values in plots under NP, NPK, NPKM and 1.5 NPKM treatments如图1所示，在NP，NPK，NPKM和1.5NPKM处理下，SOC浓度从

53、初始值保持正向增加Owing to annual C addition through roots and crop residues, SOC levels remained slightly increased for control and mineral fertilization treatments (i.e. N, NK and PK)由于通过根和作物残留物的年度C添加，对于对照和矿物肥料处理（即N，NK和PK），SOC水平保持轻微增加。As expected, SOC content was relatively high under balanced fertilizatio

54、ns (e.g. NPK, NPKM and 1.5 NPKM treatments), showing a significantly increasing trend.如预期，平衡施肥（例如NPK，NPKM和1.5NPK处理）的SOC含量相对较高，显示出显著增加的趋势。Carbon inputs under long-term fertilizationsThe average annual total C input to soil from wheat and maize (Table 2) varied with carbon biomass responses of both cr

55、ops under different fertilizer applications来自小麦和玉米的土壤的年平均总C输入（表2）随着两种作物在不同肥料应用下的碳生物量反应而变化Second to manure, roots of wheat and maize crops contributed the highest amount of annual addition of biomass to soil二是粪肥，小麦和玉米作物的根部对土壤的年生物量增加量最高The roots were major components of estimated C inputs from wheat根系

56、是小麦估计碳输入的主要成分Under control treatment, the C input from wheat roots was 0.30 Mg ha 1 year 1 , which was far less than the 1.08 Mg ha 1 year 1 in NPK treatment and 1.15 Mg ha 1 year 1 in 1.5NPKM treatment 在对照处理下，小麦根系的C输入量为0.30 Mg ha -1年-1，远低于NPK处理中的1.08 Mg ha -1年-1和1.5NPKM处理中的1.15 Mg ha -1年-1Like whea

57、t, maize roots also contributed the highest amount of C input to soil. 像小麦一样，玉米根也是土壤中C含量最高的。Without fertilizer, the C input from maize roots was 0.53 Mg ha 1 year 1 ,which was far less than the 1.06 Mg ha 1 year 1 in NPK treatmentand 1.19 Mg ha 1 year 1 in 1.5NPKM treatment无肥料，玉米根系C输入量为0.53 Mg ha -1

58、年-1这远远小于NPK处理中的1.06 Mg ha -1年-1在1.5NPKM处理中为1.19 Mg ha -1年-1The total C input in all treatments varied from 1.24 to 6.77 Mg ha 1 year 1 所有处理中的总C输入从1.24至6.77 Mg ha -1年-1Owing to the low crop productivity, the total C inputs in control, N andPK treatments were the lowest, being 1.24, 1.34 and 1.33 Mgha 1 year 1 respectively.由于作物生产力低，在对照中的总C输入，N和PK处理最低，为1.24,1.34和1.33Mgha -1年-1。Owing