章振邦《新编英语语法》Lecture_14课件

1、英语语法（二）贵州师范学院外国语学院王勇2015.02.28Unit 14Passive VoicePassive Voice14.1 Active sentence and passive sentence As has been pointed out, a sentence/clause whose As has been pointed out, a sentence/clause whose predicator(predicate verb)predicator(predicate verb) is active called an active sentence, and a i

2、s active called an active sentence, and a sentence/clause whose sentence/clause whose predicator(predicate verb)predicator(predicate verb) is passive is called is passive is called a passive sentence. The subject in the active sentence is the agent a passive sentence. The subject in the active sente

3、nce is the agent or doer of an action, and in the passive the recipient of the actionor doer of an action, and in the passive the recipient of the actionRules of change into the passive Most of the SVO/SVoO/SVOC patterns can be made passive. Most of the SVO/SVoO/SVOC patterns can be made passive. Th

4、ere are four rules of such transformationThere are four rules of such transformationa)SVO Transformationa)SVO Transformationthe active object the active object the passive subject, the passive subject, the active verb phrase the active verb phrase the passive verb phrase the passive verb phrasethe a

5、ctive subject the active subject the passive agent introduced with by which is the passive agent introduced with by which is not necessary unless stressed.not necessary unless stressed.b) Modal or semi-auxiliary transformation If there is a modal or semi-auxiliary in the active verb If there is a mo

6、dal or semi-auxiliary in the active verb phrase, it is the infinitive that follows that is made passive:phrase, it is the infinitive that follows that is made passive: They should do the work at once.They should do the work at once. The work The work should be doneshould be done at once at once He i

7、s likely to let you down. He is likely to let you down. You You are likely to be let downare likely to be let down c)SVoO transformationIn this Pattern, there are two possible passive forms: the indirect object or the direct object becomes the subject of the passive sentence.They offered him some as

8、sistance.He was offered some assistance.Some assistance was offered (to) him.We must notice that the first form is much more common than the second.d) SVOC transformationIn this pattern, the object complement becomes the subject complement of the passice sentence apart from the other changes:We have

9、 painted the windows white.The windows have been painted white.d) SVOC transformationWhether or not a by-phrase is used in a passive sentence is determined by a number of factors. Generally speaking, a by-phrase is not necessary when the agent or doer of an action is unknown or unimportant. But it i

10、s necessary to have a by-phrase in cases where we want, for example, to stress the agent or doer:Hamlet was written by Shakespeareor to avoid changing the subject midway:He arrived at London where he was met by his friend.or to avoid the subject being top-heavy:The picture was painted by a very good

11、 friend of mine whom Id like you to meet sometime.Voice constraints Not all the active sentences can be made passive. Some trasitive or stative verbs, for example, do not occur in the passive:This plane holds about 150 people.These students lacked experience.Transitive verbs with reflexive or recipr

12、ocal objects do not passivize:He hurt himself when he fell from the ladder.We should help each other.Voice constraints Some verb+noun combinations, which have the force of an intransitive verb, can never take the passive:The medicine soon took effect.The plant will soon take root.There is no active

13、trasformation for the follwing seemingly passive sentences:He is gone. = He has goneThe moon is risen now. = The moon has risen nowConversely, with some verbs only the passive is possible:She was born in Shanghai.She is reputed to be the best singer in Europe.14.2 Passive voice of phrasal verbsWhen

14、used transitively, phrasal verbs can be made passive.Passive voice of basic phrasal verbsthree basic forms:verb+prepositionverb+adverb particleverb+adverb particle+preposionWhen transformed from A to P, they are treated as single-word verbs with the adverb particle and the preposition immediately af

15、ter the verb.14.2 Passive voice of phrasal verbsa) verb+preposition, eg: look after, look into, talk aboutThe children are well looked after.This matter is being looked into.Other possibilities were talked about at the meeting.b) verb+adverb particle, eg: set up, put off, bring aboutWhen was the hos

16、pital set up?The sports meet is to be put offA new outburst of revolutionary enthusiasm will soon be brought about.c) verb+adverb prticle + prepositioneg: do away with, face up to, put up with That sort of thing should be done away with.Theres no running away from the facts; they just have to be fac

17、ed up to.Such a state of things cannot be put up with.Passive voice of verb+noun+prepositionThe verb+noun+preposition combination may have two passive possibilities. The first: to treat the combination as a single transitive verb;The second: to treat the combination as verb+object+preposition, putti

18、ng the whole prepositional phrase after the passive verb.Compare:He took great care of his books.His books were taken great care of.Great care was taken of his books.14.3 Passive voice of non-finite verbsEnglish verbs have three non-finite forms: the infinitive, the -ing participle, and the -ed part

19、iciple, of which the firs two may occur in the passive. Passive infinitiveWhen the logical subject of the infinitive is the recipient of an action, the infinitive should take the passive form. The logical subject of the passive infinitive need not be expressed if the inginitive shares the subject wi

20、th the main clause, eg: I am proud to be thus chosen I hope to be nominatedIf the infinitive does not share the subject with the main clause, the logical subject of the passive infinitive must be expressed,eg: It is impossible for lost time to be made up. To fetch water before breakfast seemed to th

21、em a rule never to be broken.In some contexts, the infinitive can occur either in the active or in the passive without any differenc in meaning, eg:Tere is so much work to do/to be done.But in some other cases, for instance, in the construction of there was nothing to see/to be seen, the active infi

22、nitive and the passive mean differently.Compare:There was nothing to see. =There was nothing for one to see.There was nothing to be seen. = The thing being looked for was not there.Sometimes, usage requires the active infinitive rather than the passive, even though the logical subject of the infinit

23、ive is the recipient of the action, eg:This house is to let.You are not to blame for what happened.Passive -ing participleWhen the logical subject of the -ing participle is the recipient of an action, the -ing participle should occur in the passive, eg:The problem being discussed is of vital importa

24、nce.I object to being kept waiting.The logical subject of the passive -ing participle need not be expressed if it is the subject of the main clause as shown in the above examples, and must be expressed if the passive -ing participle does not share the subject with the main clause, eg:The workers wer

25、e proud of their products being praised highly by the buying public.When a passive -ing participle with a persional pronoun as its own subject functions as the object or prepositional complementation, the personal pronoun can occur either in the objective or in the genitive case, ie, in the form of a possessive determiner, eg:I i