完整版土木工程专业英语复习资料

1、承重骨架loadcarryingframe结构工程structuralengineering钢筋混凝土reinforcedconcrete稳定性stability岩土工程geotechnicalengineering楼板、平板slab结构性能structuralbehavior测量Survey均匀沉降uniformsettlement浇筑pour测量是指为收集数据，以便在水平面内画出地球表面点的相应位置图的一种技术Surveyingisdefinedanartofcollectingdataformappingtherelativepositionsofpointsonthesurfaceof

2、earthinahorizontalplane.摩天大厦的存在归功于19世纪的两大发明：钢结构和载人电梯Theskyscraperowesitisexistencetotwodevelopmentsofthe19thcentury:steelskeletonconstructionandthepassengerelevator.一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对现场进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水、下水道和电力线Whenaprojectbegins,thesiteissurveyedandmappedbycivilengineerswholocateutilityplacementwater

3、,sewer,andpowerlines.I.excavate2.Structuralengineering3. waterandsewagesystems4. settlement5. heatingandcoolingsystems6. cantileverbeam7. balustrade8. decoration9. span10. pour11. blankwall12. budget13. plan14. partition15. lintel16. skin17. allocate18. bearingwall开挖结构工程给排水工程沉降供暖、制冷系统悬臂梁栏杆装饰跨度浇筑围墙、挡

4、墙预算计划、方案、规划隔墙过梁外墙分配承重墙上部结构19. superstructure20. substructure21. mechanicalandelectricalsystems22. slab-columnsystem23. time-dependent24. outline25. Parlance26. Depth27. reservoir28. high-risebuilding29. tubeintube30. spillway31. water-to-cementratio32. asphalt33. predominate34. hydroelectric35. .ten

5、sion36. .compression37. simplysupportedbeamF部结构机电系统板柱系统截止日期外观术语进深水库高层建筑筒中筒泄洪道水灰比沥青主导水电应力压缩简单支撑梁电梯38. elevator39.reinforcedconcrete钢筋混凝土40. truss桁架41. rigidframes刚性框架42. maintenance养护43. Archbridge拱桥44. bridgepiers桥墩45. abutment桥台46. auxiliary附加的47. embankment坝48. .permeability渗透性49. archdam拱坝50. sha

6、ft轴1 .工程管理Engineeringmanagement2 .动力厂（发电厂）powerplant;powerstation3 .连续梁continuousbeam4 .力force5 .混凝土concrete6 .公路工程highwayengineering7 .支配的，统治的，占优势dominant8 .说法，术语parlance9 .隐蔽处，躲避处，避难所shelter10 .抗剪强度shearingstrength11 .建筑物building12 .建筑学architecture13 .建筑的组成componentsofabuilding14 .承重框架load-carryin

7、gframe/load-bearingframe15 .直升电梯elevator/lift16 .石专石、砌体masonry17 .桁架truss18 .粉土silt19 .不均匀沉降unevensettlement20 .均匀沉降uniformsettlement21 .基础foundation22 .过梁柱postandlintel/postandbeam23 .钢筋混凝土reinforcedconcrete24 .荷载load25 .剪力墙shearwall26 .筒中筒tubeintube27 .刚梁桥rigidbeambridge28 .悬索桥suspensionbridges29

8、.公路工程highwayengineering30 .土石坝earthandrockfilldam31 .混凝土坝concretedam32 .堤坝embankment1 .Civilengineering,theoldestofengineeringspecialties,istheplanning,design,construction,andmanagementofthebuiltenvironment.Thisenvironmentincludesallstructuresbuiltaccordingtoscientificprinciples,fromirrigationanddra

9、inagesystemtorocket-launchingfacilities.土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。2 .Thistextmainlyintroducedtherelationshipbetweentheformofbuildingandtheenvironment,theaspectofarchitecture,andtherelationshipbetweenbuildingandarchiteture.Italsointroducedsomebuildingma

10、terials,suchaswood,steel,stone.本文主要介绍建筑形式与环境的关系，建筑学方面以及建筑与建筑学的关系。它还介绍了一些建筑材料，如木材，钢材，石材。3 .Theskinofabuildingconsistofbothtransparentelements(windows)andopaqueelements(walls).Windowsaretraditionallyglass,althoughplasticsarebeingused,especiallyinschoolswherebreakagecreatesamaintenanceproblem.Thewallel

11、ements,whichareusedtocoverthestructureandaresupportedbyit,arebuiltofavarietyofmaterials:brick,precastconcrete,stone,opaqueglass,plastics,steel,andaluminum.Woodisusedmainlyinhouseconstruction;itisnotgenerallyusedforcommercial,industrial,orpublicbuildingsbecauseofthefirehazard.建筑物的外壳由透明元素（窗）和不透明元素（墙）所

12、组成。尽管塑料正在被使用，窗传统上还是使用玻璃，特别是在学校，破损产生了一个维护问题。用于覆盖结构并由结构支撑的墙元素由多种材料建造：传，预制构件，混凝土，石，不透明玻璃，塑料，钢和铝。木主用于房屋建筑，由于有火灾的危险，它通常不用于商业，工业和公用建筑。4 .Waterresourcesengineering.Civilengineersinthisspecialtydealwithallaspectofthephysicalcontrolofwater.Theirprojectshelppreventfloods,supplywaterforcitiesandforirrigation,m

13、anageandcontrolriversandwaterrunoff,andmaintainbeachesandotherwaterfrontfacilities.Inaddition,theydesignandmaintainharbors,canals,andlocks,buildhugehydroelectricdamsandsmallerdamsandwaterimpoundmentsofallkinds,helpdesignoffshorestructure,anddeterminethelocationofstructureaffectingnavigation.土木工程师在这一

14、领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。止匕外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。5 .Thepurposeofabuildingistoprovideashelterfortheperformanceofhumanactivities.Fromthetimeofthecavedwellerstothepresent,oneofthefirstneedsofmanhasashelterfromtheele

15、ments.Inamoregeneralsense,theartofbuildingencompassesallofman'seffortsoMrolitsenvironmentanddirectnaturalforcestohisownneeds.Thisartincludes,inadditiontobuildings,allthecivilengineeringstructuressuchasdams,tunnels,aqueducts,andbridges.建筑物的目的是给人类的活动提供一个遮风挡雨的地方。从穴居时代到现在，人类的第一需要最基本的就是有一个可以遮风避雨之所。一般

16、而言，建筑物的艺术包含人类试图控制环境和按照人们需求改造自然。这种艺术包括，除建筑物外，所有土木工程结构比如大坝，隧道，沟渠和桥。6 .Therigidbeaminthistypeofbridgemaybeashapedwoodenbeam,agirderofsteelorconcrete,orevenacomplextruss.Thespanofarigidbeamtypeofbridgecanbeincreasedbybuildingintermediatepiersandbridgingthegapsbetweenthepierswithseveralbeams.Thematerials

17、usedforrigidbeamsmustbeabletowithstandbothcompressionandtension.Thedoublerequirementstemsfromthefactthatwhenaloadisplacedonarigidbeam,thebeambendsinspiteofitsname.Asaresultofbendingtheupperpartofthebeamiscompressedandthelowerhalfisstretched.Ifitscompressivestrengthistoolow,itwillbuckle；ifitstensiles

18、trengthistoolow,itwillbreak.这种类型的桥梁中的刚性梁可以是成形的木梁，钢或混凝土梁,或者甚至是复杂的桁架。通过建造中间桥墩和用几根梁桥接桥墩之间的间隙，可以增加刚性梁桥的跨度。刚梁桥的材料必须能够承担压力和拉力。尽管它的名字叫曲梁，但实际上这种具有双重要求的杆能用于刚架桥上。结果，梁弯曲较高的部分的压力比直的部分低一半以上，如果他的受压承载力太弱，它将会成扣环，如果受拉承载力太弱，他将会破坏。7 .Materialsandstructuralformsarecombinedtomakeupthevariouspartsofabuilding,includingthe

19、load-carryingframe,skin,floors,andpartitions.Thebuildingalsohasmechanicalandelectricalsystems,suchaselevators,heatingandcoolingsystems,andlightingsystems.Thesuperstructureisthatpartofabuildingaboveground,andthesubstructureandfoundationisthatpartofabuildingbelowground.材料和不同的结构形式联合组成建筑物的各种不同部分，包括承重框架，

20、外墙，楼板和隔墙。建筑物也有像升降机，供暖和制冷，照明这样的机电系统。上部结构是建筑物地面以上的部分，而下部结构和基础则是建筑物地面以下的部分。8 .Thistextmainlyintroducedthepurposeofbridgesandtheearlydevelopmentofbridges.Indifferentregions,therearedifferentbuildingmaterialsthatcouldbeobtained.Sothetypeofbridgesmainlydependedonmaterialsinancienttimes.Italsotoldustherearefourstructuraltypesofbridges:rigidbeam,cantilever,suspension,arch.本文主要介绍桥梁的目的和桥梁的早期发展。在不同的地区，可以获得不同的建筑材料。所以桥梁的类型主要取决于古代的材料。它还