高中情态动词讲解与练习广图钟祥春

1、高中情态动词精讲与解析 课前小测 1. I wish to go home now, _.I?A. may B. can't C. must D. do2. He must have finished his homework, _he?A. mustn't B. didn't C. needn't D. hasn't3. This pen looks like mine, yet it isn't. Whose _.it be?A. must B. can C. may D. might4. He didn't do well in t

2、he exam. He _.hard at his lessons.A. must have worked B. ought to have workedC. would have worked D. has worked5. I wonder how he_. that to the teacher.A. dare to say B. dare saying C. not dare say D. dared say6. Mr Baker, a number of students want to see you. _ they waithere or outside?A. Should B.

3、 Will C. Shall D. Are7. It's still early, you_.A. mustn't hurry B. wouldn't hurry C. may not hurry D. don't have to hurry8. I _.give you an answer tomorrow. I promise!A. must B. will C. may D. shall9. As a soldier, you _.do as the head tells you.A. will B. shall C. may D. ought10. Th

4、e streets are all dry. It_ during the night.A. can't have rained B. must have rained C. couldn't rain D. shouldn't have rained 一 概 说助动词主要有两类：基本助动词和情态助动词。1.基本助动词有三个：do, have和be；2.情态助动词有13个, 常见用法如下：can, could; 能够（表能力）；可能（表推测，可能性较大）；可以（表允许）may, might; 可能（表推测，可能性较小）； 可以（表允许）will, would; 表意愿，

5、决心shall, should; 应该must, 必须，（主观）；一定（表推测）；need,需要 ；dare敢, have to（半助动词）不得不，（客观）, ought to应该. 情态助动词用法：总的来说，有情态功能（语气的强弱）和推测功能（可能性的大小）；用在系动词be和主动词前；后面+动词原形；否定，直接加not (dont have to-didnt have to)；在疑问句和倒装句中，须提前。上述两类助动词的共同特征是，在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时，具有作用词的功能：1） 构成否定式： He didn't go and neither did she. The meet

6、ing might not start until 5 o'clock.2） 构成疑问式或附加疑问式： Must you leave right now? You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?3） 构成修辞倒装： Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.4） 代替限定动词词组： A: Who can solve this crossw

7、ord puzzle? B: Tom can. A: Shall I write to him? B: Yes, do.二情态助动词的特征基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是，基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想： What have you been doing since? （构成完成进行体，本身无词义） I am afraid I must be going. （一定要） You may have read some account of the matter. （或许已经） 除此之外，情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征

8、：1） 除ought和used以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。 如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话，那么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不 定式(即情态助动词后+动词原形)： We used to grow beautiful roses. I asked if he would come and repair my television set.2） 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一： They need not have been punished so severely.3） 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候，没有词形变化，即其词

9、尾无-s形式： She dare not say what she thinks.4） 情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式、-ing分词和-ed分词形式： Still, she needn't have run away.5） 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间： Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something? She told him he ought not to have done it.6） 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的，即在一个

10、限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词，但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用： You should have washed the wound. Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.三.情态助动词的意义和用法 情态助动词从最普通的意义上来说，是修饰分句意义的一种方式，它可以反映说话者对其表述是否真实和可能的程度作出判断。但不同的情态助动词本身所包含的意义和用法又不同，下面逐个分析。1） can和could的用法1. 表示能力或客观可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。如： Can you finish this work tonight? Man

11、 cannot live without air. Can I go now? Yes, you can.注意：could也可表示请求，预期委婉，主要用于疑问句，不可用于肯定句，答语应用can（即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。如： Could I come to see you tomorrow? Yes, you can. （否定答语可用No, I'm afraid not.）can表示能力时，还可用be able to代替。如： I'll not be able to come this afternoon.2. “can(could) + have + 过去分

12、词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。如： He can not have been to that town. Can he have got the book?2） may和might的用法1. 表示许可。表示请求、允许时，might比many的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时要用mustn't表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意。如： You may drive the car. Might I use your pen? No, you mustn't.用May I . 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can I . 征询对方

13、意见在现代口语中更为常见。2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如： May you succeed!3. 表示推测、可能（疑问句不能用于此意）。 He may be very busy now.4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如： He may not have finished the work.3） must和have to的用法1. 表示必须、必要。如： You must come in time.回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn't，而要用needn't或don't have to。 Mu

14、st we hand in our exercise books today? Yes, you must. (No, you dont have to.)2. “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。 This must be your pen.3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。 He must have been to Shanghai.4. have to的含义与must相似，两者往往可以互换使用，但have to有各种形式，随have的变化而定。

15、must与have to有下列几点不同： must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。如： The play is not interesting. I really must go now. I had to work when I was your age. must一般只表现在，have则有更多的时态形式。 二者的否定意义不大相同。如： You mustn't go. 你可不要去。 You don't have to go. 你不必去。 询问对方的意愿时应用must。如： Must I clean all the room?4） dare和nee

16、d的用法1. need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如： You neednt come so early. Need I finish the work today? Yes, you must.注意：needn't + 不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。如： You needn't have waited for me.2. Dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。如： How dare you say

17、 I'm unfair. He daren't speak English before such a crowd, dare he?3. Dare和need常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，所不同的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式，在否定和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。如： I dare to swim across this river. He does not dare (to) answer. Don't you dare (to) touch it! I wondered he dare (to) sa

18、y that. He needs to finish it this evening.5） shall和should的用法1. Shall用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意愿。如： What shall we do this evening?2. Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如： Shall we begin our lesson? When shall he be able to leave the hospital?3. Shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如： You shall fail if you don

19、't work harder. （警告） He shall have the book when I finish reading. （允诺） He shall be punished. （威胁）4. Should表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to；在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to。如： You should go to class right away. Should I open the window?Should的含义较多，用法较活，现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面的句子： I should think it would be better to t

20、ry it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。 You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看，你是搞错了。 I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做。 This is something I should have liked to ask you. 这是我本来想问你的。 从以上例句可以看出：情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。 Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全没有可能。相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语由should加动词原形

21、构成，主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气。如： Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你万一见到她，请让她给我打个电话。 If you should change your mind, please let us know. 万一你改变主意，请通知我们。 Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 万一我明天有时间，我就来。此外，Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。如： Why should you be so late

22、 today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚？ Where is Betty living? 贝蒂住在哪里？ How should I know? 我怎么会知道呢？ I don't know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。5. “should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务，表示应该做到而实际上没有做到，并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。如：She should have finished it. I should have helped her, but I never could. You should

23、 have started earlier.6） will和would的用法1. 表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。如： Would you pass me the book?2. 表示意志、愿望和决心。如： I will never do that again. They asked if we would do that again.3. 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如： This will be the book you wa

24、nt. He will have arrived by now. The guests would have arrived by that time. I thought you would have finished this by now.4. Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某中倾向。Would表过去习惯时比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如： The wound would not heal. During the vacation he would visit me every week.5. 表料想或猜想。如： It would be about ten w

25、hen he left home. What would she be doing there? I thought he would have told you all about it. 7） ought to的用法1. Ought to表示应该。如： You ought to take care of him.2. 表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别： He must be at home by now. （断定他已到家） He ought to be home by now. （不十分肯定） This is where the oil must be. （比较直率） This i

26、s where the oil ought to be. （比较含蓄）3. “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。如： You ought to have asked him (but you didn't).这时，ought to和should可以互相换用。注意：在美国英语中，ought to用于否定句和疑问句时，to可以省略。如： Ought you smoke so much? You oughtn't smoke so much.8） used to，had better，would rather的用法1. Used to，过去常常

27、，表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变。如： He told us he used to play football when he was young.在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中，可有两种形式：疑问句 Did you use to go to the same school as your brother? Used you to go to the same school as your brother?否定句 I usedn't to go there. I didn't use to go there.Usedn't 亦

28、可拼作usen't，但发音皆为ju:znt。否定疑问句 Usen't you to be interested in the theatre? Didn't you use to be interested in the theatre?强调句 I certainly used to smoke, but it was a long time ago. I certainly did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.其反意疑问句或简略回答中，也有两种形式： She used to be very fat, didn

29、9;t she? （正式）/ use(d)n't she? （口语） Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did. Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did. (Yes, I used to.)2. Had better意为“最好”，后接不带to的不定式。如： We had better go now. Yes, we had (we'd better / we had better). Hadn't we better stop now? (Had we better not

30、 stop now?) I think I'd better be going. （用于进行时态，表“最好立即”） You had better have done that. （用于完成时态，表未完成动作）注：had best与had better同意，但较少用。You had better 用于同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。3. Would rather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接不带to的不定式。如： I'd rather not say anything. Would you rather work on a farm? Wouldn't you rather sta

31、y here? No, I would not. I'd rather go there.由于would rather表选择，因而后可接than。如： I would rather work on a farm than in a factory. I would rather watch TV than go to see the film. I'd rather you didn't talk about this to anyone. （句中的'd rather不是情态动词，would在此是表愿望的实义动词）四情态动词使用“七注意” 情态动词一般没有人称和

32、数的变化，不能单独作谓语，需与后面的动词原形一起构成谓语。使用情态动词时应注意以下七点：1、表示“不能”的can't 与mustn't的区别。can't表示“不能”时，意指没有能力；mustn't表示“不能”时，意指禁止或不允许。试比较：The old man is so tired that he _ go any farther.The baby is asleep. You _ make any noise.2、表示“必须”的must和have to的区别。must表示说话人的主观看法；而have to则表示客观需要。试比较：You _ finish th

33、e work today. My father _ work when he was ten years old.3、回答must引导的一般疑问句时，如果是否定回答，一般不用mustn't，而要用needn't或 don't have to。如：Must we hand in our exercise books today?No, you _. / No, you _.4、回答表示请求的may引导的一般疑问句时，不可用may not，而要用mustn't，也可用can't。如：May I use your ruler?No, you _. / No,

34、you _.5、作为情态动词，need一般不用于肯定句中，仅用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。在肯定句中，它用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，后面接带to的动词不定式或名词、代词作其宾语。如： You _（没必要）come so early. He _（需要）finish it this evening. Need I finish the work today?Yes, you _.6、在回答could引导的表示请求的一般疑问句时，不能用could回答，而要用can。如：Could you tell me how to get to the hospital?Of course, I

35、_.7、“May you + 动词原形 .”，意为“祝愿”。如：May you succeed! 祝你成功！May you be happy every day！ 祝你天天快乐！五不同的“肯定”程度可按下列层次排列： He is at home. (事实) He must be at home.（非常肯定的推断） He could be at home.（很可能） He ought to be at home.（很可能） He may be at home.（仅仅可能而已） He might be at home.（或许, 非常不确定） He might not be at home.（也许不

36、在家）He may not be at home. （比might可能） He couldnt be at home.（很可能不在家） He cant be at home.（一定不在家）He isn't at home.（事实）六语法讲解：情态动词的推测及虚拟用法情态动词的推测就是指讲话者使用情态动词表示对客观事物的主观看法，而当表示对客观事物的一种主观愿望、假设和建议时，就要用虚拟语气。常用来表示推测和虚拟的情态动词有can,may,could,might,should,ought to,must,need等。 下面是情态动词表示推测及虚拟的常见用法： 1.情态动词动词原形，表示对

37、现在或将来情况的推测。例如： I don't know where she is;she may be in Wuhan.我不知道她在哪儿，可能在武汉。 2.情态动词动词现在进行时，表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。例如： At this moment,our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.这时，想必我们老师正在批改试卷。 3.情态动词动词完成时，表示对过去情况的推测。它又分以下几种： 1)may(might)havedone sth,can(could)havedone sth.表示对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，表示可

38、能性程度由大到小依次为can,could,may,might。 否定句may(might)not havedone sth., can(could)not havedone sth.表示推测过去时间里不可能发生的事情。例如： Philip may(might)/can(could)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.菲利普可能在车祸中受了重伤。 Mike can't have found his car,for he came to work by bus this morning.迈克不可能找到他的车，因为他今天早上是乘公共汽车来

39、上班的。 2)must have + done sth.,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的肯定推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"想必"的意思。例如： The road is wet.It must have rained last night.路是湿的，昨晚一定下过雨。3)ought to havedone sth.,should have done sth.表示本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句oughtn't to have done sth.,shouldn't have done sth.,表示本不该做某事但却做了。例如：You o

40、ught to(should)have been more careful in this experiment.你当时在做试验时应该更仔细点。 He ought not to(shouldn't)have thrown the old clothes away.他不该把旧衣服扔了。(事实上已经扔了。) 4)needn't havedone sth.表示本没有必要做某事，但却做了。例如： I dressed very warmly for the trip,but I needn't have done so.The weather was hot.这次旅行，我穿得衣服

41、较多，其实没有必要。那时天很热。 4.情态动词动词的现在完成进行时，表示对过去一直在做的事情的推测。例如： Your mother must have been looking for you.你妈妈一定一直在找你。 虚拟语气 虚拟语气表示说话人的意愿、假设、猜测或建议。虚拟语气不表示客观存在的事实，谓语动词用特殊的形式表示虚拟语气。1 表示与现在事实相反时的谓语形式。从句主句过去式 (be和were)would (should、could)+ 动词原形例如：If Tom were hungry, he would eat the bread. (In fact, Tom isnt

42、hungry.)2 表示与过去事实相反的谓语形式。从句主句had + 过去分词would (should、could) + have +过去分词例如：If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the early bus. (In fact, I didnt catch the bus.)3 表示与将来事实相反的谓语形式。 从句主句动词过去式should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形would (should、could) + 动词原形例如：If they came tomorrow, we would told them

43、 about it. (In fact, they wont come tomorrow。)4 动词wish后的宾语从句中，谓语动词可用过去式、过去完成式或would、might加原形。例如：I wish I were as strong as you.He wished I would stay with us.She wished I had attended the meeting yesterday.5 在有些动词如：suggest、insist、order等动词后，从句谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，should可以省略。例如：He suggested that we (s

44、hould) discuss the problem right now.6 在有些句型中如：It is important (necessary、natural、strange等) + that从句中的谓语动词用should + 动词原形，should可以省略。例如：It is necessary that the doctor (should) be sent there at once.7 在It is time that, I would rather that句式中从句谓语动词用过去式。例如：It is time we went to bed.I would rather he ca

45、me next week.七情态动词的变化：（一）情态动词could，以work为例)1.简单型(Simple)：表示现在或将来的状态 I could work (动词不可加 to ，如：to work。下同) you could work he could work she could work it could work we could work they could work2 .完成式型 (Perfect)：表示过去的状态 I could have worked (动词是 have + v-ed 过去分词。下同) you could have worked he could have

46、 worked she could have worked it could have worked we could have worked they could have worked3. 进行式型 (Continuous)：表示现在或将来还在进行的状态I could be working (动词是be + v-ing 现在分词。下同) you could be working he could be working she could be working it could be working we could be working they could be working4. 完成

47、进行式型 (Perfect Continuous)：表示过去正在进行的状态 I could have been working (动词是 have been + v-ing 现在分词。下同) you could have been working he could have been working she could have been working it could have been working we could have been working they could have been working(二).情态动词的疑问句：只要将情态动词移到主语(Subject)的前面，句尾

48、加上问号。这样就成了疑问句。1. She can work.(主语she, 情态动词 can，动词 work) Can she work ? (这就是疑问句）2. He would be working. (主语he, 情态动词 would，动词 be working) Would he be working ?3. They should have worked. (主语they, 情态动词should, 动词have worked) Should they have worked ?4. I could have been working. (主语 I, 情态动词 could, 动词 ha

49、ve beenworking) Could I have been working ?(三).情态动词的否定句：在情态动词的后面加上 not 就成了情太动词否定句。1. She can work. She cannot work. (注意：can 和 not 须连在一起）(这就是否定句)2. He would be working. He would not be working. (would not)3. They should have worked. They should not have worked. (should not)4. I could have been workin

50、g. I could not have been working. (could not)(四)>在口语中，否定情态动词的缩写法：1. cannot - can't2. could not - couldn't3. might not - mightn't (很少用)4. must not - mustn't5. shall not - shan't (几乎没人用了)6. should not - shouldn't7. will not - won't (可不是 win't 喔！)8. would not - wouldn

51、't(五).情态动词的否定疑问句：将否定情态动词移到主语的前面，就成了否定疑问句。1. Can she not work ? 或 Can't she work ? 2. Would he not be working ? 或 Wouldn't he be working ?3. Should they not have worked ? 或 Shouldn't they have worked ?4. Could I not have been working ? 或 Couldn't I have been working ?（六.情态动词的反问句：1

52、. She can work. 反问句：She can work, can't she ?2. He would be working. 反问句：He would be working, wouldn't he ?3. They should have worked. 反问句：They should have worked, shouldn'tthey ?4. I could have been working. 反问句：I could have been working, couldn'tI ?八精典名题导解下面以分析典型例句来学习情态动词的推测及虚拟用法。

53、题1：Mary's score on the test is the highest in her class;she have studied very hard. A.may B.should C.must D.ought to 正确答案为C。译文：玛丽考试成绩全班第一，她学习一定很刻苦。空格后的动词用的是完成式，表示已经发生的动作。结合选项可知，空格中要填入一个情态动词，表示说话人对玛丽考试能取得好成绩原因的推测。A项表示对过去发生的事的可能性的推测，意思是"玛丽可能学习很刻苦"，B项和D项表示本该做某事但却没做，意思为"玛丽本应该学习很刻苦&quo

54、t;。只有C项符合题意。 题2：With all this work on hand ,he to the cinema last night. A.mustn't go B.oughtn't to go C.wouldn't go D.shouldn't have gone 正确答案为D。译文：他手头有这么多工作，昨晚不该去看电影。本句表达的是昨天已经发生但却不该发生的事情，所以应该用情态动词should的否定式，后接动词的完成式。 题3：You her in her office last Friday;she's been out of town

55、for two weeks. A.needn't have seen B.must have seen C.might have seen D.can't have seen 正确答案为D。译文：上星期五你不可能在她办公室见到她，她去外地已经两个星期了。选项A表示本没有必要做某事，但却做了，如选A意思是"你已见着她了"；选项B表示对过去发生的事情的肯定推测，如选B意思是"你一定已经看到她了"；选项C表示对过去可能发生的事情的推测，如选C意思是"你可能看到她了"，而根据后半句意思"她已经去外地两个星期了"来推测只有选项D符合题意。 题4：You all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing. A.needn't have done B.shouldn't have done C.must not have done D.cannot have done 正确答案为A。译文：你没有必要把全部计算都做了，这类计算我们用计算机来做。选项B表示本不该做的事，但却做了，选B意思为"你本不应该做了全部计算"，含有责备的含义。选项C意思为"