第十二节--定语从句

1、1/482/48 定语从句：在复合句中一套主谓结构起形容词作用修饰并限定定语从句：在复合句中一套主谓结构起形容词作用修饰并限定名词或代词。定语从句有如下特点：名词或代词。定语从句有如下特点：1. 定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰名词的后面。2. 被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做“先行词”。3. 引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。关系词有两个作用：(1) 起引导词的作用, 引导定语从句。(2) 代替先行词在其引导的定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。理解和牢记这两条概念, 弄清楚关系词在定语从句充当句子成分, 是掌握定语从句的关键。uIs he the man who / that wants to see

2、you? 先行词 关系词 (在从句中充当主语) 精精 讲讲 精精 练练3/483一、关系词的选用与判断 精精 讲讲 精精 练练 正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键。关系词的选择完全取决于关系词在定语从句中所充当的句子成分。关系词一共有9个, 它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。关系词关系词主语主语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语状语状语说明说明that人人/物物人人/物物不能用于非限制性从句不能用于非限制性从句which物物物物which作宾语很少见作宾语很少见who人人who可代替可代替whom作宾语作宾语whom人人whose人人/物物whenwherewhyas主要用于非限制性的定语从句和主要用

3、于非限制性的定语从句和suchas, the same.as., as.as.结构中结构中4/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练1. 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词, 并在句中并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时语时, 从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。a) who, whom, thatu这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词, 在从句中作主语和宾语。uHe is the m

4、an whom / that I saw yesterday. (whom / that在从句中作宾语)一、关系词的选用与判断5/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练1. 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词, 并在句中并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时语时, 从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。b) whose用来指人或物(只用作定语, 若指物, 它还可以和of which互换)

5、。uThey rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.uPlease pass me the book whose cover (the cover of which)is green.一、关系词的选用与判断6/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练1. 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词, 并在句中并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时语时, 从句谓语动词的人称和

6、数要和先行词保持一致。从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。c) which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词, 在从句中可作主语、宾语等。uA prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. (which / that在句中作宾语)uThe package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作宾语)一、关系词的选用与判断7/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练1

7、. 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句 注意注意 as 用作关系代词引导限制性定语从句。 当先行词被such、the same、so修饰时, 或在句型as many(much)中, 定语从句都用as 引导, 其作用相当于which, 在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语。主要有以下句型中:usoas像这样的uasas与一样的usuchas像这样的uthe sameas与相同的一、关系词的选用与判断8/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练1. 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句 注意注意 as 用作关系代词引导限制性定语从句。 当先行词被such、the same、so修饰时, 或在句型as

8、 many(much)中, 定语从句都用as 引导, 其作用相当于which, 在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语。主要有以下句型中:uWe are facing the same problems as we did years ago.uSome people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as a dog does.一、关系词的选用与判断9/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练1. 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句 注意注意 as 用作关系代词引导限制性定语从句。 当先行词被such、the same、so修饰

9、时, 或在句型as many(much)中, 定语从句都用as 引导, 其作用相当于which, 在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语。主要有以下句型中:uWe hope to get such a tool as he is using.一、关系词的选用与判断10/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练2. 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词, 在从句中作状语。 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构, 因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。when = on (in, at, during) + whic

10、h; where = in (at, on) + which; why = for which。uThere are occasions when (on which) one must yield.uBeijing is the place where (in which) I was born.uIs this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?一、关系词的选用与判断11/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练 注意注意1. that有时也能代替关系副词, 可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“

11、介词+ which”引导的定语从句, 在口语中that常被省略。uHis father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.uThis is the first time (that) I have given you a lesson in French.2. 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句一、关系词的选用与判断12/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练 注意注意2.在定语从句中, 当先行词指物时, 下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which:(1)先行词被形容词最高级；序数词；only, any, few, litt

12、le, no, all, one of等修饰时。uThis is the only book that I bought today.(2)先行词为all, much, little, none, few, one, something, anything等不定代词时。2. 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句一、关系词的选用与判断13/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练 注意注意2.在定语从句中, 当先行词指物时, 下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which:(3) 先行词中既有人又有物时。uHe was looking pleasantly at the children and pa

13、rcels that filled his bus.(4)先行词在主句中作表语, 关系词在从句中作主语时。uThe village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.2. 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句一、关系词的选用与判断14/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练 注意注意2.在定语从句中, 当先行词指物时, 下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which:(5)当主句中含有疑问词which时。uWhich are the books that you bought for me?2. 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句一、关系

14、词的选用与判断15/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练 注意注意 用关系代词, 还是关系副词完全取决于它们在从句中所充当的句子成分, 关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语或定语, 而关系副词在从句中只能充当状语。u() This is the mountain village where I visited last year.u() I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.u() This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.2. 关系副词引导的定语从句关

15、系副词引导的定语从句一、关系词的选用与判断16/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练 注意注意u() Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. Where B. thatC. on which D. the one 例例1 例例2Is this the museum _ we held the exhibition?A. where B. thatC. on which D. the one2. 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导

16、的定语从句一、关系词的选用与判断17/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练 注意注意u() Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. Where B. thatC. on which D. the one 例例1 例例2Is this the museum _ we held the exhibition?A. where B. thatC. on which D. the oneu例1变为肯定句： This museum is

17、_ you visited a few days ago.u例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ we held the exhibition. 在句1中, 从句中所缺部分为宾语, 而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用, 只有the one为主句的表语, 后面省略了关系代词(that), 所以应选D。2. 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句一、关系词的选用与判断18/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练 注意注意u() Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.I

18、s this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. Where B. thatC. on which D. the one 例例1 例例2Is this the museum _ we held the exhibition?A. where B. thatC. on which D. the oneu例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.u例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ we held the exhibition. 而句2中, 从句中主、谓、宾俱全, 所缺

19、部分为从句的状语表地点, 既可用副词where, 又可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题C项中, 介词on 用得不对, 所以选A。2. 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句一、关系词的选用与判断19/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练 注意注意u() Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. Where B. thatC. on which D. the one 例例1 例例2Is this the mus

20、eum _ we held the exhibition?A. where B. thatC. on which D. the oneDA2. 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句一、关系词的选用与判断20/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练3. way后面的定语从句后面的定语从句, 有三种情况：有三种情况： A. 在比较正式的文体中用in which; B. 一般情况下用that; C. 常见情况：省去in which和that。uA. It was clear that the speaker now trusted Tom from the way in which these wor

21、ds were said.uB. Mary, there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.uC. The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.一、关系词的选用与判断21/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练1. 介词后面的关系词(指人时用whom, 指物时用which)不能省略2. that 不能用于此结构。3. which和whom前介词的选择是根据先行词、从句中谓语动词与介词的搭配关系而定的。

22、uThis is the classmate with whom Ill go to the cinema.uThe subject in which Im most interested is English.4. 某些在从句中充当时间, 地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。这时应特别注意：介词的位置变化以及相应的关系词的变化。请分析下面两个句子。二、介词+关系词 22/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练 那就是他工作的大学。那就是他工作的大学。二、介词+关系词 at which he works. which he works at.That is t

23、he college where he works. that he works at. he works at. 他出生的那一天是他出生的那一天是1952年年8月月20日。日。 on which he was born which he was born onThe day when he was born was Aug.20, 1952. that he was born on he was born on23/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分, 去掉它主句意思往往不明确; 而非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明, 去掉了也不会影响主句的意思, 它与主句之

24、间通常用逗号分开.uThis is the house which we bought last month. (限制性)uThe house, which we bought last month, is very nice. (非限制性)三、限制性和非限制性定语从句 1. 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。24/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练uCharles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.uMy house, which I bought last year, has got a love

25、ly garden.uI want to find a job in Shanghai, where I have some relatives.三、限制性和非限制性定语从句 2. 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词等所修饰时当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词等所修饰时, 其其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。25/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练uHe seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.uLiquid water changes to vapor, which is c

26、alled evaporation.说明：说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句三、限制性和非限制性定语从句 3. 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。26/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练uJane, as you said / as was said, is a liar.uAs you said / As was said, Jane is a liar.uJane is a liar, as you said / as is

27、 said.uHe takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health.四、as与 which引导的非限制性定语从句 as和和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有以下所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有以下不同之处：不同之处：1. 在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面, 也可位于主句的前面还可插在中间; 而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面, 不能位于主句的前面。27/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练uHe was late again, as / which we ha

28、d expected.u=As we had expected, he was late again.uShe has married such a man, which ( and this) was unexpected. (不用as, 因为主从句意义不一致。)四、as与 which引导的非限制性定语从句 as和和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有以下所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有以下不同之处：不同之处：2. 在意义上, as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系, 常译为“正如”, “就像”, 而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系常常是一种前因后果的关系, 常翻

29、译为“这”, 在许多情况下可用 and that / this代替。因此, 在意思通顺的情况下, which可代替as, 而as许多时候不能代替which。试比较：28/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练uThe street hasnt been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. (不用as)uThe young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful. (不用as)四、as与 which引导的非限制性定语从句 as和和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容

30、。但有以下所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有以下不同之处：不同之处：2. 在意义上, as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系, 常译为“正如”, “就像”, 而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系常常是一种前因后果的关系, 常翻译为“这”, 在许多情况下可用 and that / this代替。因此, 在意思通顺的情况下, which可代替as, 而as许多时候不能代替which。试比较：29/48 精精 讲讲 精精 练练uThe plane may be several hours late, in which case theres no point on our waiting

31、.四、as与 which引导的非限制性定语从句 as和和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有以下所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有以下不同之处：不同之处：3. 介词后只能用which。uAs everybody knows / As is known to everybodyuAs you may rememberuAs we can seeuAs I have said / As is said aboveuAs is mentioned aboveuAs is reported in the newspaperuAs is often the case4. as 的常见形式

32、：30/48同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句子成分;而定语从句中的关系代词that / which在句中作宾语或主语.如果句子是同位语从句,就应用连词that而不能which。同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词后解释名词的含义或内容, 如以下名词：news, fact, suggestion, truth, plan, belief, doubt, possibility, idea等, 而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。uThey expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again. (同位

33、语从句)uThe hope that / which she expressed is that they would come to visit China again. (定语从句) 精精 讲讲 精精 练练五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别31/481. The woman _ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.2. Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten.3. Do you remember those days _ we spent along th

34、e seashore very happily?4. Those _ want to go should sign their names here.5. He talked about a hero of _ no one had ever heard. 精精 练练 精精 讲讲一、用关系代词或关系副词填空一、用关系代词或关系副词填空3基础练习whothatthatwhowhom32/486. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions _ were asked in French.7. This is the factor

35、y _ we worked a year ago.8. Nearby were two canoes in _ they had come to the island.9. Do you work near the building _ colour is yellow? 10. Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise.11. Do you know the reason _she has changed her mind? 精精 练练 精精 讲讲一、用关系代词或关系副词填空一、用关系代词或关系副词填空3

36、基础练习whichwherewhich whosewhichwhy33/4812. We should read such books _ will make us better and wiser.13. The film brought the hours to me _ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.14. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane. 15. There were dir

37、ty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. 精精 练练 精精 讲讲一、用关系代词或关系副词填空一、用关系代词或关系副词填空3基础练习 aswhenwherewhere34/4816. A fast food restaurant is the place _ , just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly. 17. Last month, part of Southeast Asia was stuck by floods, from _ effects the peo

38、ple are still suffering. 精精 练练 精精 讲讲一、用关系代词或关系副词填空一、用关系代词或关系副词填空3基础练习wherewhose35/481. The person _ I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about.2. The pencil _ he was writing broke suddenly.3. Wu Dong, _ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.4. The two things _ Marx was not sure were

39、 the grammar and some of the idioms of English.5. Her bag, _ she put all her books, has not been found. 6. The stories about the Long March, _ this is one example, are well written. 精精 练练 精精 讲讲二、根据句子二、根据句子, 在第一个空白处填入介词在第一个空白处填入介词, 在第二个填入关系代词在第二个填入关系代词3基础练习to whomwith whichwith whomabout / of which i

40、n whichof which36/48 精精 练练 精精 讲讲三、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句三、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句3基础练习The man who brought our textbooks here yesterday is in the next room.1. The man is in the next room. He brought our textbooks here yesterday. _2. The magazine is mine. He has taken it away. _3. Here is a girl. Her b

41、rother works in this shop. _ The magazine (that) he has taken away is mine. Here is a girl whose brother works in this shop.37/48 精精 练练 精精 讲讲三、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句三、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句3基础练习4. I want to talk to the boys. Their homework hasnt been handed in. 5. In the evening they arrived at a hi

42、ll. At the foot of the hill there was a temple. _6. This is the hotel. We stayed at it last month. _I want to talk to the boys whose homework hasnt been handed in.In the evening they arrived at a hill, at the foot of which there was a temple.This is the hotel where we stayed last month. (This is the

43、 hotel in which we stayed last month.) 38/48 精精 练练 精精 讲讲三、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句三、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句3基础练习7. Do you know the year? The Chinese Communist Party was founded in that year. 8. I have two grammar books. Both of them are of great use. _9. The clever boy made a hole in the wall. He could

44、 see what was going on inside house through it. _Do you know the year when the Chinese Communist Party was founded?I have two grammar books, both of which are of great use.The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what was going on inside the house.39/48 精精 练练 精精 讲讲三、把下列每对句子

45、合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句三、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句3基础练习10. John got beaten in the game. We had been expected it. _ John got beaten in the game, as we had been expected.40/481. (1) There are two foreign students in our class, both of _ are from Canada. (2) There are two foreign students in our class, and both o

46、f _ are from Canada.2. (1) This kind of plant grows best at the places _ it is warm and wet. (2) This kind of plant grows best _ it is warm and wet. 精精 练练 精精 讲讲语法对比填空语法对比填空3能力练习whomthemwherewhere1. 句句(1)是含有定语从句的复合句。是含有定语从句的复合句。 句句(2)因为有并列连词因为有并列连词and所以是并列句。所以是并列句。2. 句句(1)是由关系副词是由关系副词where引导的定语从句引导的定

47、语从句, 修饰先行词修饰先行词 places, 这时的这时的 where也可以由也可以由in which代替。代替。 句句(2)是由连接副词是由连接副词where引导的地点状语从句引导的地点状语从句, 这时的这时的 where不可以由介词不可以由介词which代替。代替。41/483. (1) John is one of the students who _ (know) English. (2) John is the only one of the students who _ (know) English. (3) One of the students _ (know) Englis

48、h. 4. (1) Here is such a heavy stone _ I cant move. (2) Here is such a heavy stone _ I cant move it. 精精 练练 精精 讲讲语法对比填空语法对比填空3能力练习knowknowsknowsasthat3. 句句(1)、(2)都是定语从句都是定语从句, 在在“the(only)one of复数名复数名 词定语从句词定语从句”结构中结构中, 先行词是先行词是one, 而不是复数名词而不是复数名词, 故定语从句谓语动词用单数故定语从句谓语动词用单数, 但有但有“one of复数名词复数名词 定语从句定语

49、从句”句型中句型中, 先行词是复数名词先行词是复数名词, 故定语从句谓语故定语从句谓语 动词用复数。句动词用复数。句(3)不属于定语从句的范畴不属于定语从句的范畴, 只是一个简只是一个简 单的主谓一致关系。句中的主语是单的主谓一致关系。句中的主语是one, 故谓语动词用单故谓语动词用单 数。数。4. 句句(1)是定语从句是定语从句, 先行词前有先行词前有 such修饰时用修饰时用as引导引导, as 在定语从句中作在定语从句中作move的宾语。的宾语。 句句(2)是是suchthat引导的结果状语从句。引导的结果状语从句。42/485. (1) _ is known to us all, th

50、e light on the earth is given by the sun. (2) _ is known to us all that the light on the earth is given by the sun. (3) _ is known to us all is that the light on the earth is given by the sun. 6. (1) The sun is bigger than the moon, _ we all know. (2) The sun is bigger than the moon, _ we all know i

51、t. 精精 练练 精精 讲讲语法对比填空语法对比填空3能力练习AsItWhatasand5. 句句(1)是由是由as引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句, 这时的定语从句的这时的定语从句的 位置很灵活位置很灵活, 可以位于句首、句中或句末。可以位于句首、句中或句末。as代替整个主代替整个主 句句, 在定语从句中充当主语。句在定语从句中充当主语。句(2)是含有主语从句的复合是含有主语从句的复合 句句, it作形式主语作形式主语, 真正的主语是真正的主语是that引导的从句。引导的从句。 句句(3) what引导主语从句。引导主语从句。6. 句句(1) 是由是由as引导的非限制性定语从句引

52、导的非限制性定语从句, as代替整个主句代替整个主句, 在定语从句中作在定语从句中作know的宾语。的宾语。 句句(2)是由是由and连接的并列句。连接的并列句。43/487. (1) The house, _ roof was damaged, has now been repaired. (2) The house, the roof _ was damaged, has now been repaired. 8. (1) Ill never forget the days _ I spent with him. (2) Ill never forget the day _ my litt

53、le brother was born. 精精 练练 精精 讲讲语法对比填空语法对比填空3能力练习 whoseof whichthat / whichwhen7. 句句(1),(2)都是定语从句都是定语从句, whose of which, 但但whose 必须在无定冠词必须在无定冠词the的名的名 词词 前前, 而而of which常放在有定常放在有定 冠词冠词the的名词后。的名词后。8. 句句(1)、(2)都是定语从句都是定语从句, 但句但句(1)中先行词中先行词days在定语在定语 从句中作从句中作spent的的 宾语宾语, 故定语从句由关系代词故定语从句由关系代词that / whi

54、ch引导引导, 也可省略。也可省略。句句(2)中先行词中先行词day在定语从句在定语从句 中是时间状语的一部分中是时间状语的一部分, 故定语从句可由关系副词故定语从句可由关系副词when 或或on which引导。引导。44/48Aswhichwhowhomwhich9. (1) _ we had expected, he failed in the exam again. (2) He failed in the exam again, _ was not what he had expected. (3) He failed in the exam again, _ made his parents angry. 10.(1) I believed the man _ I thought was honest. (2) I believed the man _ I thought to be honest.9. 这三个句子都考查非限定性定语从句这三个句子都考查非限定性定语从句, 而