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1、攻克英语专业八级改错部分湛朝虎2013年3月1日英语专业八级考试改错部分应试的基本策略与技巧【基本策略】Major Five 以改为主,以增减为辅。其中,改与增减的比率大致是7:3;增减亦有增二减一,或者增一减二。 避实就虚。错误点往往出现在语法功能词上,而不是实词上。 重形式,轻内容。文章中心思想不能随意改动,错误点往往出现在一些语法结构形式上。含混辨析。 解除含混。错误项与正确项之间往往具有某种表面相似性,需要根据上下文语境解除错误项,找出正确项。 改动避免伤元气。对于确定的错误项,如果正确项有多种选择,应当尽量少动干戈,保持原文味汁。Minor Five 前后呼应。错误项可能在上下文语境
2、中有所暗示,正式改错之前应当扫读文章的大意及核心关键词。 一个萝卜一个坑。某一特定错误行中只允许出现一个错误。 拒斥无意识错误项。考题中不会出现诸如拼写、大小写、标点符号等错误,考试中不要纠结某处可能存在如此的低级错误。 画线定错误。错误项只能出现在有画线的行,在没有画线的行不要花大量的时间。 语言文化题材。改错的文章一般选自语言、文化类题材,平时多涉猎此等文章,有一定的知识储备能保证理解上不出差错。【基本技巧】5Cs: Concord > Collocation > Construction > Connection> Co-occurrenceConcord(一致)
3、。即部分错误是语言形式上的不一致,需要根据其具体的类别更改。【1】代词一致。在上下文语境中,代词通常与其先行词存在一定的距离,它们之间是否一致往往不在考生的意识范围,具有极大的迷惑性。在比较复杂的关系从句中,关系代词与先行词之间的关系一定要弄清楚。The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the Pacific. every
4、 language appears to be as well equipped as any other to say the things their speakers want to say. 【2】时态一致。改错短文的时态一般有一个基调,且某个复杂复合句中一般也提供了某个动词需用的时态框架,如果某个动词所用的时态不是特殊原因所致,那么就会出现时态前后不一致的现象。We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early y
5、ears we went on unconsciously imitating and practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hoursThe English language will be just as rich in terms for different kinds of snow if the environments in which English was habitually used made such distinctions important. 【3】平行结构一致。平行结构一般由至少
6、二个以上类似的语法结构并和而成,如果其中的某个与其它另外的结构不一致,就会出现句法结构不协调的现象。The way in which universities make themselves attractive to students include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students a governance role, and eliminate required courses. Culture refers to the social heritage of a peoplethe learned
7、 patterns for thinking, feeling and act that characterize a population or society, including the expression of these patterns in material things. 【4】主谓一致。主语是某种特殊词汇构成的名词短语时,后面的动词一般有较为固定的形式与其保持一致。 neither of them have been damaged in any either before or during birth. Many a man and woman in this comm
8、unity find himself or herself in need. My worthy friend Sir Roger is the only one of those who are not only at peace within himself, but beloved and esteemed by all about him. Collocation(搭配)。即部分错误是词汇与词汇之间的固定搭配问题,这主要涉及要动介结构、动副结构、介名结构等等。Although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes for week
9、s or even months after birth, If he did not care of his guests feelings he would simply get up out of his chair and announce his departure. These young adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large families that went for more than two decades and caused a major but the temporary
10、decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in Europe. 专八改错中常用固定搭配1a host of 大量2a test for检测目的3a test on对进行测试4a test with检测手段5above all 最重要的; 6according to根据7achieve equilibrium取得平衡8achieve ones purpose达到目的9achieve success 获得成功10achieve victory获得胜利11act on 遵照行动,作用于; 12act on对有影响13add up to 总
11、计,合计14add to 把加到. 15adhere to 坚持,奉行; 16after all 毕竟,均不合题意; 17agree on对取得一致意见18agree to同意19agree with sb.同意某人的话20along with 和一道,和一起; 21alternate (with)交替;22amount to 合计,共计; 23an equal to与相当的人/物,(地位)相同的人24and yet然而25anything but 一点也不; 26anything like像那样的东西27anywhere near接近于28apart form除之外尚有29apply to
12、向申请,适用于30appreciation of对的欣赏/赞赏31argue against 反对32as a result of作为的结果,由于33as a result(作为结果,因此)表结果,用不用逗号隔开看情况而定; 34as a whole 作为一个整体,整个看来35as far as /are concerned就而言36as for至于,就方面说37as if好像,仿佛38as soon as一就 39as though好像,仿佛40as to 至于,关于; 41as well也,一样42as yet迄今,到目前为止43aside from 除之外;44associate wit
13、h由联想到,把联系起来45association with与的交往46at a disadvantage处于不利地位47at a loss不知所措48at a time每次,一次49at all 丝毫,根本; 50at any moment即使,随时。 51at first 首先,开始的时候; 52at large未被捕获的,大多数; 53at last 终于,最终; 54at least至少55at length 最终,详细地; 56at most最多57at no time从不,决不58at one time曾经,从前曾59at the cost of以为代价60at the least
14、至少; 61at times有时,间或; 62atspeed以的速度63attend on 照顾,侍候;64attribute to 把归于65back up 后退,支持;66base on 基于67be able to能够,胜任68be about to正打算69be accustomed to习惯于70be associated with 与有关,与有关系71be aware of 意识到; 72be capable of 有能力干; 73be caught 遇到,陷入74be committed to被交给,答应承担义务;75be confined to 限制在,局限于; 76be co
15、nfined/be restricted受限制77be dedicated to 奉献,献给; 78be devoted to 被用于,贡献给79be directed to指向,针对80be drawn to 被所吸引; 81be due to由于,因此82be exposed to 暴露在下,处在的作用之下; 83be fond of 喜爱 84be full of 充满他85be habitual to(him) 对(他来说)习以为常86be in order合适,恰当。 87be involved in 参与,参加; 88be involved with 与有关连, 89be left
16、 to 由来决定,由来想办法;90be limited to限制在,限定在; 91be linked to/with something 与连接92be proud of 为而骄傲。93be referred to被提及,被提交94be related to与有关95be sick of 厌恶,讨厌; 96be subject to 经受,遭受; 97be suitable for适合于98be sure of 对的肯定; 99be thrown in 额外赠送100be tied by/with被捆绑101be tied to 束缚于,捆绑于102be tired of 厌倦,厌烦; 103
17、behind time 晚点 104belief in对的真实性或正确性具有信心105believe( to be) 相信是106better than好于107beyond question毋庸置疑 108break away脱离,逃跑109break down 损坏,分解,瓦解110break into闯入111break in强行进行,打断112break off断绝,结束113break out突发,爆发114break through突破115break up终止,结束,打碎116bring about 产生; 117bring forward 提出。 118bring out 使出
18、现;公布;出版; 119bring up 培养,养大; 120by accident偶然,含有不幸的因素121by all means无论如何,必定122by chance偶然,意外地123by choice处于选择124by contrast 对比之下; 125by means of 用,依靠; 借助于 126by means of借助于127by mistake错误地128by the way顺便提一下129by virtue of 凭借,借助;因为, 130by way of经由,通过方式131call forth唤起,引起132call for邀请,要求,需要133call off放弃
19、,取消134call on/upon访问,拜访135care for 照顾,关心136carry out贯彻,执行,实现137cast light on阐明某事;138catch up with赶上; 139catch sight of 看见; 140center on 把集中在,以为中心;141characterized by 以为特征; 142coincide with 与相符143come from 来自,来源于; 144come off 成功; 145come on涉及,谈及,到达,结束,总共,共计,突然想起146come out出版,出现,结局是147come to 等于,结果是;
20、总计,达到148come under attack受到打击149come under归人,受到150come up 发生,形成; 151comment on 评论,发表意见;152commit to交付,把投入153comply with 遵守,服从; 154conform to 遵守,符合,顺应155consist of组成156consistent in 在(某方面)一致157consistent with与一致158contribute to 有助于 ,促进,加剧; 159copy out 抄写; 160correlate with找出一一对应的关系161count on指望; 162c
21、ut away 砍掉; 163cut down 削减; 164cut off 打断,中断; 165cut out 删掉; 166dedicate to 奉献; 167depend on依靠,依赖168die back 枯死; 169die down 逐渐消失;止息; 170die off 相继死去; 171die out消失;死绝; 172difference in在方面的差别173do something for/to 改进,增强174doubt about怀疑175due to 由于,因为176dwell on 利用 177enter for 报名参加;178enter into 开始 (
22、谈话,讨论) 179entertain a proposal愿意考虑这一建设180entertain an idea抱着一种想法181even if甚至,即使182even though (虽然,尽管)表让步; 183ever since(自从之后,从此以后)表时间;184faithful to忠心于185fall from 从落下; 186far from毫不,远非187favor of喜欢188figure out计算出189find out查明190focus on集中于,集中研究191followed by 接着是; 192for all 尽管; 193for example举例来说1
23、94for instance 和 such as 都表示举例,前者常接句子,后者常接名词或名词短语; 195for instance 例如196for the purpose of 为了目的; 197for the sake of为了起见198frankly speaking坦白来说199freedom from免于(的自由)200from all appearances从所能见到和所能知道的情况判断201from all sides 从四面八方,全面地202from now on从现在开始203from/by all accounts根据方面所说204gather up拾起,集拢; 205g
24、enerally speaking一般来说206get along with进展,相处融洽207get away逃脱,离开208get away逃脱,离开209get down to开始,着手210get in进入,收获,收集211give in妥协,让步,投降,屈服212give off放出,释放213give out分发,放出214give something away泄露215give up停止,放弃216give way让路,让步217go beyond 超越,超过; 218go by从旁走过,顺访219go for追求220go in进入,参加221go through经历222ha
25、nd on传下来,依次传递223hand out分发,散发224hand over交出,移交225have a bearing on与有关系226have difficulty with与-有分歧,相处不好227hold back踌躇,退缩,阻止228hold down 控制229hold on to紧紧抓住,坚持230hold on继续,握住不放,坚持231hold out维持,伸出,提出,坚持232hold up 保持良好,停止;阻滞233hold up举起,承载,阻挡234if only(要是,只要)表条件; 235in use 在使用; 236in degree在速度上237in a
26、sense (从某种意义上说)它可以放在句首、句中或者句尾,一般不用逗号隔开; 238in a state of 处于的状态239in a way从某一点上看240in accord with与一致241in addition to 除之外,并且242in all 总共; 243in any case 无论如何,不管怎样; 244in case of 万一发生 245in case 假使,以防; 246in circles=in a circle在原地兜圈子,毫无进展247in consequence 因此; 248in doubt 有怀疑249in effect (实质上,实际上)它在句中一
27、般不需要用逗号隔开; 250in essence实质上,本质上,根本上251in fact实际上252in firm voice 用清晰,坚定的声音。 253in general 总的来说,大体上; 254in general一般来说: 255in line with 与一致,符合;256in mind心里想着某人或某事;257in need of 需要258in no way决不259in ones opinion在某人看来260in ones terms用的话来说 in ones view根据观点261in ones way/in the way妨碍,阻碍262in order to为了2
28、63in order 整齐,恰当264in particular 尤其,特别;265in perspective 关系恰当地,观察合理地; 266in point of 说到,关于267in question 对 表示 怀疑,有疑问 268in reference to 关于,就而论; 269in regard to关于270in relation to 关于,至于; 271in reply to 作为回答;272in response to 作为对的回答,作为对的反应; 273in return for 作为对的汇报/交换; 274in short 总之,简言之; 275in spite o
29、f尽管; 276in terms of 用的话;从方面来说; 277in the analysis of 在对进行分析时278in the bargain 此外,还279in the case of 至于,就来说;就而论 280in the company of 陪伴,伴随 ; 281in the course of 在过程中,在期间282in the end最后283in the event of 万一发生; 284in the form of以形状,以形式;285in the light of鉴于,由于; 286in the process of 在的过程中; 287in time后来渐渐
30、,终于 ; 288in turn 依次地,反过来; 289in vain徒劳290in whole 整个地291infuse into注入292insist on坚持,一定要293instead of 代替294interest in对的兴趣295irrespective of不顾的,不考虑的; 296isolate from 使与隔离;使孤立 ; 297it used to be 过去的情况是298join in 参加(某种活动); 299lay emphasis on 强调; 300lay/put blame on责怪,归咎于301lead off 开始; 302lead on 继续引领;
31、 303lead out 开始; 304lead to 导致; 305less than 不如,少于306link together联系在一起307long before早在之前,很久以前 308look on旁观,观看309loyal to忠诚于310make a step 走一步 311make for 有助于,有利于; 312make ones way前进,行进313make out 弄懂;辨认,开出(支票,药方等) 314make sure 查明,弄确实; 315make towards朝走去 316make way开路,让路317mean by 的意思,意味着318more than
32、比更,与其说不如说,不是而是319more than不仅,不止;多于320much as(虽然,尽管)表让步; 321no less than和一样,既又322no more than既不会也不会323not but 不是而是324now that(既然,由于)表原因;325object to 反对;326of course当然327on a large scale大规模的(地)328on a national scale在全国范围内329on account of 由于; 330on average 按平均值,通常; 331on behalf of 代表,为了;332on campus在校园
33、333on occasion偶尔; 334on radio 用无线电,通过广播; 335on the average 按平均值,通常;336on the basis of 根据,在的基础上337on the contrary相反338on the grounds of 以为理由339on the occasion of 在场合,值之际; 340on the other hand另一方面341on the radio 通过广播,无线电广播中; 342on the side 额外地,作为兼职; 343on the side of在 一边 344on the whole 总的来看; 345on ti
34、me 准时; 346one another 相互347one or other 不管哪一个348only if (只要,只有)表条件; 349other than 除了,不同于;350out of step不一致,不协调351out of the question 不可能的 352out of use 不使用 353owe to 把 归功于 354pass out 分发,分配;昏倒,死去;355pass off 中止,停止; 356pass on把传递给另外一个人; 357pass out 失去知觉,晕倒;358pay attention to 注意; 359pay by check用支票支付
35、360pay in cash 或 pay cash 付现金。 361pay off 赢利,取得好结果, 362persist in坚持363pick up 捡起,提高;364plan for 为订计划; 365point to指向; 366properly speaking正确(公正)地讲367provided that(假若,倘如)表条件;368put together 加在一起; 369put up with 忍受; 370quite other完全不同的371rather than ( 宁愿)与其;是而不是372refer to ( as) 提到,把称为;参考373reflect dis
36、credit on使丧失名誉374reflect on思考,反省,怀疑375rely on 依靠,指望;376removefrom把从去掉;撤职: 377responsible for 对负责。378result from由产生,因而造成:379result in导致380ripe for 为什么做好准备。 381root out 发现382run a risk 意为“冒风险” 383sacrifice something to为牺牲某事384secure sth. from attack使受攻击385set about开始,着手386set aside掩饰出,留出387set back推迟,
37、延缓;阻碍388set down卸下,放下;记下389set forth阐明,陈述390set off 出发,使爆炸391set out陈列,显示,启程392share with 与分享; 393shoot a film拍摄一个镜头394side with站在一边,支持; 395similar to 与类似; 396since then从那时起397something like大约,有几分像398sooner than 早于; 399speed up加速; 400stand for代表,意味着401step up增加,加速 在 方面不同。 402stick to 坚持,坚持干,遵循; 403s
38、timulated by 受的刺激(或激励); 404stir up 激起,引起,挑起;405such as 比方说,例如; 406support for 对的支持407sure enough 果然,果然不出所料; 408take away 拿走,夺走;409take a step采取措施; 410take advantage of 利用。 411take away消耗,清除412take care of照管; 413take for 把看作,把误以为;414take in接受,吸收,欺骗415take on呈现,从事416take over接管417take to开始喜欢,开始从事,开始沉湎
39、于418take up with 开始于来往; 419take up 专用420thanks to由于,幸亏421the bulk of的主要部分,大多数422the formerthe latter(前者,后者) 423to extent在范围,到程度424to caution against对予以警告425to center around以为中心426to some extent某种程度上,有一点427to such an extent that到了这样的程度,以至428to the extent 到的程度429to the extent到的程度430to the extent到的程度43
40、1to turn something into 把转换为432together with一起433transition to 向过渡,向转变434turn away 转来脸去 435turn over 把 翻过 436turn round 转过身来 437turn to 求助于 438turn up意外地发生; 439what is more而且,再者440with regard to 关于,至于,就而论, 441with that 说罢。 442with the exception of 除外 443withspeed以的速度444work away一直在工作445work out解决,算出
41、,制定出446work up逐步建立,逐步发展; 447worse than坏于448write away不停地写449write in 提出书面要求450write off 报废;勾销 451write on写,记述452write out写出,开出(药方,支票) Construction(结构)。即错误极有可能是在特殊句式结构中,这样的结构一般是学生较为难以熟练掌握的,且英汉语之间存在较大的差异。It is + adj. + to do / that-clausenotuntilthe moment / no soonerthan/ hardlywhen / scarcelywhen su
42、chassothatmorethanasasthe morethe moreThere is no denying the fact thatWe think it necessary to do / that-clauselet alone thatHome is home, be it ever so homely. I would rather / sooner / just as soon that you performed the operation right away. There is no rule but has exceptions. Child as he is, h
43、e knows a lot. Intellect is to the mind what sight is to the body. It being fine, we can go picnicking. This book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history.The secretary arranged for there to be another interview. He could not help firing when he saw
44、the enemy approaching. You may as well help me to get things straight.I cannot but yield to his power. Cohesion(衔接)。即错误可能存在于上下文句子之间的逻辑衔接,英语不同于汉语,句子之间的显性逻辑关系比较形式化,往往都能找到确定的逻辑关联词,需要对文章的主旨大意弄清楚,确保理解不发生逻辑错误。句子之间的逻辑关系往往涉及到转折、让步、并列、条件、因果、递进、时间、目的、例举、顺序、总结等等。(见教材p.115-p.116)One is the fact that pronunciati
45、on is learnt naturally and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt deliberately. A rough and ready difference is that grammatical words have less meaning, but in fact some grammarians have called them empty words as opposed to Co-occurrence(共现)。即错误可能是与某个记忆库中的同根词或是近义词共现,但彼此之间的意义有不同程度的区别,需要根据具体的上下文语境
46、去判断正确的形式。【同根词】(1)形-副The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation. (2)现在分词-过去分词But this rather misled way of expressing the distinction. (3)抽象概念-语境定位we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for healthier diet. (4)单-复The rest is fresh, but three quarter of th
47、is is in the form of the ice at the Poles and on mountain. (5)可数-不可数 we certainly do create a great number of obscurity when we omit them. (6)肯定-否定The position is simply and obviously that Eskimos and the English live in similar environments. (7)及物-不及物Only two passengers survived in the air-crash. 【
48、易混词】affect-effectadapt-adopt-adeptprincipal-principleimplicit-explicitcostume-customextensive-intensivealtar-alterassent-accentproceed-precedepray-preycrash-crushcompliment-complementconfirm-conformdoze-doseemigrant-immigrantexceed-excellatitude-altitudeimmoral-immortalalone-lonelydrought-draughtassure-reassure-ensureexcept-exemptincident-accidentinspiration-aspirationpatent-potentialprotect-protestrevenge-avengeexpand-expendcommence-commercestrive-strideallusion-illus
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