Lecture 4-主谓一致

1、College English Grammar College English Grammar Lecturer: Liu Jing Subject-Verb Concord主谓一致 The mansions in which the flat was situated _ (was, were) a comparatively small one.The congregation _ (was, were) not numerous that night, but _ (it, they) seemed to be listening attentively to the lecture.

2、Ham and eggs _ (is, are) a good breakfast.QuizObjectivesThe definition of subject-verb concordThe three guiding principlesProblems of subject-verb concord主谓一致（Subject-Verb Concord） 主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”方面的一致关系。 指导原则：主谓一致关系通常为三种不同的原则所支配，即： 语法一致原则（Grammatical Concord) 意义一致原则（Notional Concord) 就近原则（P

3、rinciple of Proximity）1. 语法一致： 主语和谓语动词之间的一致关系主要表现在“数”的形式上，即用作主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致。 若名词中心词为复数，动词就用复数形式；若名词中心词为单数名词或不可数名词，动词就用单数形式。 Both boys have their own merits. Each boy has his own things to do. Much effort is wasted.2. 意义一致： 有时，主语和谓语动词的一致关系并非取决于有时，主语和谓语动词的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单、复数语法上的单、复数形式形式，而是取决

4、于主语的单、，而是取决于主语的单、复数复数意义意义：主语在形式上并非复数但有复数意义，：主语在形式上并非复数但有复数意义，动词便用复数；反之，主语在语法上是复数，而动词便用复数；反之，主语在语法上是复数，而在意义上是单数，动词便用单数。在意义上是单数，动词便用单数。 The government have asked the country to decide by a vote. Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.3. 就近原则： 有时，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近有时，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语（主要指名词）的单、复

5、数形式，这种它的词语（主要指名词）的单、复数形式，这种一致关系所依据的原则就是一致关系所依据的原则就是“就近原则就近原则”。 Either my brothers or my Either my brothers or my fatherfather isis coming. coming. One or two One or two friendsfriends areare coming this evening. coming this evening. Neither Julia nor Neither Julia nor I I amam going. going.Cf. The t

6、eacher as well as the students Cf. The teacher as well as the students _this painting._this painting. A. like B. likes A. like B. likesB1. 集体名词作主语的主谓一致集体名词作主语的主谓一致1.1 1.1 整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；具体成整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；具体成员，谓语动词用复数形式：员，谓语动词用复数形式： army, audience, class, club, offspring, company, committee, crowd, c

7、rew, couple, family, group, government, jury, party, staff, team, union, faculty, board, council, Bank of China, the Labour Party, the press, the neighborhood. The population of the earth is increasing very fast. One third of the population here are workers. The company was set up last year. The com

8、pany are mostly young men. The schools teaching staff is / are excellent.1.2 有生命的集体名词作主语，谓语动词用复数： cattle, folk, people, police, youth, cattle, folk, people, police, youth, mankind, personnel, poultry(mankind, personnel, poultry(家禽家禽), ), vermin(vermin(害虫害虫) ) The The mankindmankind longlong for peac

9、e. for peace. The The policepolice havehave not made any arrests. not made any arrests. The The youthyouth areare like the rising sun. like the rising sun. Army Army personnelpersonnel areare not allowed to leave not allowed to leave the base.the base.1.3 无生命的集体名词作主语，谓语动词用单数： machinery, clothing, po

10、etry, jewelry, machinery, clothing, poetry, jewelry, stationery(stationery(文具文具), underwear, ), underwear, glassware, hardware, merchandise(glassware, hardware, merchandise(商品商品), ), foliage(foliage(叶子叶子), equipment, furniture), equipment, furniture等等 The merchandise has gone through the examination

11、. All of her jewelry was presented by her former husband. The hardware in the store sells well.2. 以复数形式出现的名词作主语，谓语动词用复以复数形式出现的名词作主语，谓语动词用复数：数： clothes, trousers, shorts(短裤短裤), suspenders(吊裆裤吊裆裤), scales(称称), scissors, pincers(钳子钳子), goods, greens(绿叶蔬绿叶蔬菜菜), stockings, gloves, jeans, belongings(财产财产)

12、, surroundings, savings, remains(遗体遗体),arms, archives(档档案案),eaves(屋檐屋檐),fireworks,morals,wages(工资工资)等等 The scales are quite accurate. The surroundings of the residential area are pleasant. All their belongings were lost in the hotel fire.3. 表示时间距离价格度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词一般用单数形式： Four thousand do

13、llars is more than she can afford. A happy seven days has passed like a dream. Fifty miles was covered by the winner in three hours. 算式中表示数字的主语一般为单数，谓语动词多为单数： Five plus five is ten. Ten minus six leaves four. Five multiplied by eight equals forty. 25 divided by 5 equals 5. Two into eight goes four.4

14、. the +形容词作主语，谓语动词的单复数： 泛指一类人，用复数：泛指一类人，用复数： The old are well looked after by the government. The young are those who can accept new ideas actively. 指个别人时或不可数的事物或抽象概念，用单数：指个别人时或不可数的事物或抽象概念，用单数： The dead was about thirty years of age. The beloved is / are forever in his heart. (一个一个/多个多个） The true lo

15、oks less attractive than the false. The + 以-sh, -ch, ese结尾的表示民族和国籍的名词，用复数： The English are a little conservative. The Chinese are hard-working. The secretary and manager _ (be) present at the conference. The food and the textile industry _ (depend) mainly on agriculture for raw material. All work an

16、d no play _ (make)Jack a dull boy.5. 用and连接的两个名词短语作主语，指同一人或物或通常由两个部件配成的物品时，用单数谓语动词；指不同的人或物或分开的东西用复数谓语动词。wasdependmakesQuiz 两个名词构成一种物品两个名词构成一种物品：a knife and fork, a cup and saucer(茶托茶托)，a watch and chain, bacon and eggs, cheese and wine, a needle and thread, duck and peas, whisky and soda English and

17、 German grammar_(be) different. Cool and fresh wind_ (be)blowing from the south. Tips: 不可数名词被两个形容词修饰，指两样东西，不可数名词被两个形容词修饰，指两样东西，用复数；指一样东西，用单数用复数；指一样东西，用单数。areis6. 并列结构的主谓一致 both. and Both the old and the young apply to the rules. In our country every boy and every girl _(have) the right to receive ed

18、ucation. Many a teacher and many a student _ (have) seen the painting. No adult and no child _ (be) admitted.Tips: 用用and连接的两个单数名词若前面有连接的两个单数名词若前面有each, every, no, many a等修饰，用单数。等修饰，用单数。hashasis Either the principal or his assistants _ (be)to attend the meeting. Neither I nor he _(be) to blame. Not o

19、nly students but also teacher_ (have)the same problem. Tips: 用用or, eitheror,neithernor, not only but also 等连接的名词或代词作主语等连接的名词或代词作主语时，使用就近原则。时，使用就近原则。haveishas7. 单数名词作主语，后接 as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, but, except, besides, with, accompanied by, along with, together with, includin

20、g, in addition to等词或词组时，谓语动词用单等词或词组时，谓语动词用单数：数： The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the conduct. Orange, as well as lemon and mango，is full of vitamin C.8. 合成代词some(any, no, every) + thing (body, one)作主语，代词each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主语， 以及either

21、, neither, each, every, many a little, more than one等名词（代词）作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Nothing in the world moves faster than light. More than one defendant is involved in the case. Many a little makes a mickle.(积少成多积少成多) This is one of the labs that _ this year in our institute. A. have been built B. has been bu

22、ilt He was the only one of the boys who_given a prize. A. was B. wereTips: one of the + n.(pl.) + attributive clause 结构中，从句的谓语动词一般为复数。结构中，从句的谓语动词一般为复数。 若该句型前加上若该句型前加上“the only”结构，表示该复数名词结构，表示该复数名词为单数意义，因此从句谓语动词为单数。为单数意义，因此从句谓语动词为单数。AA1. To work hard _ necessary.(be)2.Whether she comes or not _(be) o

23、f no matter.3.Early to bed and early to rise _ (be) healthful.4.Crossing the Atlantic by plane a few hours nowadays. (take)5. Reading some classical novels and making some social investigations _ assignments for the students during the holiday. (be)Quizisisistakesare6. What you said _ quite to the p

24、oint.(be)7. What we need _ qualified teachers. (be)8. What _ often regarded as naughty kids _ sometimes more intelligent. (be) Tips: 1. 动词不定式短语、动名词短语、从句或其它短语作动词不定式短语、动名词短语、从句或其它短语作主语时，谓语动词通常为单数形式。主语时，谓语动词通常为单数形式。 2. 由由what what 引导的主语从句，谓语动词一般为单数形引导的主语从句，谓语动词一般为单数形式，但若从句的谓语或从句后的表语是复数，则谓语式，但若从句的谓语或从句后

25、的表语是复数，则谓语动词为复数。动词为复数。isareareare none 单独使用时，代表不可数名词动词用单数；代表可数名词复数动词用单数或复数。They are all his colleagues, but none know/knows the truth.I used to save much money and now none is left. none 的单复数 none of +不可数名词，谓语动词为单数不可数名词，谓语动词为单数； None of the money in the pocket is his. none of +复数名词，谓语动词单、复数皆可；谓语动词单、

26、复数皆可； Twenty guests were invited, but none have / has agreed to come.10. 表示不定数量的短语作主语 A large amount of electricity _ wasted last month. (be)Small amounts of land _ used for keeping animals. (be)Huge amounts of crops _ been harvested. (have not)waswerehaventa large amount of, a good deal of, a great

27、 a large amount of, a good deal of, a great deal of, a bit of deal of, a bit of 等的后面接不可数名词作主语，等的后面接不可数名词作主语，谓语动词为单数。谓语动词为单数。 amounts of amounts of 的后面既可接不可数名词，又可接复的后面既可接不可数名词，又可接复数可数名词，谓语动词皆为复数形式。数可数名词，谓语动词皆为复数形式。e.g. Huge amounts of computerised information held in Soviet data bases are to be made

28、available for the first time to Western research. A small number of children are educated at home. A series of debates between the lecturers was scheduled for the next weekend. Tips：a large/ small number of, large/ small numbers of 后接复数名词，谓语动词为复数；后接复数名词，谓语动词为复数； a series of 后接复数名词，谓语动词为后接复数名词，谓语动词为单

29、数单数形式。形式。There has been a series of sexual attacks on women in this area.a / the variety of An amazing variety of sport and entertainment awaits you. A variety of comprehension exercise types help the learner to look for information and to recognize language forms. The variety of religious motivatio

30、ns was not always conducive to harmony among philanthropists. （多样化的宗教动机对于慈善（多样化的宗教动机对于慈善家们的和谐不总是有益的。）家们的和谐不总是有益的。） The variety of careers for mechanical engineers is enormous. Tips: a variety of 接不可数名词谓语用单数；接可数名词用复数。接不可数名词谓语用单数；接可数名词用复数。 the variety of 接不可数或可数名词均用单数。接不可数或可数名词均用单数。 a lot of, lots of,

31、 plenty of, heaps of, loads of, a (large) quantity of 等词后既可接不可数名词，又可接复数等词后既可接不可数名词，又可接复数名词，当它们作主语时，谓语动词分别为单复数。名词，当它们作主语时，谓语动词分别为单复数。 There are plenty of books on computer. A vast quantity of beer was sold yesterday. A large quantity of drugs were found in his luggage. Tips：quantities of 后既可接不可数名词，又可

32、接后既可接不可数名词，又可接复数可数名词，作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。复数可数名词，作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。 Great quantities of sand were washed down the hillside by the rain. 等词后接复数名词。由于这些短语的中心词 group 等是一些既可表示单数意义，又可表示复数意义的集体名词，因此，当它们作主语时，谓语动词分别为单复数形式。 A group of tall pine trees stands on the top of the hill. A group of children are playing over th

33、ere. The police have caught a gang of thieves which has been disturbing the neighborhood. Quiz & discussionCrime and Punishment _ perhaps the best constructed of Dostoyevskys novels, but The Brothers Karamazov _ undoubtedly his masterpiece. (be)“Senior citizens” _, in common parlance, people over si

34、xty. (mean)The Canterbury Tales _ in many manuscripts. (exist)More than a thousand inhabitants _ signed the petition. (have)More than one member _ protested against the proposal. (have)isismeansexists/existhavehasWhich is better according to the standard of formal writing? And why? He thought that 65 dollars _ (was/were) too much to ask. There _ (was/were) 6 silver dollars in each of the stockings.