2003级英护本科药理学双语教学作业

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4、搁仰秒妻伞搅织否饺起磺2003级英护本科药理学双语教学作业Translation for English nursing department 承德医学院药理教研室Department of Pharmacology Chengde Medical CollegeJune 2005EditorHao Xi-Jun ProfessorAuthorsHao Xi-Jun 郝希俊 ProfessorWang Rui-Ting 王瑞婷 Associate professorTong Ji-Ming 佟继铭 ProfessorShang Ya-Zhen 商亚珍 ProfessorMei Ai-Min 梅

5、爱敏 LecturerLi Bao-Qun 李宝群 AssistantZuo Yan-Zhen 左彦珍 AssistantGuan Li-Hua 关丽华 AssistantCONCENTSChapter 1 Introduction . 1Chapter 2 Pharmacodynamics 2Chapter 3 Pharmacokinetics . 3Chapter 4 Autonomic Pharmacology .4Chapter 5 Cholinoceptor-activating and AchE inhibitor .5 Chapter 6 Organophosphates Ant

6、icholinesterase Intoxication 6Chapter 7 Anticholinergic Drugs (M antagonist) .7Chapter 8 Adrenergic Drugs 8Chapter 9 Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs .10Chapter 10 Sedative-Hypnotics .11Chapter 11 Antiepileptic Drugs .12Chapter 12 Antipsychotic Drugs .13Chapter 13 Analgesics .15Chapter 14 Antipyretic-Ana

7、lgesia and Anti-inflammatory.16Chapter 15 Renin- Angiotensin System .17Chapter 16 Anti- Arrhythmia Agents .18Chapter 17 Diuretics and Osmotic Diuretics .19Chapter 18 Anti-hypertensive Drugs .20Chapter 19 Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure 21Chapter 1 General Principles of Pharmacology- IntroductionT

8、ranslate the following passages into Chinese1 Pharmacology deals with the chemical and physical properties, action, mechanism of action, biotransformation 7baiEu7trAnsfE5meiFEn, side effects, clinical uses and contraindications of drugs.2 Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiolo

9、gical effects of drugs and their mechanism of action.3 Pharmacokinetics deals with the changes of drug concentration in the human body following administration.4 Drugs are substances used for the purposes of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease.5 The basic medical knowledge, such as physio

10、logy, biochemistry, pathology, pathophysiology, microbiology, immunology and molecular biology are applied to elucidate the mechanisms of action of drugs, and to establish the theoretical basis of using drugs rationally in clinic. Pharmacology 7fB:mE5kClEdVi 药理学Pharmacodynamics fB:mE7kEudai5nAmiks 药

11、效学Pharmacokinetics 7fB:mEkEu7kai5netiks 药代学Physiology 7fizi5ClEdVi pathology pE5WClEdVi 生理学Elucidate i5lju:sideit.阐明pathology pE5WClEdVi 病理学Chapter 2 Pharmacodynamics1 Treatment can be classified into etiological and symptomatic treatment according to therapeutic effect.2 Adverse effect includes sid

12、e effect, toxic effect, residual effect, withdrawal reaction, allergic reaction, idiocyncrasy.3 pharmacological effect can be classified into graded response and quantal response according to effect property.4 efficacy: the maximum effect of a drugs, it is related to intrinsic activity. Intrinsic ac

13、tivity is the ability of a drug to produce an effect.5 potency: refers to the different doses of two drugs that are needed to produce the same degree of effect. It is related to affinity. Affinity is the tendency of a drug to combine with the receptor.6.ED50:the dose at which 50% of the individuals

14、exhibit the specified quantal effect.7 LD50:the dose at which 50% of the animal exhibit death. Therapeutic index(TI)=LD50/ED508 Agonist: is a drug that has high affinity to receptors and high intrinsic activity, produces a pharmacological effect when it combines with receptors.9 An antagonist binds

15、to the receptors to inhibit the action of an agonist, but initiate no effect themselves. The inhibition can be overcome by increasing the concentration of the agonist, ultimately achieving the same maximal effect.10 receptor can be classified into four types: G protein-coupled receptor, ligand-gated

16、 ion channel, tyrosine-protein kinase receptor, intracellular receptor.etiological 7i:ti5ClEdVikEl 病因的 symptomatic 7simptE5mAtikadverse 5AdvE:s efficacy 5efikEsiresidual ri5zidjuEl withdrawal wiT5drC:Elintrinsic in5trinsik potency pEJtEnsIaffinity E5finiti agonist 5AEnistantagonist An5tAEnist tyrosi

17、ne 5tirEsi:nChapter 3 Pharmacokinetics1 Pathways that drugs transporting across membrane include passive diffusion, active transport, carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion, endocytosis .2 intracorporeal process of drug includes absorption, distribution, biotransformation, elimination. Absorption is

18、 the process that drug enters blood from the administration site. 3 first- pass elimination: following absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, drugs pass initially through the hepatic circulation. Some drugs are metabolized so extensively in the gut wall or liver before they reach the systemic c

19、irculation. 4 bioavailability: it is defined as the fraction of unchanged drug reaching the systemic circulation following administration by any route, it is related to the area under the plasma concentration-time curve.5 drug metabolism involves two kinds of biochemical reactions known as phase and

20、 phase reactions. Phase reaction consists of oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis. Phase reaction involves conjugation, acetylation and methylation.6 enzyme inducer and enzyme inhibitor7 first order kinetics: constant fraction of drug is absorbed or eliminated per unit time. Zero order kinetics: same

21、quantity of drug is absorbed or eliminated per unit time.8 half life: the time taken for the concentration of drug to fall to half of the initial value. 9 Apparent volume of distribution: a hypothetical volume of body fluid that would be required to dissolve the total amount of drug at the same conc

22、entration as that found in the blood.10 steady state: may be defined as a time of no net change in the amount of drug when rate of input equals rate of output.11 clearance :is defined as the volume of plasma which would have to lose all the drug it contains per unit time.endocytosis 7endEusai5tEusis

23、 intracorporeal 5IntrEkC:5pC:riEl体内的oxidation Cksi5deiFEn 氧化 reduction ri5dQkFEn 还原hydrolysis hai5drClisis 水解 conjugation 7kCndVu5eiFEn 结合acetylation E7seti5leiFEn 乙酰化 methylation 9meWIl5leiFEn 甲基化Chapter 5 autonomic pharmacology 1 cholinergic fibers include : (1) all (parasympathetic and sympatheti

24、c) preganglionic efferent autonomic fibers and somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscle.(2) all parasympathetic postganglionic fibers(3) a few sympathetic postganglionic fibers, the fibers innervate to sweat gland and skeletal muscle vascular dilating nerves(4) the nerve innervate to adrenal medulla2

25、 adrenergic fibers: most of the sympathetic postganglionic fibers3 coupling mechanism of receptor-effect receptor combines with Gs, Gs, activates AC, cAMP activates protein kinase which activates phosphoslation. 2 receptor combines with Gi and inhibits AC activity , decreases cAMP. 1 receptor couple

26、s with GP, activates PLC.4 M effectHeart: rate cardiac contractility conductionBlood vessel: dilation, blood pressureEye: pupil constriction, intraocular pressure ciliary muscle constriction Salivary gland: secretionViscera: bronchi constriction, gastrointestinal movement 5 adrenergic effectHeart:1

27、rate contractility conductionBpBlood vessel: Coronary: 1, 2 constriction, 2 dilation Muscle 2 dilationVeins: 1, 2 constriction, 2 dilationViscera: bronchi 2 dilationEye: 1 pupil dilatation , Cholinergic 7kEuli5nE:dVik Skeletal 5skelitl 骨骼的Preganglionic pri7ANli5Cnik 节前的 efferent 5efErEnt 传出的parasymp

28、athetic7pArE7simpE5Wetik 副交感的 innervate 5inE:veitintraocular7intrE5CkjulE 眼内的 ciliary 5siliEri 睫状的salivary5sAlivEri 唾液 viscera 5visErE 内脏gastrointestinal 7AstrEuin5testEnl 胃肠的Chapter 6 Cholinoceptor-activating andcholinesterasw-inhibiting drugs1 M-cholinoceptor agonists pilocarpine pharmacological e

29、ffects: Eye: miosis, papillary constrictor muscledecrease intraocular pressurecyclospasm(spasm of accommodation), contraction of ciliary muscleGlands increase secretion of sweat gland and salivary glandUses: glaucoma, iritis(prevent iris to lens)2 cholinesterase inhibitors cholinesterases divides in

30、to acetylcholinesterase(AchE) and pseudocholinesterose. The former is highly concentrated at neuromuscular junction, the later is present primarily in plasma and liver. Cholinesterase inhibitor will express M and N-cholinergic effects.3 Neostigmine(reversible) pharmacologic effects: cholinesterase i

31、nhibitor effect and direct activating N2 receptorclinical use: myasthenia gravis postoperative ileus and urinary retention: neostigmine excites GI tract smooth muscle and bladder detrusor paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia:decrease heart rate. Overdosage of muscle relaxants: tubocurarine, but p

32、rohibit to use for succinylcholine intoxication.Side effects: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, tachycardia, fibrillation of muscle fibers, cholinergic crisis.Contraindications: mechanical intestinal obstruction, urinary obstruction, bronchial asthmatachycardia bradycardia obstruction miosis mai5Eus

33、is 瞳孔缩小cyclospasm调节痉挛glaucoma lC:5kEumE青光眼iritis aiE5raitis 虹膜炎ileus 5iliEs 肠梗阻 urinary 5juErinEri 尿液的 retention ri5tenFEn渚留detrusordi5tru:sE 逼尿肌 supraventricular室上性tachycardia7tAki5kB:diE 心动过速 Contraindications 禁忌症obstruction梗阻asthma 5AsmE 哮喘Chapter 7 organophosphates anticholinesterase intoxicatio

34、n and cholinesterase reacticators1 mechanism of intoxication: organophosphates combine with cholinesterase to form complex, then “aged” phosphorylated cholinesterase.2 acute intoxication M signs and symptoms: miosis, salivation, increase bronchial secretion, sweating, bronchoconstriction, vomiting,

35、diarrhea, bradycardia, hypotention. N actions: involuntary twitchings3 treatment of acute intoxication: atropine antagonize M symptoms. Cholinesterase re-activator is capable of regenerate active enzyme from the organophosphorus-cholinesterase complex and also antagonize the twitching.diarrhea 7daiE

36、5riE 腹泻 twitchings 5twitFiN 颤搐Chapter 8 anticholinergic drugs (M antagonist)Anticholinergic drugs can combine with cholinergic receptors and inhibit Ach or cholinergic drugs to combine with the receptors. They are divided to M-cholinoceptor blocking drugs and N-cholinoceptor blocking drugs.atropine1

37、 pharmacological effects: Glands: inhibit the secretion of salivary gland, sweat gland and brochial secretory. Eye: pupil dilation, increase intraocular pressure, cycloplegia Smooth muscle: relax stomach and intestine , bladder smooth muscle. Heart: increase HR, dilate blood vessel and improve micro

38、circulation.CNS stimulating effect.2 clinical uses: visceral colic: gastric and intestinal colic pain and bladder irritating symptoms. Combined with pethidine for treatment of gallbladder colic and renal colic pain preanaesthetic medication ， ophthalmologic disorders , anti-shock especially for infe

39、ctious shock. Organophosphate intoxication.cycloplegia 7saiklE5pli:dVjE 调节麻痹 colic 5kClik 绞痛 gallbladder 5C:lblAdE 胆囊 pethidine 度冷丁 preanaesthetic medication 麻醉前给药 ophthalmologic 眼科的 bradycardia brAdi5kB:diE 心动过缓 Chapter 10 adrenergic drugsAdrenergic drugs are a group of drugs, which have similar ch

40、emical structures and pharmacological actions. They may combine with and activate adrenoceptors and produce adrenomimetic effects, they are called adrenomimetic drugs. These drugs are amines, their effects are similar to that of exciting sympathetic nerves, thus they are also called sympathomimetic

41、drugs.1 mixed and agonists: adrenaline(epinephrine)1.1Pharmacological effects:(1) Cardiovascular system: blood vessel: constrict mucous membranes and skin vessels. Constrict renal and mesenteric blood vessel 2 dilate vessel of skeletal muscle, coronaryheart: a powerful stimulant effect on heart1 HR（

42、positive chronotropic effect） contraction(positive inotropic effect) conductionBp: small dose or therapeutic dose increases systolic and diastolic.(2)Smooth muscle: relaxation of most kinds of bronchial smooth muscle(3)Metabolic effects: hyperglycemia 1.2 Clinical uses Cardiac arrest: Anaphylaxis: a

43、naphylactic shock Bronchial asthma: Local application: use with local anesthetics to constrict the regional blood vessels 1.3 Side effects: restlessness, anxiety, insomnia, palpitation, sweating, very high dose :severe headache, elevation of BP, the danger of cerebral hemorrhage, arrhythmia and vent

44、ricular fibrillation 1.4 Contraindications: hypertension, sclerosis of cerebral artery, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, hyperthyroidism. and diabetes. Adrenomimetic 拟肾上腺素cutaneous kju(:)5teinjEs 皮肤的 mesenteric7mesEn5terik 肠系膜的metabolic7metE5bClik systolicsIstClIk 收缩的sclerosis skliE

45、5rEusis 硬化 diastolic心脏舒张的ischemic 缺血 hemorrhage 5hemEridV 出血 hyperglycemia 7haipElai5si:miE 高血糖症arrhythmia E5riWmiE 心律失常 ventricular ven5trikjulE 心室的fibrillation 7faibri5leiFEn 心室纤维颤动 diabetes7daiE5bi:ti:z糖尿病hyperthyroidism haIpE5WaIrCIdIz(E)m 甲亢2 receptor agonist: norepinephrine, NAIt has very stro

46、ng receptor activating effect, has effect on 2.1 pharmacological effects: (1) very strong blood constriction1 receptor. NA has relatively little effect on2, dilation of coronary blood vessels, increase coronary blood flow. (2) heart: mild activation on heart(1), increases cardiac contractility, card

47、iac output, heart rate, conduction(3) Blood pressure: increase systolic and diastolic pressure.2.2 clinical uses (1) hypotension induced by drug intoxication( chlorpromazine, A is contraindicated) (2) early phase of neurogenic shock (3) upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding3 receptor : isoprenaline(

48、isoproterenol)3.1 pharmacological effects: 1, 2 receptor agonist (1) cardiovascular system :positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, conduction increase, diastolic pressure falls, systolic blood pressure may remain unchanged or rise, mean arterial pressure falls. (2) bronchial smooth muscle: rel

49、axation 3.2 clinical uses (1) cardiac arrest and heart block (2) asthma (3) shock: now seldom used 4 DA activates DA receptor, 1 and receptor. DA causes an increase of cardiac contractility. It also causes the release of NA from nerve endings, in induces vasoconstriction(1).it elevates BP and has we

50、ak2 effects. The effect on D1 receptor of kidney, and mesentery induces dilation of renal and mesenteric blood vessels. hypotension 7haipEu5tenFEn 低血压Chapter 11 adrenoceptor blocking drugs1 adrenoceptor blocking drugs Non selective receptor blocking drugs: phentolaminePharmacological effects: decrea

51、se peripheral resistance, dilate blood vessel, decrease BP, weak cardiac stimulation effect. Clinical uses: peripheral vascular diseases, anti-shock, pheochromocytomaSide effect: hypotension 1 receptor blocker: prazosin2 receptor blocking drugsNon selective :Pharmacological effects: (1) blocking eff

52、ects: heart: decrease HR, cardiac contractility and cardiac output, slowed AV conduction.(negative chronotropic and inotropic) blood vessel: weakly increase peripheral resistance. Inhibit release of renin Decrease BP, lead to bronchoconstriction (2) endogenous sympathomimetic effect:(3) membrane sta

53、bilizing action: (4) other effects: anti-platelet aggregationClinical uses: angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, glaucoma pheochromocytoma 7fi:EkrEumEsai5tEumE 嗜铬细胞瘤 renin 5ri:nin 肾素endogenous en5dCdVEnEs 内源性的 platelet 5pleitlit血小板 aggregation Ari5eiFEn 聚集 angina pectoris An5dVainE 心绞

54、痛 arrhythmia E5riWmiE 心律失常Chapter 15 sedative-hypnoticsHypnotics are drugs used to produce drowsiness and sleep, while sedatives are used to calm anxious and restless patients. 1 Benzodiazepine: diazepamPharmacological effects:(1) Anti-anxiety, (2) sedation hypnosis(prolong stage 2 NREM sleep. Shorten3,4 NREM, weakly shorten REM), (3) anti-convulsant effect and anti-epileptic effects.(Bz combines with Bz receptor, strengthen the function of GABA. (4)Muscle relaxationClinical uses: sedative and anti-anxiety, insomnia, tetanus, convulsion induced by fe