英语写作要求和存在的问题

1、第一章 英语写作要求和存在的问题一、 高中英语写作要求根据全日制中学英语教学大纲，英语教学的目的之一是“培养初步写的能力。”高三学生应该“能在所学语言范围内口、笔头造句； 能在有提示词语的条件下， 写出100 个词左右的段落， 意思连贯， 无严重语法错误。” 高校入学考试大纲对书面表达也提出了明确要求：“要求考生根据所给情景和要求， 写一篇书面材料。” 历年高考英语写作要求学生根据图片或中文提示，运用恰当的英语, 表达意义，进行写作。此类作文基本上属于“引导性写作”。应该说，高考英语写作并非象高考语文写作那样“高深莫测”， 学生不必刻意追求“新意”；学生只要根据写作规定的体裁、提示的主要内容和

2、字数要求， 根据英语习惯和语法要求，运用恰当的词汇和句型，把意思表达清楚即可。 历年高考写作回顾：全国卷年份体裁题型要求内容NMET1990应用文简介简介介绍情况NMET1991应用文报道报道介绍跳水冠军孙叔伟事迹NMET1992应用文日记看图写话回乡探亲日记NMET1993记叙文短文看图写话狗救小孩的故事NMET1994应用文通知提示作文为外宾举办晚会NMET1995应用文书信看图写话说明约会地点NMET1996应用文自我介绍自我介绍根据表格写求职履历NMET1997记叙文记事看图写话描述交通违章纠正事件NMET1998应用文日记看图写话参观农场NMET1999应用文书信看图写话介绍学校变化

3、情况NMET2000记叙文看图写话看图写话叙述一起交通事故NMET2001应用文写信看表写信学生减负情况NMET2002应用文写信看表写信公园要否收门票上海卷年份体裁题型要求内容1990记叙文记事提示作文回乡看变化1991描写文记人提示作文记中学英语老师1992记叙文记事提示作文计划去北京旅游1993描写文记物提示作文记母校1994记叙文记事提示作文参加高考以后1995记叙文记事提示作文父子议论未来志愿1996论述文记事提示作文父子谈论看电视的利与弊1997应用文写信提示写信欢迎笔友来沪旅游1998记叙文记事提示作文学会用电脑做事1999论述文议论提示作文学习英语的重要性2000记叙文记事提示

4、作文最难忘的一课2001论述文议论提示作文论述轿车进入家庭后的影响2002论述文议论看图作文就父母过于关心孩子的现象发表观点二、 学生写作中存在的问题（一） 审题不清有时，学生没有经过仔细阅读作文提示、要求和注意项目等就急于着手写作。其结果，写作的文体（ 记叙文、说明文、论说文、应用文 ）不符合要求，主题不明确， 甚至离题万里。1文体不当 下面以 NMET96 的写作题为例。 你是李华, 申请到一家外资企业工作。 对方要求你用英语写一篇短文, 介绍自己的基本情况。 短文应包括下表所列全部内容。姓名李华出生年月1977 年2 月出生地辽宁大连学历1984 1990 光明小学1990 1996 大

5、连市第六中学所学主要课程语文、数学、 英语、 物理、 化学、 电脑 特长英语、 电脑 ( 去年在全校电脑竞赛中获第一名)业余爱好游泳、滑冰、 集邮、流行音乐注意:1. 情况介绍必须采用短文形式; 2. 词数 100 左右;3. 短文第一句已为你写好。 生词: 竞赛 - competition My name is Li Hua.作文要求已明确说明：情况介绍必须采用短文形式, 可还是有学生没有看清楚作文要求, 以罗列条文的形式进行写作。2 主题不明请看下面写作要求及学生习作。Directions: Write an English composition in over 120 words, a

6、ccording to the topic given in Chinese. 请你谈谈， 为了迎接2008 年在北京举办的奥运会， 中国人民该作些什么准备工作。 根据以上要求， 学生这样写道： With the development of China, Beijing is bidding for the 2008 Olympic Games. In the past eight years, China has gone through all kinds of hardships and difficulties. Chinese people must have something

7、to do. Firstly, if we would bid successfully, more and more foreigners would come to China, so we must learn foreign languages well. Then, we can show them around Beijing. Secondly, we must protect environment well. The motif of Olympic Games is “Green Olympics”. China will be stronger and stronger.

8、 In a word, if we can prepare well, I believe that we will bid for the 2008 Olympic Games successfully. 分析一下， 该学生显然审错了题。该文章主题应该围绕“2008 年在北京举办的奥运会”，重点写“ 中国人民该作些什么准备工作”。 因为，根据 中文提示“为了迎接2008 年在北京举办的奥运会”， 我们可以明确：2008 年在北京举办奥运会而不是象学生在文中所写的那样：2008 年在北京申办奥运会，即“Beijing is bidding for the 2008 Olympic Games”

9、; 而且, 文中第一段，第二句，“In the past eight years, China has gone through all kinds of hardships and difficulties.” 所表达的意思与主题“中国人民该作些什么准备工作”也没有明确的关系；因为审题错误， 所以导致了以后的一系列错误, 如第二段和最后一段中的内容与事实不相符合，即“if we would bid successfully, more and more foreigners would come to China. ”和最后一句: “I believe that we will bid fo

10、r the 2008 Olympic Games successfully.”; 第三段的最后一句，即China will be stronger and stronger.与该段落的前面两句，即we must protect environment well. The motif of Olympic Games is “Green Olympics”没有内在的联系, 与主题也不相吻合。可以说, 该生由于一开始审题出错, 所以内容不能紧扣要点, 中心不突出, 整篇文章自始至终没有也不能围绕一个明确的主题开展。（二） 组织无序 有时， 学生虽然明确了体裁和主题， 却不知如何采用恰当的组织方法，

11、 将表达主题思想的内容和材料，有条不紊地表述清楚， 以至文章结构松散， 层次不清。 1 结构松散 请看下面例题。Directions: Write an English composition in over 120 words, according to the topic given in Chinese.写一份倡议书 同学们， 我们快毕业了。 我们打算送件礼物给学校。 建议给学校种一些树。 种树很有意义. . .学生这样写道：Classmates, we are going to graduate from our school soon. We have studied here fo

12、r 3 years. We all regard it as our second home. We have planned to send a gift to our school. What about planting trees? Planting trees is a meaningful thing. Trees can clean the air and make our school more beautiful. Trees can make our school more wonderful. If the students study tired, they can s

13、ee these trees to relax. In summer, they can stay under the trees. Because trees can absorb carbon o xide and can give out oxide, trees can make our school clean. The trees we planted will be very big. It will remind us of the time when we studied in school. We think trees are the best gifts not onl

14、y for school but also for us. Lets start now. 仅从首尾两段可以看出， 学生按照要求，以倡议书的形式进行写作； 其中，第二、三、四段的主要内容反映了这样一个主题思想， 即：种树很有意义。 应该说， 该体裁形式和主题思想基本上是符合要求的。但是， 从文章的组织结构来看，第二、三、四段这一主体部分，结构显得松散，不紧凑，甚至有些凌乱。如果各段落间， 各句子间用一定的连词或副词等 加以联接过渡， 那么该文章在组织结构上可以改善许多。请看下文。Classmates, we are going to graduate from our school soon.

15、 We have studied here for 3 years and we all regard it as our second home. We have planned to send a gift to our school. What about planting trees? Planting trees is a meaningful thing. Firstly, trees can clean the air and make our school more beautiful. Trees can make our school more wonderful. Sec

16、ondly, if the students study tired, they can see these trees to relax. In summer, they can stay under the trees. Because trees can absorb carbon oxide and can give out oxide, trees can make our school clean. Thirdly, the trees we planted will be very big. It will remind us of the time when we studie

17、d in school.So we think trees are the best gifts not only for school but also for us. Lets start now.2 层次不清 请看下面例题。Directions: Write an English composition in over 120 words, according to the clue given in Chinese.对中国学生出国求学的利与弊, 各人有不同的观点. 请谈谈你的看法。 Nowadays, more and more students want to go abroad.

18、They think they can receive better education and find a good job in the future. Some people think that it is not good for students to go abroad. Others dont think so. I think it is good for students to go abroad. Firstly, you will see more and more new things. You can get a lot of experience. Howeve

19、r, you may also meet with a lot of problems. For example, you may feel lonely because you are far from your parents and good friends. You must do everything by yourselves. You will probably be in trouble if you cant understand the foreign language.Secondly, you can improve your foreign language, bec

20、ause you can speak to the foreigners. You can also make a lot of friends with the foreigners. Of course, sometimes, you will have some problems in communicating with the foreigners. Last but not the least, when you come back again, it is easy for you to get a nice job. Many people will like to pract

21、ise speaking English with you.In a word, I think that it is good for students to go abroad. 在这篇文章中， 学生运用了一些过渡词，将各段落连接组织起来，使文章结构不至于显得那么松散。但是，稍加阅读分析，我们不难发现该文章的层次不太分明，前后混淆，甚至有些颠三倒四， 让人读后不明不白。例如, 在第一段中， 学生就急于表达学生出国的理由， 但由于是开头，又无法完全说清楚。 其实， 在第一段落中， 只要表述不同人有不同看法，即有利或有弊就可以了，然后摆出自己的观点：有利还是有弊，或既有利又有弊。 至于理由可以

22、在以后的段落中加以陈述；同时要注意一个段落说明一个理由；这样，才能使各段落层次分明， 条理清楚。练习一 对于上面习作， 你能通过适当调整和修改，使之层次更分明吗？（三） 表达不当 学生往往在写作时, 较多用中文思维的习惯进行构思并组织语句, 因而出现一些不伦不类, 令人费解的英语语句。 学生有时考虑了中文意义, 却忽视了英语语法的规则或表达习惯, 经常会犯一些十分幼稚的错误; 有时,学生在写作前作了精心设计与构思, 甚至是煞费苦心,苛求高立意, 深寓意, 追求华丽的辞藻和语句，其结果, 由于英语水平的限制, 学生往往生搬硬套或 乱造词句。 这样的表述有时着实令人啼笑皆非。 下面例句一些学生在表

23、达上存在的问题。 1 用词不当(1) 名词不当Tom didnt realize that he was going in the wrong road. (wrong )Tom didnt realize that he was going in the wrong direction. ( right )(2) 动词不当 The college entrance examinations have ended for several days. (wrong ) The college entrance examinations have been over for several day

24、s. ( right )(3) 介词不当 In all scientists, I like Madame Curie best. (wrong )Of all the scientists, I like Madame Curie best. ( right )(4) 搭配不当We must take attention to avoid traffic accidents. (wrong )We must take care to avoid traffic accidents. ( right )2 语法错误(1) 主谓不一致 She is one of the greatest sci

25、entists who has won the Nobel prize. (wrong ) She is one of the greatest scientists who have won the Nobel Prize. ( right )(2) 名词单复数 Those are the reason why I like her very much. (wrong ) Those are the reasons why I like her very much. ( right )(3) 时态混乱 I often tells my mother what happened in my s

26、chool as soon as I came back home. (wrong ) I often tell my mother what has happened in my school as soon as I come back home. ( right ) I often told my mother what had happened in my school as soon as I came back home. ( right )(4) 形容词副词比较级Mike speaks English more faster than Mary. (wrong )Mike spe

27、aks English faster than Mary. ( right )Mike speaks English much faster than Mary. ( right )3 代词混乱(1) We can only use water from rivers and lakes. The water resources that we can make use of are limited. You can live about a week without food, but you can live less than three days without water. (wro

28、ng )We can only use water from rivers and lakes. The water resources that we can make use of are limited. We can live about a week without food, but we can live less than three days without water. ( right )(2) Mr. Wang has promised to take us to the Peoples Park next Sunday and you shall have a picn

29、ic lunch there . (wrong )Mr. Wang has promised to take us to the Peoples Park next Sunday and we shall have a picnic lunch there ( right )(3) If a person can write a diary, he can write all that he has heard or seen in a diary. When you grow up and read your diary, you will feel as if you were young

30、 again. (wrong )If you can write a diary, you can write all that you have heard or seen in a diary. When you grow up and read your diary, you will feel as if you were young again. ( right )4 汉式英语(1) 我不忍心离开我的母校。 I cannot bear to part my mother school. （wrong ）Saying goodbye to my mother school, I fee

31、l very sad. (right )(2) 我将永远不会忘记这里的一切，包括我的老师。 I will never forget heres everything, including my teachers. （wrong ） I will remember everything here, including my teachers. (right )(3) 我们能用的水只有一点点。 The water that we can use only has a little. （wrong ）There is only a little water that we can use. (rig

32、ht )(4) 我将对每一位游客非常友好，让他有一种家的感觉。 I will be kind to every tourist so that he can have the homes feeling. （wrong ）I will be kind to every tourist so that he can feel at home. (right )(5) 如今人们的寿命长多了。 The life of people of the day is much longer. （wrong ）People now live a much longer life. (right )(6) 老年

33、人的数目在迅速增长。 The increase of the old people rises quickly. （wrong ）The number of the old people has been increasing rapidly. (right ) (7)我想和家长交流能使家长更好地了解他们的孩子。 I think by talking with parents can make parents know about their children more . （wrong ） I think talking with parents can help parents know

34、better about their children. (right )(8) 我们必须考虑的问题是如何来处理学习和玩耍之间的关系。 The problem we must think is how to deal with the study and plays relation. （wrong ） The problem we must think over is how to deal with the relationship between study and play. (right )(9) 这对他们的学习不利。 It was not good for them to stud

35、y. （wrong ）It was not good for their study. (right )It was not helpful to their study. (right )It did no good to their study. (right )(10) 因特网有很多好处，也有很多坏处。 Internet have many things is good, but it have many things is harmful. ( wrong )Internet has both advantages and disadvantages. (right )练习二 认真阅读

36、下面文章,并作适当修改, 使其文理通顺, 语言准确、得当。Directions: Write an English composition in over 120 words, according to the topic given in Chinese.Success and Failure1 每个人都会有成功和失败的经历。2 失败并不可怕， 只要坚忍不拔， 正视失败。3 成功属于不断追求的人。Success and FailureAs man, he will face with many serious problems. Some will overcome the problems

37、 while others cant do so. Everyone will feel success and failure.Someone are afraid of failure, and they cant realize it. But I think failure is not very serious. If you can stick to work and face with the failure, you will be successful one day. Why did many inventors can succeed, because they had

38、failed for hundreds times. They could learn from the failure, then they had more experiences to make themselves succeed. Have you known about a saying: Failure is the mother of success.However, if you can only face with failure, but stop working, you wont be successful as well. Success belongs to th

39、e man who can go on with working.In a word, lets face with failure and keep working, then we are sure to succeed in the future.（四） 内容不实 中学生写作主要是引导性作文，因此， 学生可以根据所给的提示要点，关键词或图表等确定写作的主要内容。 但是， 有时由于所给提示较多， 学生只顾自己写而遗漏了提示信息； 有时，所给提示较少，留给学生自己发挥的空间较大，学生没有认真构思， 想到哪里写到哪里，结果造成内容不切主题或贫乏琐碎的现象。1 遗漏提示信息 下面作文提示内容较多

40、。学生在一开始的一段情景中发挥较多，而忽视或遗漏了规定的要点。请看例题。 根据提示的情景用英语写出一段100-120 词的通顺恰当的短文，不必根据中文逐字逐句翻译。假定有一天你和你父亲去河边钓鱼，发现河水污染严重，只钓到一条小鱼，对此你写了一篇感想并将其寄给一家英文报纸，希望唤起公众对河水污染的重视，要点如下：（1） 你是读者王宁。（2） 有些厂向河里排放污水，有些人向河中倾倒垃圾，致使河水浑浊，有死鱼漂浮上来。（3） 如果全国的河流都被污染，后果不堪设想。（4） 希望不久的将来河水会变得干净。学生习作：Dear Editor, I am Wang Ning. Last Saturday, i

41、t was fine. I had nothing to do and felt very boring. So I persuaded my father to go fishing with me by a river. To my disappointment, we only caught a very small fish. Why? Because some factories poured polluted water into the river and some people poured rubbish into the river. As a result, many f

42、ishes died. How could they do that? The result is hard to imagine if all the rivers in our country are polluted. So, I hope people will pay attention to that. We should take actions to prevent people from polluting the river. I hope the water will be clean in the future. Wang Ning 应该说，该生在语言表达方面是不错的，

43、但是他遗漏了要点“致使河水浑浊，有死鱼漂浮上来”。2. 内容不切主题请看下面例题。 根据提示的情景用英语写出一段100-120 词的通顺恰当的短文，不必根据中文逐字逐句翻译。假如你叫张英，在上海中学读书，很想交一位英国的中学生做笔友，通过书信往来提高英语水平。 你的英语老师王先生刚从英国进修回来，介绍你同约翰交笔友。 请你写一封100 字左右的信给约翰，把你的学习情况和个人爱好向约翰作一介绍。同时，希望约翰也能作一下自我介绍。 学生习作：Dear John,I am Zhang Ying. I am studying in Shanghai Middle School in China and

44、 I want very much to have a pen friend in Britain to improve my English. Fortunately, my English teacher, Mr. Wang has just been back from Britain. I like him very much. He suggested that I should write to you and introduce myself. I hope you will be glad to make friends with me.There are four peopl

45、e in my family. They are my father, mother, grandmother and I. My father is a physics teacher and my mother is a doctor. My grandmother has retired. They work very hard. I feel very happy at home.I am now a middle school student of senior three. I study many subjects, including English. My English i

46、s not good but I am good at maths and physics. I work very hard and my classmates work even harder than me. They always stay up very late at night and get up early in the morning. I am afraid I cant catch up with them. By the way, I have many hobbies, such as collecting stamps, singing, dancing and

47、reading. How about you?I hope you will write to me soon and introduce yourself to me in your letter, ok? Yours, Zhang Ying 注意，在上面的习作中, 划线部分不符合提示的要求, 偏离了作文的主题, 即“把你的学习情况和个人爱好向约翰作一介绍。”同时，作文字数（216）也大大超过了要求。3. 内容贫乏琐碎 例如，下面这一文章重点不突出，内容琐碎。请仔细阅读并作修改，尤其是文章的内容可以增加或删减，注意所要写的内容是否构成了My Senior High School Life重要

48、的、有意义的部分，是否比较突出地反映了My Senior High School Life。Directions: Write an English composition in over 120 words, according to the topic given in Chinese.请以“My Senior High School Life” 为题， 写一篇英语作文， 字数不少于120 字。学生习作：My Senior High School LifeMy name is Robin, a senior high three student. Do you know how old I

49、 am? Let me tell you, I am nineteen and Oct. 1 is my birthday. I think I will have a good time on my birthday. As I will leave my mother school, I want to tell you something about my senior high school life. Firstly, let me tell you my schools name. It is an old middle school in Shanghai. It is call

50、ed Lian Yi Middle School. It is in the south of Shanghai and not far away from my home. So everyday, I walk to go to school. I am busy with my studies in school because I should learn many subjects. I have made a lot of friends with the classmates around. Sometimes, we quarrel and fight with each ot

51、her. But we study and play together. Then we all feel happy. So, my senior high school life is full of happiness. However, I also have some trouble in my senior high school life. Because of my laziness, I often fail in the exam. Then I am always criticized by my teachers or my parents.Above all, I h

52、ave learnt a lot of knowledge in senior high school life. Meanwhile, I have also learnt how to be a man.In a word, I will never forget my senior high school life. It is an important part of my life. It is wonderful.练习三 请对上文My Senior High School Life 进行修改。三、 历年全国高考写作真题分析(一) 全真试题(NMET 95) 假定你是李华。你和几个朋

53、友约定星期天在人民公园野餐( to have a picnic )。你们的英国朋友 Peter 也应邀参加。请你根据下面的示意图给他写封短信, 告诉他进公园后如何找到你们。注意:(1) 短文长度 80 100 词。(2) 开头语已为你写好。 June 1st , 1995Dear Peter, We re so glad youre coming to join us on Sunday. Here is how you can find us.分析指导: 该题既有文字说明, 又有示意图, 而且作文形式是写信。 因此, 考生要根据文字说明, 仔细阅读示意图, 抓住内容要点, 理顺写信思路, 正确清楚地写明路线。 最后, 不要忘记在信末签名。内容要点:1. 在人民公园野餐: have a picni