Lecture Four

1、Lecture FourNews Headline (II)News-reading KnowledgeNews Headline (II)Selective Reading (3) The UK America Some countries in Latin America France and some African countries Portugal, Turkey, Kuwait, Jordan Israel Norway Sweden Denmark Finland Spain Germany Russia Chinaback Parliament Congress Congre

2、ss National Assembly National Assembly Knesset (Hebrew) Parliament/Storting Parliament/Riksdag /Diet/Folketing Eduskunta Cortes Federal Assembly Duma National Peoples Council Types of Headlines Forms of Headlines Language Features of NHs Understanding Headlines with the Help of Background Knowledge

3、Comparison between C&E news headlines Translation of NHsbackTypes of Newspaper Headlines 1. Straight Headlines 2. Headlines That Ask a Question 3. Headlines That Contain a Quotation 4. Feature HeadlinesBackForms of Newspaper Headlines 1. Crossline 2. Drop Form 3. Inverted Pyramid Form 4. Flush-left

4、Form 5. Overline 6. Banner Headline or Streamer 7. Jump HeadBack The language of newspaper headlines is special and has its own characteristics on the lexical, grammatical, and rhetorical level. It is characterized by brevity, clarity and attractiveness. The brevity of a headline is achieved through

5、 short words, abbreviations and acronyms; sometimes words are even omitted; The clarity is achieved by using exact words and avoiding involved, confusing or ambiguous ones; The attractiveness is achieved by using vivid, fresh language and avoiding dull and trite words. Language Features of Newspaper

6、 Headlines A. Lexical Features B. Grammatical Features C. Rhetorical FeaturesbackA. Lexical Features Preference for Short Words Wide Use of Abbreviations and Acronyms Frequent Omission of Certain WordsbackLexical Features 1. Preference for Short Words English language newspaper headlines often use s

7、hort words to replace long ones. You have certainly seen many of the words before, but when they are used in newspaper headlines they carry meanings that are quite unfamiliar to you. The following underlined words are frequently used in newspaper headlines: Accord possible today (agreement) Governor

8、 to axe aide (dismiss) Tenants back council plan (support) Plea to back drug ban (forbiddance) Last-minute slip bars win (prevents) Bid to open border (attempt) Clerk bilks city of 1 m (cheats) 3 die in hotel blast (explosion) Sales boom (increase rapidly) Exports boost (increase) Bug kills babies (

9、disease)今日可能达成协议今日可能达成协议政府官员副职大削减政府官员副职大削减不动产占有者支持不动产占有者支持立法计划立法计划请求支持毒品禁令请求支持毒品禁令最后的失误导致失败最后的失误导致失败尝试开放国界尝试开放国界文员诈骗城市百万美元文员诈骗城市百万美元酒店爆炸，三人死亡酒店爆炸，三人死亡销售繁荣销售繁荣出口增加出口增加儿童因病致死儿童因病致死Bombs claim 40 (kill)Clash over budget (argument)Cop in car chase drama (policeman)Imports curb (control, restriction)Bank

10、 rate cut (control, restriction)Trade deal (agreement)Peace drive (campaign)American envoy (diplomat)Attendant foils train disaster (prevents)Actress loses gems (jewels, valuable stones)炸弹致死炸弹致死40关于预算的争执关于预算的争执汽车追逐大战中的警察汽车追逐大战中的警察进口限制进口限制银行比率降低银行比率降低贸易协定贸易协定和平运动和平运动美国外交官美国外交官服务员阻止火车灾难服务员阻止火车灾难女演员丢失珠

11、宝女演员丢失珠宝Years biggest fire guts 178 homes (destroys)Suspects held (arrested)New hurdle to peace (obstacle, barrier)Thailand, Malaysia ink sea treaty (sign)Lab of open policy (laboratory)World Bank lauds China for reducing poverty (praises)Bush man in China (representative)Gang leader nabbed (capture

12、d)Police net escapees (capture)Government no to wage rise (refusal)Minister seeks nod for oil saving plan (approval)年度最大火灾摧毁年度最大火灾摧毁178个家庭个家庭嫌犯被捕嫌犯被捕和平新障碍和平新障碍泰国、马来西亚签署海洋协议泰国、马来西亚签署海洋协议开放政策下的实验室开放政策下的实验室世界银行称赞中国减少贫困世界银行称赞中国减少贫困布什代表出访中国布什代表出访中国歹徒首领被捕歹徒首领被捕警察捕捉逃犯警察捕捉逃犯政府拒绝加薪政府拒绝加薪部长寻求支持石油节约计划部长寻求支持石油节

13、约计划 Irish top ranks vie for office (compete) China vows to step up reform and open policy (promises) Actress to wed for 8th time (marry) Bush weighs safety measures (considers)爱尔兰高层争夺政府职位爱尔兰高层争夺政府职位中国承诺加快改革开放中国承诺加快改革开放女演员将第八次结婚女演员将第八次结婚布什考虑安全措施布什考虑安全措施 end (finish), alter (change), map (work out), n

14、ix (deny, disapprove), swap (exchange), ace (champion), aid (assistance), Dem (democrat), loot (money stolen), talk (conference), co-op (co-operation), kick (abandon), opt (choose), spark (encourage), woo (seek to win), snub (neglect), cool (uninterested), key (essential), ties (relations), eye (wat

15、ch, observe), moot (discuss), rock (shake), voice (express), mar (damage), body (committee), flop (failure), set (ready), tiff (argument), dip (decline), name (appoint), top (exceed), nuke (nuclear weapon), arms (weapons), down (decrease), pit (coal mine), Tory (the Conservative Party)backLexical Fe

16、atures 2. Wide Use of Abbreviations and Acronyms Abbreviations and acronyms are frequently used in newspaper headlines.Abbreviations: Afr. Africa, African app. appendix ave. avenue capt. captain chem. chemistry colloq. colloquial dz. dozen encl. enclosure fem. feminine 女性的女性的 govt. government hist.

17、history hon. - honorary amt. - amount approx. approximately biol. - biology cent. - centigrade co. - company dept. - department econ. - economics Fahr. -Fahrenheit华氏温度的华氏温度的 geog. - geography grad. - graduate hi-tech high technology hr. hour (s)Abbreviations: incl. including lat. latitude 纬度纬度 Ltd.

18、limited Medit. Mediterranean sec. second (s) sq. square vocab. vocabulary yd. yard (s) lang. language Lit. literature mag. magazine prof. professor soc. society univ. university wt. - weightAcronyms: ABC American Broadcasting Company美国广播公司美国广播公司 ADB Asian Development Bank 亚洲发展银行亚洲发展银行 AFTA Atlantic

19、Free Trade Area/Asian Free Trade Area 大西洋大西洋/亚洲自由贸易区亚洲自由贸易区 APCC Air Pollution Control Commission空气污染控制委员会空气污染控制委员会 APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经合组织亚太经合组织 APF American Pacific Fleet 美国（洲）太平洋舰队美国（洲）太平洋舰队 ASAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations 东南亚国家联盟东南亚国家联盟 BBC British Broadcasting

20、Corporation英国广播公司英国广播公司 BIRPI United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property保护知识产权联合国国际局保护知识产权联合国国际局 BOAC British Overseas Airways Corporation英国海外航空公司英国海外航空公司 CIA Central Intelligence Agency（美国）中央情报局（美国）中央情报局 CPLA Chinese Peoples Liberation Army 中国人民解放军中国人民解放军 EAC East Afric

21、an Community 东非共同体东非共同体 EEC European Economic Community欧洲经济共同体欧洲经济共同体(欧共体欧共体) EFTA European Free Trade Association欧洲自由贸易联盟欧洲自由贸易联盟 EIB European Investment Bank 欧洲投资银行欧洲投资银行 EMA European Monetary Agreement 欧洲货币协定欧洲货币协定 EMF - European Monetary Fund欧洲货币基金欧洲货币基金 ESCAP United Nations Economic and Social

22、Commission for Asia and the Pacific联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会 EU European Union欧盟欧盟 FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 联合国粮农组织联合国粮农组织 FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation 美联邦调查局美联邦调查局 FIFA International Football Federation 国际足球联盟国际足球联盟Acronyms: FRS Fellow of the Royal S

23、ociety/Federal Reserve System(英国英国)皇家学会会员皇家学会会员 / (美国美国)联邦储备系统联邦储备系统GB Great Britain大不列颠大不列颠G8 Group of Eight八国集团八国集团 (美国、日本、德国、法国、英国、意美国、日本、德国、法国、英国、意大利、加拿大和俄罗斯大利、加拿大和俄罗斯)G77 Group of 77 七十七国集团七十七国集团 (世界上发展中国家驻联合国外交世界上发展中国家驻联合国外交官所组成的一个非正式集团官所组成的一个非正式集团, 成立于成立于 1964 年年, 前身为前身为“七十五国决七十五国决策委员会策委员会”)I

24、ADB Inter-American Development Bank / Inter-American Defense Board 泛美开发银行泛美开发银行 / 美洲防务委员会美洲防务委员会IEA International Energy Agency 国际能源机构国际能源机构IBA International Bar Association 国际律师协会国际律师协会ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization国际民航组织国际民航组织ICJ International Court of Justice 国际法庭国际法庭IDA Internati

25、onal Development Association 国际开发协会国际开发协会Acronyms: IFC International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司国际金融公司IFG - International Federation of Gymnastics 国际体操联合会国际体操联合会IFHR International Federation of Human Rights 国际人权联合会国际人权联合会IFT- International Federation of Translators国际翻译工作者联合会国际翻译工作者联合会IGF Internationa

26、l Genetics Federation 国际遗传学联合会国际遗传学联合会IIB International Investment Bank 国际投资银行国际投资银行ILO International Labor Organization 国际劳工组织国际劳工组织IMF International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金国际货币基金IMO International Maritime Organization 国际海事组织国际海事组织INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization 国际通信卫星

27、机构国际通信卫星机构IOC International Olympic Committee 国际奥委会国际奥委会Acronyms: IOM International Organization for Migration 国际移民组织国际移民组织 IPPF International Planned Parenthood Federation 国际计国际计划生育联合会划生育联合会 IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union各国议会联盟各国议会联盟(简称简称“议联议联”） ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross国际红十字国际红十

28、字委员会委员会 IRO International Refugee Organization 国际难民组织国际难民组织 IRU International Relief Union 国际救济联合会国际救济联合会 ITU International Telecommunication Union国际电信联盟国际电信联盟 IUAPPA International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations国际防止空气污染协会联合会国际防止空气污染协会联合会 IUS International Union of Students国际学生会联盟国际学生

29、会联盟Acronyms: LACM Latin American Common Market 拉丁美洲共同市场拉丁美洲共同市场 LAFTA Latin American Free Trade Area拉丁美洲自由贸易区拉丁美洲自由贸易区 MP Member of Parliament(英国或英联邦的英国或英联邦的)下院议员下院议员 NAFTA North American Free Trade Area / Agreement北美自由贸易区北美自由贸易区/北美自由贸易协定北美自由贸易协定 NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北约北约 OAU Or

30、ganization of African Unity非洲统一组织非洲统一组织 OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作与发展组织经济合作与发展组织 OPEC Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries石石油输出国组织油输出国组织 WB World Bank 世界银行世界银行 WHO World Health Organization (联合国联合国)世界卫生组世界卫生组 WIDF Womens International Democratic Federat

31、ion国际国际民主妇女联合会民主妇女联合会 WTO World Trade Organization / World Tourism Organization 世界贸易组织世界贸易组织 /世界旅游组织世界旅游组织backLexical Features 3. Frequent Omission of Certain Words Headlines generally leave out certain words, especially articles, personal pronouns, this, that, and verb to be. The word “and” is ofte

32、n replaced by a comma, e.g.: Fan kills wife (A sports fan killed his wife.) Charles, 32, seeks bride (Prince Charles, who is 32 years old, is seeking a bride.) Shanghai to do business on net, including B2B, B2C (Shanghai is to do business on the net, including “business to business” and “business to

33、 consumer”.) 1、冠词(articles)基本省略。 Three Gorges Flooded By Farewell Tourists (The Three Gorges Flooded By Farewell Tourists.) 惜别之情难以挡,游客蜂拥至三峡。 2、连系动词（link-v.）通常省略。 Three Dead after Inhaling Oven Gas （Three are Dead after Inhaling Oven Gas.） 吸入炉灶煤气三人窒息身亡。 Clinton Inauguration Most Expensive Ever (Clint

34、on Inauguration is Most Expensive Ever.) 克氏就职典礼花费空前巨大。 3、助动词(auxiliary)通常省略。 Financier Killed By Burglars (A Financier is Killed by Burglars. )夜毛贼入室金融家遇害。 Pope To Visit Japan In February. (Pope is to Visit Japan in February.) 教皇拟于二月访日。 India Mending Fences (India is Mending Fences.) 印度正在改善与邻国的关系。 4、

35、连词通常省略，并用逗号代替。 Us, Vietnam Resume Talks （Us and Vietnam Resume Talks.） 美越恢复会谈。backB. Grammatical Features Use of Heavily Modified Nominal Groups Use of the Simple Present Tense Use of the Present Progressive Tense Use of the Infinitive Use of the Passive ConstructionsbackB. Grammatical Features 1. U

36、se of Heavily Modified Nominal Groups The nominal groups in headlines are sometimes quite complex with heavy pre-modifiers, e.g.: 200-metre-long flood prevention dyke built (A dyke, which is 200 meters long, has been built for the prevention of flood.) Sino-German trade review talks start (The talks

37、 to review the trade between China and Germany have started.) West-to-East Gas Transmitting Project beneficial to west, east (The West-to-East GasTransmitting Project is beneficial to both the west and the east regions of China.)backB. Grammatical Features 2. Use of the Simple Present Tense 英语报刊的新闻标

38、题中一般不用过去时态，当然更不用过去完英语报刊的新闻标题中一般不用过去时态，当然更不用过去完成时等时态，而采用现在时态，使读者阅报时一如置身于这条成时等时态，而采用现在时态，使读者阅报时一如置身于这条新闻事件中，这叫做新闻事件中，这叫做“新闻现在时新闻现在时” （Journalistic Present Tense），与文学写作中的），与文学写作中的 “历史现在时历史现在时”，（，（Historical Present Tense）实际上完全一样。所以，英语新闻标题中常用）实际上完全一样。所以，英语新闻标题中常用的动词时态主要有三种：一般现在时、将来时和现在进行时。的动词时态主要有三种：一般现

39、在时、将来时和现在进行时。 The simple present tense is widely used to describe something happening in the present or in the past, e.g.: Comeback Gives China a Sensational Thomas Cup Win (The Comeback Gave China a Sensational Thomas Cup Win.)中国队反败为胜荣获汤姆斯杯。中国队反败为胜荣获汤姆斯杯。 Street Battle in Heavy Shelling As Peace Ta

40、lks Proceed (Street Battle was in Heavy Shelling As Peace Talks Proceeded.)和平会谈进行之际巷战依然炮声和平会谈进行之际巷战依然炮声隆隆。隆隆。 Bumper Harvest Chinese gymnasts win eight golds at world championshipsbackB. Grammatical Features 3. Use of the Present Progressive Tense The present progressive tense is sometimes used, mos

41、tly to describe something that is developing, and the auxiliary is often omitted, e.g.: Signs of Rifts Appearing in Argentinas Junta (The Signs of Rifts are Appearing in Argentinas Junta.)阿根阿根廷军人政府出现内讧迹象。廷军人政府出现内讧迹象。 Deposits, Loans Rising in Shanghai (Deposits and Loans are Rising in Shanghai.)上海储蓄

42、与贷款上海储蓄与贷款额见升。额见升。 Information industry developing rapidly (The information industry is developing rapidly.) 信息行业信息行业发展迅速。发展迅速。 Cloning technology being used in medical treatment (Cloning technology is being used in medical treatment.) 克克隆技术应用于医疗。隆技术应用于医疗。backB. Grammatical Features 4. Use of the In

43、finitive The infinitive is used to refer to the future, e.g.: Last Two Beiruit Hostages To Go Free (The Last Two Hostages in Beiruit are To Go Free.)贝贝鲁特最后两名人质鲁特最后两名人质“获释在望获释在望”。 Florida Freeze to Increase Area Produce Prices (The Freeze in Florida is to Increase the Areas Produce Prices.)佛罗里达严寒将使该地

44、区农产品涨价。佛罗里达严寒将使该地区农产品涨价。 World Expo to Make Shanghai more Open (The World Expo is to Make Shanghai more Open)世博会将使上海更加开放。世博会将使上海更加开放。 China to Step up Development of Knowledge-intensive Industry (China is to Step up Development of Knowledge-intensive Industry.) 中国将进一步发展知识密集型产业。中国将进一步发展知识密集型产业。backB.

45、 Grammatical Features 5. Use of the Passive Constructions Headlines are generally in the active voice, but sometimes passive constructions are also used. In the passive constructions the auxiliary is omitted and only the past participle is left, e.g.: Van Goghs Recovered after Theft (Van Goghs are R

46、ecovered after the Theft.)梵高名画窃而复梵高名画窃而复得。得。 Father Jailed For Murder Of Daughter (Father is Jailed For the Murder of His Daughter.)谋杀亲生谋杀亲生女儿父亲锒铛入狱。女儿父亲锒铛入狱。 Efforts made to minimize loss (The efforts have been made to minimize the loss.) 力求使力求使损失最小化。损失最小化。backC. Rhetorical Features Alliteration头韵

47、Rhyme押韵 Metaphor比喻 Pun双关 Euphemism委婉语 Antithesis对语 Parody模仿，借用典故backC. Rhetorical Features 1. Alliteration头韵头韵 Alliteration is the effect produced by using a series of words that begin with the same letter or sound, e.g.: Bye, bye balanced budget The repeated “b” sound at the beginning of the words

48、“bye”, “bye”, “balanced” and “budget” makes the headline sound witty and lively. Round rocks runs river The “r” sound at the beginning of the words “round”, “rocks”, “runs” and “river” makes the headline interesting.backC. Rhetorical Features 2. Rhyme押韵押韵 Rhyme is the sameness of sound between words

49、 or syllables, e.g.: Whos near to Clintons ear? In this headline, “near” and “ear” are rhymes. Bye, Bye American Pie In 1996, the Clinton Administration put an end to the American social welfare system, saying that this program supported a group of idlers. Immediately after that, an American reporte

50、r wrote an article entitled Bye, Bye American Pie. The word “pie” in the headline suggests the social welfare system.backC. Rhetorical Features 3. Metaphor比喻比喻 Metaphor is the use of a word or phrase to indicate something different from the literal meaning, e.g.: “Down in the mouth” news for dentist

51、s “Down in the mouth” here means “sad”. Carlo Ponti in hot water again “In hot water ” here means “in trouble”. Refugees in dire straits “In dire straits” means “in danger”. Union call to strike falls on deaf ears “To falls on deaf ears” means “to fail to win acceptance”. Let bygones be bygones, say ex-foes