Chapter 5Morphology

1、Chapter Five Morphology1. Define the following terms.1) Morpheme, allomorph and morph 2) free morpheme vs bound morpheme3) affix4) acronymy5) abbreviation vs clipping6) IC analysis 7) stem,base and root 8) inflection 9) compounding 10) conversion11）inflectional morpheme 12) morphology13）backformatio

2、n14) blending 15) inflectional affix vs derivational affix2. Multiple Choices1) The word “hospitalize” is an example of _.A. compound B. derivation C. inflection D. blending2) _refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.A. Morphology B. Syntax C.

3、Semantics D. Phonology3)_ doesnt belong to the most productive means of word-formation.A. Affixation B. Compounding C. Conversion D. Blending4)Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _.A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words5) Morphemes that represent tense, nu

4、mber, gender and case are called _ morphemes.A. inflectional B. freeC. bound D. derivational6)There are _ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. three B. fourC. five D. six7)In English -ise and -tion are called _.A. prefixes B. suffixesC. infixes D. free morphemes8)Morphology is generally divide

5、d into two fields: the study of word-formation and _. A. affixation B. etymologyC. inflection D. root9)The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _. A.derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation10)_ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words

6、 by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the word.A. Affixation B. Back-formationC. Insertion D. Addition11)The word TB is formed in the way of _.A. acronymy B. clippingC. initialism D. blending12)There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned”

7、is known as a(n) _.A. derivational morpheme B. free morphemeC. inflectional morpheme D. free form13)The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _. A. blending B. clippingC. backformafion D. Acronymy14)The stem of disagreements is _.A. agreement B. agreeC. disagree D. disagreement 15)All of the fo

8、llowing are meaningful except _. A. lexeme B. phonemeC. morpheme D. allomorph16)The word boyish contains two . A. phonemes B. MorphsC. morphemes D. allomorphs17)Inflectional studies inflections. A. phonetics B. syntaxC. phonology D. morphology18) morphemes are those that cannot be used independently

9、 but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. A. Free B. BoundC. Root D. Affixational19) modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes B. SuffixesC. Roots D. Affixes20)There are rules that govern

10、which affix can be added to what type of to form a new word. A. root B. affixC. stem D. word21)Compound words consist of _ morphemes.A. bound B. free C. both bound and free22) Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are _.A. grammatical words B. lexical words C. neither grammatical nor lexical wor

11、ds23) “Radar” is a / an _. A. acronym B. blending C. coinage D. clipping24)The words “take” and “table” are called _ because they can occur unattached. A. form words B. bound morphemesC. free morphemes D. inflectional morphemes25)A _ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflection

12、al affix can be added.A. stem B. root C. allomorph D. lexeme26)_ is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword.A. Blending B. AcronymyC. Abbreviation D. Invention27)The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on _.A. Borrowi

13、ng B. word-formation C. conversion D. the number of the people speaking English28)_ is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as masculine / feminine, animate/inanimate, etc.A. Case B. Gender C. Number D. Category29)The relation between words “rose” an

14、d “flower” is that of _.A. synonymy B. antonymy C. homonymy D. hyponymy30)The adjective word “uniform” has _ morphemes.A. one B. three C. two D. zero31)Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or _ to stems.A. affixes B. suffixes C. inflectional affixes D. der

15、ivational affixes 32)Prefixes do not generally change the _of the stem but only modify its meaning.A. word-class B. meaning C. form D. structure33)The primary function of suffixes is to _.A. change the word-class of rootsB change the meaning of stems C change the grammatical function of stemsD chang

16、e the structure of roots34)Conversion is a method _.A. of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speechB. of converting words of one meaning into different meaningC. of deriving words through grammatical meansD. of changing words in morphological structure3.Fill in the b

17、lanks with appropriate words.1)Combining two parts of two already existing words is called _ in word-formation. 2) Take is the _ of taking, taken and took.3)Bound morphemes are classified into two types: _ and _.4)An _ is pronounced letter by letter, while an _ is pronounced as a word.5)Lexicon, in

18、most cases, is synonymous with _. 6)Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: _, _ and _.7)All words may be said to contain a root _.8)_ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.9)_ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflect

19、ional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.10)Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _ level.11)A word formed by derivation is called a _, and a word formed by

20、compounding is called a _.12)The poor is an example of _ conversion.13)_ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. 14)The affix “-es” conveys a _ meaning. 15) morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. 16) affixes manifest various grammatical relations or

21、 grammatical categories such as number, degree, and case. 17)The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p . 18)The combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words in called . 19)Semantically, the meaning of a c_ is often idiomatic, not always being the sum to

22、tal of the meanings of its components. 20)_ morphology studies word-formation. 21)_ can never stand by itself although if bears clear,definite meaning. 22)_ are added fo the end of stems. 4. Make a judgment on the following statements decide whether they are true or not. 1) Morphology studies the in

23、ternal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2) Inflectional morphology is one of the two sub-branches of morphology. 3) The structure of words is not governed by rules. 4) A morpheme is the basic unit in the study of morphology. 5) Free morphemes are the same as bound morpheme

24、s. 6) Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves. 7) There is only one type of affixes in the English language. 8) Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. 9) Compounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words. 10) Phonetically, the stress of a com

25、pound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. 11) Morphemes are regarded as abstract constructs in the system. 12) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of i

26、ts parts.13) All roots are free and all affixes are bound.14) Chinese language is heavily inflectional. 15) A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning, which means that a morpheme has a lexical meaning.16) Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second elemen

27、t receives secondary stress.17) Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.18) Base refers to the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.19) In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixeS change the word-class of the base.20) Conve

28、rsion from noun to verb is the most productive process of conversion.21) Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a Word.22) The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.23) In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the

29、number of morphemes.24) Backformation is a productive way of forming nouns in Modern English.25) Inflection is a parficnlar way of word-formations.5.Tell the root, stem and base of the following words.1) desirable; 2) undesirable 3) undesirables;4) desired6.Short Answer questions1) What does morphol

30、ogy study? 2)What is a morpheme? Dissect the following words into morphemes:description underdeveloped photosyntheticanatomy radiation geographyphilharmonic defrosted refreshmentdemobilized conducting suppressioncircumspect dialogue deformedcombination3)Describe with examples various types of morphe

31、me used in English.4)What are the main inflectional affixes in English? What grammatical meaning do they convey?5)Try to find out the meaning of the following roots in English and give two or three words that contain each of them:hydro chron demo dur agr kilonym ped ruptgress poly syn6)State the mor

32、phological rules that govern the use of the given derivational affixes.Example: -er The suffix -er is added to a verb to form a noun indicating the agent that carries out the action, e.g., write writer -ant -ment sub- -en en-ee -ful -some -wise un- 7)What are the main features of the English compoun

33、ds?8)Explain the formation and meaning of the following compounds: Example: nightcap Nightcap is a noun formed by combining two nouns, mean- ing a drink one takes before going to bed. Cats paw tablecloth green-eyed green horn update jet lag bootleg built-in cockpit good-for-nothingKey to Chapter Fiv

34、e1.Define the following terms.1)Morpheme, allomorph and morph Morpheme is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expressions and content, unit cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. A morpheme is the minimal unit of

35、 meaning. It is not like the sound patterns or syllables, which can be further divided into segments. Words may consist of one morpheme or more than one morpheme.A!lomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Allomorphs are the realizations of a p

36、articular morpheme. Morphemes are more abstract than their allomorphs. Morphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realize morphemes. 2)free morpheme vs bound morphemeMorphemes can be classified into two types in terms of their capacity of occurring alone. Th

37、ose which may occur alone, or which may constitute words by themselves, are free morphemes, such as bee, tree, sing, and dance. In contrast, those which may appear with at least one other morpheme and cannot stand by themselves are called bound morphemes, such as “-s” in dogs, “-al” in national, “di

38、s-” in disclose, and so on.3)affixAffixes are morphemes that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words. For example, the morpheme ful in careful and less in careless are two affixes. And the first part in each of the words irregular, disappear and enrich (i.e. ir,

39、dis and en) is an affix. Afixes are a type of bound morphemes. They are limited in number in a language, and can be further classified in terms of either of the two criteria: position and function. Along the dimension of their position with reference to the root or stem of the word, affixes are gene

40、rally classified into three types: prefixes, suffixes and infixes. Those which are added to the beginning of roots (i.e. occur before roots) are called prefixes, e.g. dis- in dislike and re- in rebuild. The affixes which follow roots (i.e. appear after roots) are called suffixes, e.g. -ness in carel

41、essness and -ful in careful. The affixes which interrupt roots (i.e. appear within roots) are called infixes. 4)acronymyAcronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of several words together. Words created in this way are of two sorts: acronyms and initialisms. Acronym

42、s are those which are pronounced as a single word rather than as a sequence of letters. Initials are those which are pronounced as a series of letters (i.e. pronounced letter by letter).5) abbreviation vs clippingAbbreviation, which sometimes is used in the sense of acronymy. For example, the words

43、like USA, NATO, AIDS, etc. are the results of the word formation of abbreviation. And sometimes, abbreviation equals to clipping. For instance, the words like Prof. (from Professor), telly (from television), etc. are considered as examples of abbreviation as well.Clipping refers to the process of wo

44、rd-formation in which a word (usually a noun) is shortened by deleting one or more syllables without any change in the meaning or in the part of speech. However, clipping usually results in a stylistic change: from formal to informal style.6) IC analysis Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis f

45、or short) is a method used to analyze the hierarchical order of morphemes. By IC Analysis, we mean that we divide the morphemes of a word (or the words of a sentence) into two groups, and then divide each of them into sub-groups, and so on, until we reach the irreducible constituents, i.e. the morph

46、emes in the case of the analysis of a word, or the words in the case of the analysis of a sentence, which is to be discussed in the next chapter.7) stem,base and root A root is the basic part of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. In other words, a “root” is that p

47、art of the word left when all the affixes are removed. “Internationalism” is a four-morpheme derivative which keeps its free morphemes “nation” as its root when “inter-”,”-al” and “-ism” are taken away. Different from the term root, both of the terms base and stem are used to talk about such a form

48、to which an affix will be attached. If we are going to attach an derivational affix, we will call the form a base. But if we are going to attach an inflectional affix, we call the form a stem. However, we have to see that the term base is a more general term. It can be a form that is a root and it c

49、an be a form that contains some affix already. Just take agree and disagree for example. Either of them can be a base if we are going to attach a derivational affix -ment to it. Similarly, the term stem is also more covering. It can be a form that is a root or it can be a form that contains some aff

50、ix already. For example, either open or reopen can be a stem if we are going to attach an inflectional morpheme -ed to it. In fact, a stem can be any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. It may be the same as, and in other cases, different from, a root. F

51、or example, in the word friends, friend is both the root and the stem, but in the word friendships, friendship is its stem, while friend is its root. Some words like compounds have more than one root, e.g., mailman, girlfriend, etc.8) inflection Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relatio

52、nships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.9) compounding Compounding refers to a process of word-formation, in which two or more free morphemes are combin

53、ed to form a new word, such as forget-me-not, waterbed, sleepwalk, etc. Words formed in this way are called compound words or compounds. Like derivation, compounding is also a very productive way to produce new words. There are three types of compounds: 1) hyphenated compounds; 2) solid compounds; a

54、nd 3) open compounds.10) conversionConversion is a term used in the study of word formation to refer to the derivational process whereby an item comes to belong to a new word class without the addition of an affix. The conversion process is particularly productive in modern English, with new uses oc

55、curring frequently. Conversion is also known as functional shift or zero-derivation.11）inflectional morpheme Inflectional morphemes are also called inflectional affix. They manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. In English, all inflectional