英语写作(开头 主体 结尾 修辞 错误分析)（English Writing (beginning subject end rhetoric error analysis)）

1、英语写作(开头+主体+结尾+修辞+错误分析)（English Writing (beginning + subject + end + rhetoric + error analysis)）第一章文章开头句型1-1对立法：先引出其他人的不同看法，然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法，适用于有争议性的主题。例如（例句） 1 。当被问及.，绝大多数人说.但我觉得有点不同。 2 。当谈到有些人认为别人则认为相反。可能有一些道理。两个说法，但（我倾向于前者或后者） 3 。现在，人们普遍认为/承认那个他们声称/相信/争辩但我怀疑1-2现象法引出要剖析的现象或者问题，然后评论。例如 1 。最近上升的问题/

2、（现象）有原因引起公众广泛的关注。 2 。最近的问题/现象的问题已成为焦点。（已被应用到公众的注意） 3 。通货膨胀/贪污/社会不平等又是另一个新的和痛苦的真理，我们必须学会面对的/不断。1-3观点法-开门见山，直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法。例如: 1 。历史从来没有改变过。显而易见在世界/中国没有问题/思想的.更加明显/人气比 2 。现在越来越多的人开始逐渐意识到/接受意识到 3 。现在人们越来越意识的必要性对.现在人们越来越意识到/意识到.的重要性 4 。或许是时候有一个重新审视的态度/想法这.1-4引用法-先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法，来引出文章要展开论述的观点！例如: 1

3、 知识就是力量。”这是培根的名言。这句话已经被越来越多的人所分享。“教育不能随着毕业而结束。”这就是一个意见伟大的美国哲学家。现在越来越多的人赞同他的观点。 2 。”.”我们经常听到这样的话像论文/这。现在我们常常听到这样的抱怨因这个“”。1-5比较法-通过对过去，现在两种不同的倾向，观点的比较，引出文章要讨论的观点。例如: 1 。多年来被视为但是人们正在采取新的措施。现在看。随着成长，人们.。 2 。人们过去认为（过去，）但是现在人们分享这个新的。1-6故事法-先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣，引出文章的主题。例如: 1 。曾经在（报纸），我阅读/学习这一现象引起了公众的关注。 2 。我有

4、一个朋友他应该的我们进退两难在日常生活中经常遇到。 3 。从前，有一个人这个故事可能是（难以置信），但它现在仍具有现实意义。1-8问题法-先用讨论或解答的设问，引出自己观点，适用于有争议性的话题。例如:应该/什么选项相差很大，有些，其他的但在我看来，。第二章文章中间主体内容句型<一>原因结果分析3-1-1。基本原因-分析某事物时，用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因。例如: 1 。为什么.一方面另一个 2 。这个问题的答案涉及很多因素。一方面另一.还有一个 3 。很多因素，包括生理的和心理的影响/个人和社会的贡献的3-1-2另一原因- >在分析了基本原因之后，再补充一个次要的

5、或者更重要时用！例如: 1 。另一个重要因素是 2 。也负责变更/问题。 3 。当然不是的唯一原因后果影响-分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响3-1-3。例如: 1 。它会产生在深远的影响/冲击 2 。在涉及一些严重的后果.<二>比较对照句型3-2-1。两者比较->比较两事物，要说出其一超过另一个，或肯定一事物的优点，也肯定其缺点的时候用！例如: 1 。的优势获得了一个比优势更大我们从B获得。 2 。事实上，携带的重量与B相比 3 。毫无疑问，它有它的消极影响以及积极的影响。3-2-2。两者相同/相似- >比较两事物共同都有或者共同都没有的特点时用！例如: 1 。A

6、和B有几个共同点。他们是相似的 2 。有惊人的相似之处的。三章文章结尾形式2-1结论性-通过对文章前面的讨论，引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点。例如: 1 。通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：. 2 。综上所述/总而言之，它是更有价值的.2-2后果性-揭示所讨论的问题若不解决，将产生的严重后果。例如: 1 。我们必须立即采取措施，因为目前的现象，如果允许进行，必将导致沉重成本. 2 。显然，如果我们忽略这个问题，有每一个机会将处于危险之中。2-3号召性-呼吁读者行动起来，采取行动或提请注意。例如: 1 。我们要求立即结束这种不良.倾向 2 。它是必要的，应采取有效措施纠正倾向。2-4建议性-对所讨

7、论的问题提出建议性的意见，Includes recommendations and specific solutions to the problemE.g:1., While, it, cannot, solved, immediately, be, still, there, are, ways., TheMost, popular, is. Another, method, is. Still, another, one, is.2., Awareness/Recognition, of, the, problem, is, the, first, step, toward, theSi

8、tuation.The 2-5 directional ending - the only difference between it and the proposal is the general, general direction or prospect of problem solvingE.g:1., Many, solutions, are, offered, here, being, all, of, them, make, someSense, but, none, is, adequate, enough., The, problem, should, be, recogni

9、zed, in, aWide way2., There, is, no, quick, method, to, issue, of, the. But. Might beHelpful/beneficial.3., The, great, challenge, today, is. There, is, much, difficulty,But.At the end of the 2-6 when -> way at the end of the article, points out the importance of the issue and of great significan

10、ce from the higher point of view!E.g:1., Following, these, suggestions, may, not, guarantee, the, success, butThe, pay, off, might, worth, the, effort, be, It, will, not, only, benefit, but, alsoBenefit.2., In, any, case, whether, it, is, positive, or, negative, one, thing, isCertain, that, it, will

11、, undoubtedly.Chapter Four skillful use of rhetoric1. parables (metaphor)Metaphor is analogy. Can be classified as simile and metaphor:Simile (simile):Use like, as, as, as, as, if (though), or other words to indicate the similarity of two different things. Such as:My, love's, like, a, red, red,

12、rose. my love is like a red rose.Metaphor (metaphor):Use one word to refer to another thing that has similar characteristics to what the word refers to. Such as:He has a heart of stone. he has a heart of stone.2., metonymy (metonymy)Use the name of something to replace the name of another thing that

13、 is closely related to it; as soon as one of the things is mentioned, it brings one to another. For example, use the White House instead of the U.S. government or president, use the bottle instead of wine or alcohol, use the bar instead of the legal profession, use crown instead of king and so on. S

14、uch as:His purse would not allow him that luxury., his economic conditions do not allow him to enjoy that luxury.3., SynecdocheOf or relating to or represented by a particular representative, usually or as a general. Such as:He earns his bread by writing. he earned his living by writing.4. personifi

15、cation (personification)The personification of a thing or concept as a person or a person's quality is called personification. Such as:My, heart, was, singing., my heart is singing.5. Euphemism (euphemism)Replace the stiff, vulgar words with mild, indirect words, so as not to speak out unpleasan

16、t facts, offend others, or cause embarrassment or frustration. Such as:Using to fall asleep; to cease thinking; to pass away; to go to heaven; to leave us instead of to dieUse senior citizens instead of old people w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m6. pun (pun)With a two word homonym or meaning to achieve the humor

17、ous effect: on the surface is a meaning, and actually implies another meaning, the implied meaning is the real purpose of the sentence. Such as:A, cannonball, took, off, his, legs, so, he, laid, down, his, arms. (arms, arms or weapons)A cannonball took off his legs, so he surrendered.7. irony (irony

18、)And meaning the opposite words, irony or irony is that, from the opposite angle using semantic to create special effects. Here is Shakespeare's play, a good example of irony in Julius Caesar. Brutus assassinated Caesar for his ambition,凯撒的好友安东尼讥讽布鲁图斯说：在这里，在布鲁图斯和其他人的允许下因为布鲁图斯是个可敬的人；所有的人都一样，所有的高尚

19、的人我来谈谈凯撒的葬礼。他是我的朋友，忠实于我。但布鲁图斯说他野心勃勃；布鲁图斯是个可敬的人。在安东尼的话里反复使用光荣这个词就是一个反语的例子。8。矛盾修饰（矛盾）把相互矛盾的两个词用在一起的修辞方法。它利用词义表面的相互矛盾使表层的不和谐统一在思想内容的深层，从而揭示事物对立统一的本质特征，达到加深印象的目的。例如：她用含泪的微笑读那封盼望已久的信。她带着含泪的微笑读那封盼望已久的信。9。轭式搭配（Zeugma）把适用于某一事物的词语顺势用到另外一事物上的方法。在同一个句子里一个词可以修饰或者控制两个或更多的词，它可以使语言活泼，富有幽默感。例如：她打开门，她对这个无家可归的孩子的心。她对

20、那无家可归的男孩打开了房门，也敞开了胸怀。10。移位修饰（移）将本应该用来修饰某一类名词的修饰语用来修饰另一类名词。例如：有一段短暂的、沉思的沉默。出现了一阵短暂的、令人沉思的寂静。11。头韵（头韵）两个或者更多的词以相同的音韵或者字母开头就构成头韵。例如：像孔雀一样骄傲瞎得像蝙蝠安然无恙长而大声的小莉莉笑了。小莉莉长时间地、大声地笑着。12。延伸：地震灾区：quake-hit areas20.有渐进（高潮）。根据事物的逻辑关系，由小到大，由轻到重，由浅到深，由低到高，由少到多依次渐进地进行描述或论述。这种整齐的结构可以使人们的思想认识一层层深化提高，增强语言的感染力和说服力。例如：我来了；我

21、看见了；我征服了。我来了；我看到了；我征服。五章英语写作常见错误与分析下面我们对一些在英语写作中典型的病句实例逐一加以剖析。一不一致（分歧）。所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等。例1。人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么。（人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么。）剖析：一是单数第三人称，因而本句的有应改为有；同理，要想本句是典型的主谓不一致应改为。改为：人一旦有了钱，他可以做他想做的事（做）二修饰语错位（错位修饰）。英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化。对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解。例1

22、。我相信我可以做得很好，我会更好的了解校园以外的世界。剖析：更好的位置不当，应置于句末。三句子不完整（句子）。在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。例1。有很多途径了解社会。例如通过电视、广播、报纸等。剖析：通过电视、广播为例本句后半部分，报纸等等。”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。改为：有了解社会的方法很多，例如，通过电视，广播，报纸。四悬垂修饰语（悬垂修饰语）。The so-called dangling modifiers

23、 refers to the phrases and sentences behind logic confusion. For example: At the age of ten my grandfather died. at the age in the "of ten" only point out at the age of ten, but did not say "who" at the age of ten. According to the general reasoning is not possible my grandfather

24、, if we put this dangling modifiers of the whole sentence is not so hard to understand.Instead:When, I, was, ten, my, grandfather, died.Case 1.To, do, well, in, college, good, grades, are, essential.Analysis: the logical subject of the infinitive phrase "to, do, in, college" in the sentenc

25、e is not clear. WellInstead:To, do, well, in, college, a, student, needs, good, grades.Five. Misuse of parts of speech (Misuse, of, Parts, of, Speech)The misuse of parts of speech often shows that prepositions are used as verbs; adjectives are used as adverbs; nouns are used as verbsCase 1.None, can

26、, negative, the, importance, of, money.Analysis: negative is an adjective and is wrongly used as a verb.Instead:None, can, deny, the, importance, of, money.Six. Pronouns Reference of (Ambiguous)Refers to the unclear, mainly refers to pronouns and refers to the generation of people or things unclear,

27、 or the pronoun used in inconsistent. Just look at the following sentence:Mary, was, friendly, to, my, sister, because, she, wanted, her, to, be, her, bridesmaid.Marie is very good with my sister because she wants her to be her maid of honor. )After reading the above sentence, the reader can not tel

28、l exactly who will marry the two girls and who will be the maid of honor. The meaning is clear if we make clear the referent of the misleading pronoun. This sentence can be changed to:Mary, was, friendly, to, my, because, she, sister, wanted, my, sister, to, be, her, bridesmaid.Example 1., And, we,

29、can, also, know, the, society, by, serving, it, yourself.Analysis: the personal pronoun "we" and the reflexive pronoun "yourself" refer to each other in the sentence. Instead:We, can, also, know, society, by, serving, it, ourselves.Seven. Uninterrupted sentences (Run-on, Sentence

30、s)What is run-on sentence? See the example below.Example 1.There are many ways we get to know the outside world.Anatomy: this sentence contains two layers of full meaning: "There, are, many, ways." and "We get to know the outside world."". It's not appropriate to simply

31、put them together.Instead:There, are, many, ways, for, US, to, learn, about, the, outside, world., or:There, are, many, ways, through, which, we, can, become, acquainted, with, the, outsideWorldEight. Wording errors (Troubles, in, Diction)Diction refers to how to choose a proper word in a particular

32、 sentence in question, because the teaching time, teachers usually spends time is extremely limited, affecting the students did not develop good study habits in writing, thinking. They tend to use whatever they like. So mistakes in words are common in the composition.Example 1.The increasing use of

33、chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.(Agriculture) the increasing use of chemicals has also created pollution. )Analysis: obviously, the candidates mistake obstacles "obstacle" and "obstacle" as "substance". In addition, "the increasing use (incre

34、asing use)" should be changed to "abusive use" (abuse)".Instead:The, abusive, use, of, chemical, substances, in, agriculture, also, causes/leads, to, pollution.Nine. Burdensome (Redundancy)Brevity is the most precious thing. There is no superfluous word to write a sentence; there is no unnecessary sentence to write a paragraph. Able to use words without phrases; can use phrases without clauses or sentences. Such as:In, spite, of, the, fact, that, he, is, lazy, I, like, him.In this sentence, "the, fact, that, is, lazy, he"