初中语法一本通精华

1、名词（一）概述名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是：人的名字地方名称职业称呼物品名称行为名称抽象概念Li, Tom, Londonteacher, doctor pencil, dictionary study, inventionhistory, grammar（二）普通名词和专有名词1普通名词凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型：1）个体名词个体名词指作为个体而He has two aunts.他有两个姑姑。的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如：Most cl

2、assrooms have computers.多数教室里都有电脑。 也可指抽象东西，例如：Weve lived here for twenty years.我们在这里住了二十年了。I had a dream last night我昨晚做了一个梦。个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks, problems;2）集体名词形式可以和 a/an 连用，如：a week, a problem, an old man.集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词：family（家，家庭） army（） company（公司；全体船员） enemy（敌人） government（）group（小组，

3、团体） public（公众） team（队；组）（）集体名词有，有复数。说来，视为整体，想到它的成员复数：例如：作作复数His family isn't large.他家人不多。The government is planning to build a dam here.打算在这里建一座水坝。The public was unlikely to support it.公众支持它的可能性不大。His family are all music lovers.他家的人都喜欢音乐。The government are discussing the plan.在讨论这个计划。The public

4、 were deceived by the newspaper.公众受到报纸的蒙骗。有的集体名词通常用作，例如：Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.我们公司将派他去柏林工作。有的集体名词多作复数。例如：Theare looking for him.正在找他。3）物质名词物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，我们的常见的物质名词有：beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, sa

5、lad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool 等。说来，物质名词是不可数折，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：a. 有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”，“一杯”： Tree beers, please.请来三杯啤酒。A chocolate ice-cream for me.给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。b. 有此物质名词可作可数名词，表示“一种”： It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms. 这是一种特别的茶，有桔子花叶。It was

6、 a delicious wine.那是一种美味的红酒。 c个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义： It was now the time of the spring rains.现在是春天雨季的时候。Here are the snows of last year.这是去看的积雪。d抽象名词抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念，词有：不可数，因此没有复形，前面也不加不定a/an。常见的抽象名age, anger, beauty, childhood, death, duty, fear, fun, happiness, health, help, history, industry, joy, la

7、bour, love, luck,music, nature, peace, pleasure, power, safety, silence, sleep, time, training, travel, trust, tworth, youth 等。, waste, weather, work,在多数情况下，这种名词常用于形式，不加任何safety first!安全第一！Its wonderful weather.天气好极了。例如：但有加定例如：the,或不定a/an.I shall never forget the beauty of that lake.我永远忘记那个湖的美丽。Ther

8、es a beauty in simplicity.朴实之中有一种美。2专有名词专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如：1）人名：Mary, Mrs Green, Zhanghua2）地名：, West Lake3）某类人的名称：Americans, Russians4） 某些抽象事物的名称：English,5） 月份、周日及节日名称：May, Saturday, Easter6）书名、及诗歌的名称：Cone with the Wind7）对家人等的称呼：Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom专有名词的第一个字母要大写。（三）可数名词和不可数名词名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为

9、可数与不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式，不可数名词式。没有复数形普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词是可数的，所以它们又可称为可数名词。可数名词往往要同不定冠词 a 或 an 连用，复数则要使用其复数形式。例如：普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词及专有名词是不可数的，这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定修饰，也不复数形式，如 ice (冰)，water (水), rice (稻子)等。在英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词，又可以作可数名词。但由于用法不同，它们的意思往往也不大相同， 对这些名词要特别注意。例如说来，汉语和英语对某一个名词是否可数的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名词在汉语中常被

10、用作可数名词，而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词，对这些名词也要特别注意，发如：fun ，work ，advice ，weather ，homework ，news ，money ，information ，b（四）可数名词复数形式的，hair)，chalk，furniture 等。可数名词的复数形式通常是在形式后加-s 或-es，现将其复数的及读音列表如下：情况例词读音情况在词尾加-sdeskdesks mapmaps-s 在请辅音后发s音daydays girlgirls-s 在元音私浊畏音后发z以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的词在词尾加-esbus buses boxboxes watch

11、watches fishfisheses 发iz音以辅音字母加 y 结尾的词变 y 为 I 再加-esfamilyfamilies factoryfactories partyparties-ies 发iz音以元音字母 y 结尾的词在词尾加-sdaydays boyboys keykeys-s 发z音以 f 或 fe 结尾的词变 f 或 fe 为v 再加-esknifeknives lifelives wifewives halfhalves-ves 发vz音作不可数名词作可数名词glasspaper 纸张time 时间work 消息杯；镜子；眼镜报纸；文件；考卷 次数；单词；话语复数a co

12、untry a classa sheepa tomatocountries classes sheep tomatoes少数以辅音字母加 o 结尾的名词变为复数时只加-s。如：photophotos, pianopianos 等。有些以 f 结尾的名词变为复数只加-s。如：handkerchiefhandkerchiefs, roofroofs 等。英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的， 必须把它们牢记在心。如： manmen, womanwomen,FrenchmanFrenchmen, childchildren, toothteeth, footfeet, goosegeese, mo

13、usemice, deerdeer, fishfish 等。（五）名词的所有格sheepsheep,在英语中，有些名词的词尾 可以加上s，用来表示所有1名词所有格的，这种结构称为名词的所有格。名词所有格的1）如果名词是例如：the boys schoolbag般有以下三种情况：，只在词尾加s。这男孩的书包the workers shoes 这个二人的鞋2）复数名词如果以 s 结尾，只加（在 s 的右上角）即可如：the teachers office们的办公室thes classroom 学生们的教室3）复数名词如果不以 s 结尾，则在词尾加s 如：Womens Day 妇女节the Peop

14、les Park 人民公园2名词所有格的用法名词的所有格主要有以下五种用法： 1）表示人成动物与其他的人、动物或事物的所有例如：He is Marys younger brother.。他是They are的弟弟。ing Lei Fengs Diaries.他们在读的。2）表示时间、距离、例如：、城市等名词与其他事物的所有。Our school is half an hours walk from here.我们学校离这儿步行有的距离。iss capital.的首都。是3）表示无生命东西的名词的所有例如：，使用与 of的短语结构。The front door of the house was

15、painted red.那屋子的前门被漆成了红色。There is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom.我们教室前面的墙上有一幅世界地图。4）名词所有格后面跟地点，往往要将地点名词省略。例如：My sister often goes to my uncles.妹妹经常到我叔叔家去。以辅音字母加 o 结尾的词在词尾加-espotatopotatoes tomatotomatoes heroheroes-es 发z音以元音字母加 o 结尾的词在词尾加-sradioradios zoozoos-s 发z音You look ill

16、. Youd better go to the doctors.你脸色不好，最好去看看病。5）被名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提出到过， 例如：I am using my dictionary. You can use Toms.可以省略。我们字典我正在用，你可以用的。Our bedroom is much larger than John ands.我们的寝室比私的大得多，（六）可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达1. 两种名词都有能修饰的数量词有：some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of 等。例如：Please give me some paper.请给

17、我一些纸。I dont want to borrow any magazines.我不想借什么杂志。2. 用来修饰可数名词的数量词有：many, several. hundreds of, a number of, a pair of, a few, few 等。例如：You havequite a few spelling mistakes in your composition.你的俄文中有很多拼写错误。Several days later, a group ofs went to help the old man.几天以后，一群学生去帮助了那位老人。3用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有：muc

18、h, a great deal of, a bit of, a drop of, a piece of, quite a little, little,等。例如：I want a piece of red chalk.要一支红粉笔。Please give her a bit of b请给她一点面包。（七）名词的用法1作主语例如：.The radio says that it may stop raining later.广播说一会儿雨可能会停。2作表语例如：Class 3 were the winners. 三班获胜了。 3作宾语例如：I told him a story.我给他讲了个故事。4

19、作宾语补足语例如：He named her Jenny.他给她取名5作例如：。We are discussing the population problem.我们正在讨论人口问题。6作状语例如：He sat here a long time. 他坐在这儿很久了。7与介词组成词组 例如：I am working hard on my 我正在努力学习汉语。8作介词宾语例如：Give the money to your sister.把钱给你姐姐。三、随堂监测 A 组.I.7.40.写出下列名词的复数形式：house orange

20、 brush city class 1.14.village3. bag 6.family9.map exercise bus baby glass woman wish man potato box factory watch man tomato human shelf 0.dictionary17.match German 8.kilo Japa life foothalf leafAmerican33. wife36.sheep39.tooth knifechildII. 将下列词组译成英语：1、

21、一群孩子3、三篮子蔬菜5、十杯牛奶7、多种植物9、两块冰11、四瓶橘汁13、六碗米饭15、八块木头III. 写出下列各词的名词形式：2、两箱子4、九块面包6、五块肉8、一副眼镜10、三张纸12、五杯茶14、七袋米16、九块金属5.29.work 2. 6.teach invent 3.7.sing wait 4.8.ill woolen cloudy funny hot please dangerous win run wooden 10.14.18.thankful11.foreign12.dirty medical worried safe noisy 15

22、.19.23.27.visit operate build die 8.invite22.help draw 26.30.四、随堂监测 B 组. 选择填空：1. I want to buy.A. two bottles of inkB. two bottle of inkC. two bottle of inksD. two bottles of inks2. They dont have to dotoday.A. much homework3. Theof machineA. voiceB. many homeworks us feel sick.B. noiseC.

23、many homeworkD. much homeworksC. soundD. noises4. The blouse isA. a woolof.B. these woodC. woolsD. wool5. There are threeand sevenin the picture.A. cows, sheeps6. June 1 is.A. childrens dayB. cows, sheepC. cow, sheepD. cow, sheepsB. childrens DayC. Childrens DayD. Childrens day7.room is next to thei

24、r parents.A. Kates and Joans8. Miss Green is a friend of.A. Marys mothersB. Kates and JoanC. Kate and JoansD. Kate and JoanB. Marys motherC. Mary mothersD. mothers of Mary9. Tom is. He will come to see me.A. my a friendB. a friendC. mine friendD. a friend of mine10. Sheepwhite and milkalso white.A.

25、is, areB. are, isC. is, isD. are, are11. Id like to have a glass of milk and.A. two bsB. two pieces of bD. two piece of bsC. two pieces of b12. Its a longto Paris. Its two thousand kilometers.A. streetB. roadC. wayD. end13. Manyare singing over there.A. woman14. He bought.A. two pairs of shoesC. two

26、 pairs of shoe15. Mr. White has three.A. childB. womenC. girlD. childB. two pair of shoesD. two pair of shoeB. childrenC. childsD. childrens16.is one of the biggestin the world.B. cityA. citysC. cityesD. cities17. - Wheres Mr. White? - Hes in.A. the room 202B. Room 202C. the Room 202D. room 20218. S

27、hops, hospitals and schools are all.A. placesB. homesC. roomsD. buildings19. Every morning Mr. Smith takes ato his office.A. 20 minutes walksB. 20 minutes walkC. 20-minutes walkD. 20-minute walk20. -Are these? - No, they arent. Theyre.A. sheep, cowsB. sheep, cowC. sheeps, cowD. sheeps, cows21. There

28、 are manyin the fridge.A. fishB. fruitC. eggsD. b22. - Whose room is this? - Its.A. Li23. Here arefor you, Sue.A. potatosB. LisC. LisD. LisB. some potatoesC. three tomatosD. some tomato24. Here are some birthday cards with our bestfor her.A. wishB. hopeC. wishesD. hopes25. I always go to thatto buy

29、food on Sunday.A. shop26. WhatsB. parkfor “ PRC”?C. zooD. gardenA.B. 中民C.D.27. Sam gave Ann someto look after Polly while he was away.A. picture-booksB. inventionsC. instructions? - The.C. pandaD. messages28. - Which of the following animals lives onlyA. monkeyB. elephantD. cat29.room is on the 5th

30、floor.A. Lucy and Lily Lilys30. The third month of the year isA. MarchB. Lucy and LilysC. Lucys and LilyD. Lucys and.B. JanuaryC. FebruaryD. April31. Mum, Im quite thirsty. Please give meA. two orangeC. two bottles of orange.B. two bottle of orangesD. two bottles of oranges32. How wonderful! Theisof

31、.A. house, glassB. house, glassesC. houses, glassD. houses, glasses33. I met somein the park and talked with them the other day.A. JanpasB. AmericanC.sD. English34.is the best time for plng trees.A. SummerB. WinterC. SpringD. Autumn35. Tom was badly hurt in the match. They carried him to theas quick

32、ly as possible.A. bankB. post officeC. shopD. hospital36. There are twoin the room.A. shelfB. shelfsC. shelfesD. shelves37. There are sevenin a week.A. yearsB. monthsC. daysD. minutes38. My father is a. He works in a hospital.A. teacherB. doctorC. farmerD. writer39. Its very cold today. Why dont you

33、 put on your?A. watchB. shirtC. sweaterD. glasses40. - Excuse me, are you? - Yes, Im from.A. Japan, JapaAmericaB.,C. England,EnglishD. American,V. 各地中考题选编：1. - Where is Tom? - Hes left asaying that he has something important to do.A. excuseB. messageC. exerciseD. news2. There is noin the bus so we h

34、ave to wait for another bus.A. roomB. a roomC. roomsD. seats3. - Would you like some? - Oh, yes. Just a little.A. pearsB. orangesC. sugarD. apples4. You can find the following INSTRUCTIONS on. KEEP IN A COLD PLACEA. foodB. moneyC. clothesD. books5. Mr. Green has lived in thehotel since he came to.A.

35、 five-starB. five-starsC. five starsD. five stars6. She was born in Wuhan, buthas become her second.A. homeB. familyC. houseD. place7. - Whats thetoday? - Its June 26.A. dayB. dateC. timeD. hour8. English is spoken as a first language in.A. the USAB. IndiaC. JapanD.9.comes from cows.A. WoolB. Chicke

36、nC. PorkD. Milk10. Which of the following does paper burn in?A. co2B. N2C. O2D. H 211. Let the children go away. Theyre making too muchhere.A. noiseB. voiceC. noisyD. es from sheep and some people like eating it.A. WoolB. PorkC. MuttonD. Milk13. - Oh, there isnt enoughfor us in the lift.

37、- It doesnt matter, lets wait for the next.A. groundB. floorC. placeD. room14.is the biggest city.A.B. ShanghaiC. GuangzhouD. Kun15. The Englishman Stephenson (孙), invented.A. the shipB. the carC. the planeD. the train重点知识归纳及讲解（一）概说1是一种虚词，不能担任一个成分，只能附着在一个名词上，帮助说明其词义。英语中有两个：1） 定2） 不定thea/an定 不定2 不定例如

38、：the 通常读作，在元音前读作i，特别强调或读作i:。在元音音素开始的单词前用 an 这个形式，读作n；在其他情况下则使用 a，读作。的基本意义a/an 与数词one 同源，表示“一个”的意思，用在可数名词前。She is a nurse.她是个护士。He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife.他是一位英国人，有一个爱尔兰妻子。定the，与 this 同源，有“这（那）个”的意思，但比较弱，表示一（几）个特定的人或东西，有时可译作“这个（些）”或“那个（些）”。例如：Thats the book you want.这就是你要的那本书。Whos the yo

39、ung man over there?那边那个年轻人是谁？但在很多情况下，“这”或“那”这类词在译文中并不出现。例如：Put it on the table.把它放在桌上。Shut the door, please. 请把门关上。 3特指和泛指来说，名词有特指和泛指两种情况，请比较下面的句子：A gentleman is asking to see you.有位先生要求见你。（泛指）Ask ttleman to come in.请那位先生进来。（特指）在特指时前面要加定，而泛指时则有三种情况：1）在可数名词前加不定。例如：She sent me a postcard她寄给我一张明信片。 2）在

40、可数名词复数前可不加例如：These are new words.这些是生词。She sent me some flowers.她送给我一些花。，可使用 some, any 这类词。3）在不可数名词前多不加什么，有例如：Its lovely weather.天气真好。Do you want any sugar in your tea?你茶里要放点糖吗？Give us some help.给我们一些帮助。可加 some, any 等。（二）不定的基本用法1. 泛指某一类人或事物中的一个，代表某一类别（不一定译为“一”） 例如：His father is a doctor.他父亲是医生。2. 代表

41、某一类人或事物，相当于 any（+名词）（不必译为“一”，但必例如：A horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物。a，表示类别）3. 指例如：This book was written by a worker.这本书是一位工人写的。4. 表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有 one 强烈（ 例如：Wait a moment.等一下。译为“一”）或某物（不是指某一类），但不具体说明何人或何物（译为“一”）5表示例如：，相当于“每”的意思We have three meals a day.我们吃三餐。6用于某此固定词组中例如：a few, a little, a bit

42、 (of), a lot of 等。（三）定的基本用法1. 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物例如：Give me the book.把那本书给我。2. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物例如：Where is the doctor?医生在哪儿？3再次提到上文提到过的人或事物例如：I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home.昨天我买了一本词典。词典在家里。 4用在大家所熟悉的、世界上独一无二的事物例如：The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.地球比月亮大，

43、但比太阳小。5用在序数词和形容词例如：Mr Wang teaches the first class.上第一节课。Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth.在所有的恒星中，太阳离地球最近。前6用在可数名词，表示某一类人或事物例如：The horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物。7与下列专有名词连用1） 在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前例如：the Changjiang River, the Great Lake2） 在姓氏的复数名词前，表示夫妇二人或全家人例如：The Greens are sitti

44、ng at the breakfast table.一家人正围坐在早餐桌旁。 8和某些形容词连用，表示一类人例如：the old 老人 the young 年轻人the rich 富人 the poor 穷人the sickthe dead 死人9在一些习惯说法中the east (west, south, north)in the morning (afternoon, evening) on the left (right)in the endgo to the cinema（四）不用的几种情况1在专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前例如：Have you ever been to Shangh

45、ai?你到过上海吗？We love science.我们科学。2. 在表示一类人或事物的复数名词前例如：Girls can be scientists.子可以当科学家。3. 在季节、月份、星期、一日三餐的名称前例如：It is hot in summer.夏天天气热。Its Tuesday, August the 22nd.是八月二十二日，星Have you had breakfast?你吃过早饭没有？。4称呼语或表示头衔，职务的名词前例如：Whats the matter with you, Mike?怎么啦，？He is headmaster of our school. 他是我们学校的校

46、长。 5学科和球类的名称前例如：We study English.我们学习英语。Do you like to play football?你喜欢踢足球吗？6名词前已有用作例如：That is her bike.那是她的自行车。的 this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every, each 等时，不用Eachin his class studies hard.这个班的每个学生都努力学习。7在某些固定词组的名词前例如：at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front

47、 of, go to school, go to bed 等。三、随堂监测 A 组I. 在下列句子的空格中填上适当的，不需要的地方用“/”表示：1. This isold map. It isuseful map.2. We have no classes inafternoon onSaturday.3. spaceship flies at about eleven kilometerssecond.4.iscapital of . It isbeautiful city.5. Roman was not built inday.6.is quitedifficult language f

48、or Mike.7. Many s will takeactive part in sports meet.8. There isinteresting picture onwall.9. Jenny foundwallet lying onground.wallet was Mr. Blacks.10. Which isbiggest,sun,_ moon, orearth?11. - Which picture is more beautiful? -one onleft, I think.12. - Which isway tohospital?- Go down this road a

49、nd turn left onsecond crossing.13. more,better.14. Turners are sitting at breakfast table.15. Joe Hill was er forworking class.16. When wasPeoplesfounded?17. first English textbooks were published inlate nineteenth century.18. Afterbreakfast he went toschool onfoot.19.Huanghe River lies innorth of.2

50、0. He likes playingfootball. His sister likes playingpiano.II. 单项选择：1. 上学A. go to schoolB. go to the schoolC. go to a school..9.21.住院此刻在课堂上在地球上步行吃饭A,A.A.A.A.A.in at in on onatthe hospital the moment classearth foota tableB.B.B.B.B.B.in at in on onata aahospital momentclassC.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.C