整体生态思考

1、Foundations in the Material Environments of Aging 老龄人物质环境基础Introduction 介绍章Dr Megan StrickfadenDepartment of Human EcologyUniversity of AlbertaforYunshi International Education Technology (Beijing) Co. Ltd.Thinking Holistically and Ecologically 整体和生态的思考Material environments are holistic ecological s

2、ystems and networks. These systems and networks are comprised of people, actions, things, places and spaces where lived experience is performed spontaneously, creatively and routinely. There is an inherent interconnectedness among all parts of the systems and networks.物质环境产生于整体的生态系统，并且是网络式的。这些系统和网络由

3、人，行为，对象，发生生活经历的空间和场作所构成。这些构成包含自发进行的，创造性的和非常规性的。在这些系统中总有一个固有的相互联系被用于连接系统的不同部分。Figure 6: systems and networks 系统和网络The idea of imagining an individual holistically and considering human phenomena within an ecology of things is relatively new to Western thinking. Typically, Western thinkers have divide

4、d human experiences and individuals into neat little parcels of information that are characterized as being distinct and not connected to one another. For example, the human senses have been characterized as sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste; yet, people know from their bodies that the senses a

5、re not separate, but are experienced simultaneously. That is, when people eat a meal they are not simply smelling the food: they are also seeing it, tasting it, sometimes hearing it (when it is sizzling in a pan), and definitely touching it (with hands, mouth, throat, etc.). 从生态角度考虑人类现象和从整体考虑个体的想法在西

6、方人的思维中是新颖的。西方思想家习惯于把人的经历分解成不同的独立信息，这些信息相互独立没有连接。例如，人的感官被定性为视觉，听觉，触觉，嗅觉和味觉。然而，我们知道这些感觉是不会单独存在的，因为在人体中，这些感觉同时发生并且被体会着。例如，人们在吃饭时，他们嗅到了食物的气味，看到食物的颜色，品尝食物，甚至是听到食物的声音（例如食物在锅里吱吱作响），和直接的通过手，口和喉咙接触食物。 Figure 7: embodied experiences 亲身经历Although thinking holistically is relatively new in the history of academ

7、ic thought in the West, it is a natural way of thinking that is common to many people and societies. Two theories that embody thinking holistically are the life course perspective (see chapter one) and the human taskscapes (see chapter one and two); however, this books touches on many different exam

8、ples that demonstrate thinking holistically and ecologically.虽然整体的思维模式在西方学术领域是一个新的感念，但它在日常生活中随处可见。第一章的生命历程理论和第一/二章的作业景观理论将对此作详细解释。另外，该教材还从不同的例子解释整体和生态的思考的理念。Thinking holistically and ecologically begins by recognizing the interconnectedness of the world and acknowledging that the world is made up of

9、 objects, patterns and systems. To further elaborate, holistic thinking involves believing there is interconnectedness within individuals (body, mind, emotions, spirit), among people (through actual and virtual communities), to the natural world (forests are connected to water systems and these are

10、connected to urban centers), to intangible aspects of life (spirituality, culture, etc.) and to the designed world. 整体和生态的思维模式开始于意识到这个世界是由对象，样式和系统构成的。也就是说，整体的思维无处不在。它存在于个体内部（身体，思维，情绪和精神），个体之间（通过实际和虚拟的交流），和自然环境之间（森林，水环境和城镇之间的关系），和生活中无形的方面（例如灵性，文化等），和设计世界中。Figure 8: four kinds of holistic thinking 四种整

11、体思维Based on Aristotle, thinking holistically is seeing that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. This concept, also called a gestalt, tells us that a system, space or object that is made up of many parts can be more significant, more beautiful or more important than the individual parts o

12、n their own. When we relate this to the material environments of older adults, we know that the sum of a space can act as a system that challenges, supports, takes away from, and/or creates barriers towards people doing activities appropriate to their capabilities. Thus, thinking holistically is a v

13、aluable way to move towards a better understanding of the effects of material environments on people. This can lead to understanding how to modify material environments in meaningful ways (as well as in small and very simple ways) in order to enable rather than disable people.亚里士多德认为，整体思维是认为整体的能量大于其

14、部分的总和。这个概念也被成为完型。一个系统，空间或对象是由当中的无数部分相互融合而成的，这些融合使得整体比独立的部分更加的重要和有意义。将这一概念应用到老龄人的物质环境中，一个空间可以形成一个系统并挑战，支持，剥离，阻碍人们能力范围内的行为。因此，整体思维帮助我们更好的理解物质环境对人的影响。这个思维方式启发我们思考如何通过物质环境的改变（即使是细微的改变）去鼓励而不是禁止人们的行为。Applying holistic thinking to the exploration of material environments is best done by imagining the world

15、 as a kind of ecology that is made up of human and nonhuman things. 将整体思维的概念应用到物质环境最好的办法是将世界视为一个由人类和非人类的对象组成的一个生态系统。Figure 9: ecology of human and nonhumans 人类和非人类的生态系统Thinking ecologically is inherently linked to holism, in which people are considered as connected within a system with other people,

16、 communities, nature and designed things. Within this system are the actors (the people, the environments, etc.) who interact and have power within the system. Additionally, humans are also considered to be reflectors (of the system) because they have the ability to understand how they are affecting

17、 a system or systems. To expand, we can divide ecological thinking into two general ways of thinking: human ecological and networks approaches. On the one hand, the human ecological approach focuses on people at the center surrounded by beliefs, values, actions, communities and things. For example,

18、the human ecological approach assumes that humans have the greatest affect on a system and that nonhuman things do not have much power. 生态思维本质上的将人和相关联的人，小区，自然和设计对象置于一个系统并考虑之间的联系。在该系统中，人类被认为是一个反射镜，因为他们由能力去理解人是如何影响系统的。我们能将生态思维划分为两种思考方法：人类生态方法和网络方法。人类生态方法将人置于系统的中心，并被信仰，价值观，行为，小区和对象包围。例如，人类生态方法假设了人对系统的主

19、导权利。Figure 10: human ecological approach 人类生态方法On the other hand, the networks approach does not place any human or nonhuman thing at the center; instead it considers all elements to be equal actors in the system. That is, a networkpeople, natural things and human designed thingshas many individual

20、elements that each have the potential to affect other parts of the system without placing any element hierarchically above or below another. 对比下，网络方法没有将任何人类或非人类事件置于系统的中心，而是考虑所有的元素平等的置于系统当中。也就是说，在一个网络式系统中，人类，自然对象和人类设计的对象都是参与者，他们在系统中相互链接并产生关系。这些关系是平等的没有主从关系。Figure 11: network approach 网络方法The network

21、approach assumes that an object (whether large or small) can change how people engage with a space and thus has the power to affect the system. For example, when we consider a person in a wheelchair and a set of stairs, we can see that there are at least three actors: the person, the wheelchair and the stairs. When we analyze the power structure in the situation, it is clear that either the whe