当代语言学导论--练习

1、第一章练习0402班集体答题I 译文(已批改)：语言贯穿我们的全部的生活 , 予我们的思维以言 辞, 予我们理念以话音 , 予我们的感受以表述。它是一种人类所拥 有的丰富而多样的能力 -想用就用，无须思索，天下儿童，自能 习得。语言学家知其固然复杂，却可描述。语言学是研究语言的本质、 结构和变化的科学 , 分为语音学 , 音位学 ,形态学,句法学,语义学和语用学 .II 1)Plato 2)Aristotle 3)Xunzi 4) Chomsky 5) SaussureIII A Summary of Language and Human Beings (未经批改 )Language had

2、the systematic internal structure of a sentence and the relationship between sounds meaning and the complex actual h ierarchy. In order to understand a single sentence, a newborn huma n baby needs to break the string of sounds which he hears into sy ntactic constituents and associate a sound combina

3、tion with a definit e meaning.There are three stages during which he perceives the existence of l anguage around him spontaneously.a. producing singleword sentence (12 18 months)b. forming elementary phrases and two word sentencesc. making adult like sentences(by the age of two and a half) In a word

4、, as to human being, the knowledge of language just gro w naturally from the mind during a certain period in childhood and not need to be deliberately taught.IV .（未经批改）1 Human language.Human beings have an inborn knowledge of language which must be universally correct and acceptable. The location of

5、 such innate k nowledge is in our genes. There is a biological, physical entity insi de our brain which decides what we speak. This entity is UG - un iversal grammar. According to UG theory, every speaker is endowe d with a set of principles. Animals donht ave an area in their brai n that controls l

6、anguage. Nor do they have genes that carry the kn owledge of language.2 It is hard to say. Nothing is impossible. The first prerequisite tha t they should have is a biological organ, like genes or certain areasof the brain that can develop into language skills or control the la nguage we use. The se

7、cond is that they should have UG, which he lps them both to produce and understand meaningful utterance and so forth.3 Communication is one of the most basic functions of human lang uage. However, communication is not the only use. We use langua ge sometimes to express ourselves and sometimes to rec

8、ord somethi ng. In this kind of situation, language is not necessarily for commu nication. We not necessarily present our diary or writings that recor d our personal emotions. Other than that, we think with language. That is not communication either.4 Linguistics can play a very important role in th

9、e information age. For example, in the development of artificial intelligence, linguistic s is the basis. The achievements in Generative Grammar gained byNoam Chomsky have been used in computer programming, US Na vy intelligence technologies and so forth. Computer translation, parti cularly, is base

10、d on linguistic knowledge. Therefore, in the informat ion age, linguistics can play a role that is as important as what ph ysics and chemistry played in the industrial revolution.5 Canada Austria IndiaV 1) A one-year-old child, to a certain extent, can understand man y words people talk around him.

11、But he still can not manage to express himself with vocal language. By this time, except for arti culating some simple words, such as dad, mom. He would re sort to crying if he wants something badly.The child, reaching the age of 14 months, is trying to talk, babble to be more exact. He would keep p

12、roducing meaningle ss sounds; especially he likes to reduplicate single-syllable sounds, e.g. Ah-ah, Oh-oh.At the 16th month, despite the parents tried all the possible means to teach the child correct pronunciation, the child would r efer to his own system when he is trying to say something. For ex

13、ample, the parents keep teaching the child to say “ piqiu ”but the child can only catch the last syllable “qiu ”the, n, more intereI II”sting he prefers to say “ qi-uqiu ”instead of “qiu ”.After about 2 months, he could successfully articulate “pa” and “ ma”if he is required to do it., which give th

14、e parents lo ts of happiness. But another problem pops up. The child extend s the meaning of “ pa”or “ ma”to everything. E.g. when the ch ild wants to get a toy car, he would point to the car, saying ”p a, pa, pa” this stage is trying to develop his own lexicon. H e often overextends a wordsmeaning.

15、Another thing that worth mentioning is that, the child has l earned some body gestures to express his own idea. For exampl e, when he is happy, he will clap his hands, swaying the arms to demonstrate a flying bird, stretching out one finger to denote “Iam one year old ”.2）Does language need a norm?

16、（未经批改 ）With the help of a common language, people can try to get ri d of the demanding God by building the tower of Babel. Nowaday s, English, as a most popular and international language seemingly has a trend of becoming another language norm of mankind. But to my point of view, people would rather

17、 preserve their own unique through the unique language.The derivation of language forms a colorful and shining langua ge net which is a rich culture resource for all human beings. With hundreds of thousands of years development, each individual lang uage is deeply rooted in a specific culture; some

18、languages have be en extinct without being recorded, which cause a great loss in our culture. Instead of choosing a language norm, people try to keep th e present situation of language derivation.Also different groups of people are blocked off due to the geog raphical reasons, those people develop a

19、 new kind of language that can fully satisfies they need. According to Darwin stheory of evo lution, the derivation of language is the result of the social develop ment.To sum up, with the development, there are different languages which are strongly imprinted with different culture characteristics.

20、 T o find a language norm is a unrealistic and impractical way.翻译（已批阅）:费迪南 德索绪尔是20世纪之交伟大的瑞士语言学家。从 1881到 1891他在巴黎的法国高等学院任教。随后在日内瓦大学任 印欧语言学和梵语教授 (1901-1913)。1907到 1913任生成语言学教 授。作为一名教师，他影响巨大，但因为他不断研究以求精益求精， 所以他的思想观点在他生前并未发表。 他死后三年， 他的两名学生巴 利和薛施埃把在他课上摘录的笔记编汇成书出版， 题目为生成语言 学课程。该书一出版就成为了当时最具影响力的语言学著作。索绪尔建立

21、了语言结构研究的体系， 强调语言符号与其所表示的 意义之间的随意关系。 他还主张语言应该被认为是一种社会现象， 一 种可以从历时和共时两方面来认识的结构体系， 并且坚持认为， 这两 种研究方法显著不同， 在方法论上相互排斥。 他还起用了两个现已获 得广泛运用的术语“ parole”，即每个人所说的言话，和“ langue”， 即存在于特定社会特定时期的系统化结构化的语言。索绪尔提 倡赋予“语言”更多的重要性而不是“言语”，并且建议当时的语言 学家多搞共识研究 , 而非历史研究。他在理论上和方法论上的创新思 维得到广泛的认同。人们称他为现代语言学之父。Key to the multiple-ch

22、oice and judgment exercisesChapter 1II. 1) Plato 2) Aristotle 3) Xun Zi 4) (Noam) Chomsky5) (Ferdinand de) SaussureChapter 2II. 1) Plato 2) Herder 3) Galileo 4) William Johns5) the Linguistic Society of ParisIII. 1) syntax 2) pragmatics 3)morphology 4) phonetics5) phonology 6) semantics 7) semantics

23、IV. 1) psycholinguistics 2) historical linguistics3) sociolinguistics 4) psycholinguistics5) sociolinguistics 6) applied linguistics (in the broad sense)7) applied linguistics 8) psycholinguisticsChapter 3II. Order of the speech organs on the left corresponding to their proper definiti ons on the ri

24、ght:soft palate; alveolar ridge; pharynx; hard palate; vocal cords; trachea; larynxIII. 1) b 2) t 3) ? 4) m 5) f 6)l 7) d? 8) j 9) ? 10) sIV. (The correct feature is given after the arrow)1) b) front central2) a) semi-open open3) c) low high4) c) high mid5) d) rounded unroundedV. 1) incorrect. insid

25、e the chest inside the head2) correct.3) in correct. auditory pho netics acoustic pho netics4) correct.5) in correct. A syllable cannot contain more tha n one vowels. Eve n if a dip hthong or thiphthong is contained, it is still a single vowel, pronounced with in one chest pulse.6) in correct. The l

26、ocatio n of the words “ Chin esea nd “ En glish in the sta teme nts should be excha nged.7) correct8) correctChapter 4II. 1) morphemes 2) Bound 3) Compounds 4) idiomatic5) agglut in ati ngIII.1) The older gentleman voted wisely2) The children skipped rope and played games joyfullya a c a c a a a c a

27、 c a b b3) 他们赛跑拿了第一。Chapter 5II. 1) head, compleme nt2) projecti on, maximal, in termediate, mini mal3) lexical, functional4) specifier, sisters5) inflectional phrase, inflectional morphemes, infinitival particle6) compleme ntizer phrase, wh-questi onsChapter 6II. 1) propositi ons; argume nts; adjun

28、ct3) none or one; none, one or moreIII. 1) rain ( 0 )3) sleep (baby)IV. 1) age nt3) in strume nt, theme/patie nt e5) age nt, theme, in strume nt2) intern al; exter nal:4) theta/thematic; argume nt2) old (table)4) like (John, teacher)2) experie ncer4) age nt, theme, ben efactiv6) themeChapter 7II. 1)

29、 synonyms 2) antonyms3) polysemy4) homoph ones 5) deno tative; deno tative 6) Conno tative; Conno tative7) en tailme ntIII. 1) paraphrase 2) en tailme nt3) con tradictio n4) presuppositi onV. 4) a. The window is material.b. The window is abstract.c. The window can either be material or abstract.Chap

30、ter 8II. 1) given; new; Theme, Rheme 2) Theme; Rheme 3) unmarked; marke d4) topical; in terpers on al; textual 5) topic; comme ntIII. (keys are boldfaced)这棵树，叶子很大ThemeRheme1)2)张三我已经见过了ThemeRheme3)老师站在讲台上ThemeRheme4)讲台上站着老师ThemeRheme5)(you)HaveSome bread and butterThemeRhemegivennew6)Pleasedonttouch

31、the cucumber san dwichesinterpersonal Themetopical ThemeRheme7)Nowat first sightthis might seem to becon tradictorytextual Themetopical ThemeRhemeSurprisi nglyhoweverthis tendency has decli ned in the8)Surprisingly however this tendency has declined in themid-1970sInterpersonaltextualRhemeThemeTheme

32、IV.主位分析：1) 哎呀(textual Theme)，孙悟空(interpersonal Theme)，月光宝石(topicalTheme)怎么能乱扔呢(Rheme)?2) 好大一会儿(Theme)，这伙人谁也没说话(Rheme)。3) And (textual Theme) no doubt (interpersonal Theme) he(topical Theme) Ideny everything (Rheme).4) Well (textual Theme), perhaps (interpersonal Theme) he (topical Theme)simply isn i

33、nterested in the same kind of things (Rheme).5) The first three letters( topical Theme), of courseQnterpersonal Theme), were his mother initials (Rheme).6) Oh (textual Theme), Alice (interpersonal Theme), you (topical Theme) are all right, aren ytou (Rheme)?Chapter 9II. 1) Locutionary 2) Searle 3) p

34、romise 4) cooperative5) manner; implicatureIII. 1) By saying Where are my glasses?A requests B to help look for his gl asses;By saying I am too busy A declines to help.2) I vteidden it because you are on diet.3) Steve is messy.4) two interpretations:a) No, I don tbecause I hate pink. b) Yes, I do, b

35、ecause I like pink.5) The restaura nt serves guests by serv ing food to them.Chapter 10II. 1) Reconstitution2) Wernickes area 3) parameters 4) Displacement5) Brocas area 6) Pinker7) billionIII.1) bed had toil2) t, m, n, p, l may appear in spoken Chinese (putonghua)m and p may not appear in the same

36、positi on with in the syllable as in co me and jeep.3) a. b. d. e. may possbly made by a non-native speaker of Chinese.Chapter 11II. 1) Spelling bees 2) diglossia 3) sociolect 4) positive; negative5) Boli ngerChapter 12II. 1) UG 2) Von Humbolt 3) structural dependency 4) babbling5) bootstrapping 6)

37、triggering; choosingChapter 13II. 1) negative2) affective 3) interlingual; intralingual 4) interlanguage5)fossilizatio nChapter 14II. 1) diversities 2) tendencies 3) implicational 4) unmarked5) relativityIII.1）参考译文:In front of my house are quite a few stalls, whose owners, like trades men elsewhere,

38、 all know the saying “ Locations make a difference in prosp erity ”. That is to say, even if your stall stands side by side with someone elses, your neighbor may enjoy a constant stream of shoppers, but yours may be patronized by few.2）参考译文： 纽约的粗犷、紧张，那种急迫感和催人奋发的竞争性；它的是非观念之 严酷无情；纽约市的那种各色人等熙熙攘攘，兼容并蓄于各

39、自的天地之中的 格局；这一切都使那些非纽约人感到厌恶和窒息；而这一切，又正是纽约人 所眷念的。（原文 WH- 词导致外位成分后移，译文恢复外位结构）Chapter 15II. 1) mediate 2) micro 3) Pidgin 4) communicate 5) competence试谈英语词汇的源流及现状在跨入新世纪之际， 一种以现代信息技术为显著特征的崭新经济形态知 识经济，正以强劲势头风行世界， 成为当今时代的特色。 知识经济的基础是知识 的传播和应用大多是靠英语这个工具通过书刊、 网络和多媒体电脑等高新技术在 全世界大行其道的。 从某种意义上讲信息化几乎等同于英语化， 因此，为

40、了更好 地掌握这种语言工具， 了解一下英语的历史似有必要的， 而了解这一语言的历史 首先要从分析它的词汇开始。一、英语词汇的源流作为世界语言中最具影响的英语， 自身在不断的发展变化， 其中最明显的变化表 现在词汇方面。 可以说，词汇和词汇能力已成了当今语言理论乃至应用研究的一 个主要方面。越来越多的学者， 开始把词汇问题看作是语言的核心问题。 在应用 语言领域中，有研究者发现词汇问题是制约外语学习的瓶劲问题。（一）、英语词汇来自不同语种的外来词汇 英语词汇是由来自不同语种的外来词汇混合而成的， 这种情形缘于历史上外来民 族的不断入侵。1、英语词汇来自拉丁语约公元前 7 世纪时，欧洲的凯尔特人迁

41、移到不列颠岛定居， 他们的语言属印欧语 系。从公元前 1 世纪到公元 4 世纪，罗马军团入侵该岛。因罗马人数量不多， 虽作为占领者， 但他们的拉丁文并未能广泛影响到凯尔特人的生活与文化， 仅留 下一些拉丁文地名。但公元 6 世纪时，罗马传教士奥古斯丁( Augustine )到不 列颠岛传布基督教， 后成为坎特伯雷首任大主教， 这时拉丁词语伴随着宗教文化 大量进入英语。例如，我们现在还使用的活词：关于道路的修筑的有拉丁 strat a，英street关于房屋的有拉丁 calx,英chalk,白垩；拉丁 tegula，英tile，瓦； 关于水果名称的有拉丁 cerasea,英 cherries

42、; 拉丁 prunum,英 plum;拉丁 castan ea 英 chest-nut ，栗子；有关于蔬菜名称的如拉丁 pisum, 英 peas; 还有厨房一词： 拉丁 coquina,英 kitche，以及关于厨房用具的词：拉丁discus,英 dish ; 拉丁 cuppa,英cup;拉丁 molina,英 mill，碾碎器，等等。2、英语词汇来自法语“法国是欧洲大国，产生过灿烂的封建文化，故对英语影响很大。” 1进入英语的 法语不仅数量多，而且涉及面广，成为英语中最主要的外来语。中古英语时期， 约有一万多个法语词汇进入英语，其中 70%沿用至今。除了一般的日常用语， 如 beast,c

43、ountry,cup,fruit,lamp,letter,oil,rose,table,war,service,prison,castle,market 之外，还可以遇到一些宗教用语 ab bot,clerk,hermit,pilgrim,prior,miracle,religion,sermon ，一些文化方面的词语 just ice,peace,rich,poor ，还有一些关于文明生活及服装的词，如 fashion,dress,hab it,button,fur,robe,collar,chemise 等等。 诺曼人征服英国后，法语成了当时英国上层社会的语言。但是，“外来语和土著 英语难

44、免发生碰撞， 最终的结果是入侵者使用的法语并未将英语同化， 相反，作 为占领者的诺曼人后来都逐渐放弃了贵族化的法语， 改操英语， 同时也将大量法 语词汇和语言融入了英语，在英语的语汇构成方面留下了雪泥鸿爪。” 2 如英国 农民传统养牛，称牛为 cattle, 法国人坐享其成，吃牛肉，称之为 beef ；英国人 称猪为pig，而法国人把猪肉叫pork，故现在英语中关于“猪”，“牛”的两种名称 并存。由于上述特定的历史因素，英语中来自法语的词俯拾皆是，诸如copy（拷贝）、cologne spirit （科隆香水）、cent（分币）、modern （摩登）、disco （迪斯科）、 model （

45、模特）、 mushroom （蘑菇）等等，无法尽述。有人估计约占英语原有 语汇的一半以上。3、英语词汇来自其他外语英语从各语种广泛地吸收外来词以丰富自身，这从某些典型例句中可明显看出，例女口 The skipper took a cargo of tea, molasses, carry, oranges, and cin namon from the toboggan and placed it on the matters in the bamboo ki osk.”, 此句中含有从 10多种其他语言中借来的词语。 ”3英语由于广泛采纳外来 词汇，不断丰富自身，这是它不断扩大影响且成为世界

46、语言的一个重要因素。（二）、英语词汇的变更随着时代的更新，社会的不断进步与发展，英语中的许多词汇也随之有所变化。这些词，或者是关于宇宙的，如 wourld world,sune sun,mona moon,heofon heaven,steorra star; 或者是关于人体的，如 heafod -head,fot foot,eage eye ,nosu no se;或者是关于亲属的，如 moder mother,sunu son,dohtor daughter; 或者是关于房屋的，如 hushouse,florfloor,duru door,hrof roof;或者是关于基本动作的如 lib

47、ban live,etan eat,drincan drink,cuman come,slepan sleep, 还有一些形容词， 如 eald - -old,lang Iong,brad broad,geong young 等等，这类的词是数以 百计的。作为拼音文字的英语，语音若发生变化，词语的拼写也必得随之变化， 所以尽管英文才 1000 多年历史，但古英语对现代人来讲已成“天书”，即使莎士 比亚当年的作品， 现代英国人看来也犹如外文， 须借助专门工具书才能读懂。 ”4 可见，随着社会的不断发展进步，英语的词汇也将不断更新，不断增长，也许几 十个世纪后， 我们现在的英语在他们后人看来却成了

48、古英， 这是很有可能成为现 实的。二、英语词汇的现状分析1、技术词汇的建立工业、科学、商业和国际和国际关系的发展导致专门术语词汇的建立， 这类词汇 开始是由专业技术人员使用的， 后来就逐渐进入一般通用语了。 譬如，铁路方面 的术语有 rail,tunnel,tender,bogie; 有关外贸函电方面的用语， 如 eclosure（ 附件）、 cable（电报）、quotation （报价）、negotiation（谈判、磋商）、T/T（电汇）、M/T （信汇）、D/D（票汇）等；还有一些商业、贸易方面的术语，女口FOB,CIF,Draft,Draw ee（受票人）、Commercial Dr

49、aft（商业汇票）、Clean Bill （光票）、Documentary Bill （跟单汇票）、Acceptance（承兑）,Endorsement（背书）等等。我国商业及 对外贸易关系在不断扩展， 尤其是在加入 WTO 组织后这一点会更为明显， 因此， 这类术语在当今社会中会越来越广泛地被使用。 作为英语专业的我们， 为了使自 己以后在社会中得到更好的发展，掌握这些词是有必要的。2、英语词汇的词义变化英语自身在不断发展变化，其变化在语汇方面表现得尤其明显。 Love 在莎士比 亚时代仅是“亲密”或“友谊”的代名词，是文人表钦佩时广泛使用的字眼，如今却 有“爱”、“爱好”、“爱人”以及（招