考研英语语法必备

1、考研语法长难句一， 1,语法重要性 语法与考研英语各题型紧密联系，完形填空，阅读理解，翻译和写作都会考查到语法，因此，语法同词汇一样都是考研英语的基础，只有扎实的基础我们才能快速提高英语能力，才能在以后的考研英语学习中做到游刃有余。2,课程目标：1），建立对语法的整体意识感；语法知识分析句子2）有效拿分句子理解找到答案语法知识 句子输出二，考研语法体系（三，三，六）名词-名词性结构-名词性从句形容词-形容词性结构-形容词性从句副词-副词性结构-副词性从句非谓语动词特殊结构-省略，比较，倒装，分割，否定，强调 三， 基本概念1，句子成分概念句子成分：包括主干成分（主，谓，宾，表）和修饰成分（定，

2、状，补，同）e.g.i bought an interesting book yesterday at book store.2，谓语动词-二态1） 时态：一般现在时：一般过去时：一般将来时：2） 语态：语态（被动语态）3） 时态和语态结合1， 谓语动词的不同形式：1) 基本形式：2) 特殊时态形式：3) 与情态动词相结合：4) 表强调：4，简单句句型：最基本的有两种主谓主系表5，复合句概念-是通过连词把各个分句连接起来。因连接词的不同，我们还可以将复合句分为并列复合句和主从复合句。并列复合句指通过and ,or,but等并列连词连接起来的句子，分句间的关系是平等的，而主从复合句指是由that

3、,which,how,whether等从属连词连接起来的句子。6， 句子扩展e.g.i love you.主语扩展： i,the most considerate and handsome boy in the world,love you.谓语扩展：I love you with heart and soul.I love you, willing to do every for you.i know what you said is right.宾语扩展：I love the twenty-year-old you.I love you who is the smartest girl i

4、n the world. 四，考研英语语法的实质及长难句分析方法 实质：分解长难句长难句分析方法：主从句时：先分离主从句，找出句子主干（从句连词和动词个数关系：连词个数+1=谓语动词数）；再分析主语部分，谓语部分，宾语部分，定语部分，状语部分；并列时要找到并列内容。句子结构分析遵循：谓语动词找连词(从属连词，并列连词找出并列内容) 匹配（前面没有从属连词的动词即为主句谓语动词）e.g. this trend began during the second world war, when several governments came to the conclusion that the sp

5、ecific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.e.g.it applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.99e.g. this alone demonstrates that the televisi

6、on business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.05(翻译)e.g.such large,impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareho

7、lders, an element representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.96五，语法知识点详解1，三大从句2，三大非谓语3，六大特殊结构六，语法知识点详解1,名词数，格2,名词句法功能（主，宾，表，同）3,名词性从句1）概念，1，连接词2）名词性从句引导词： 2，连接代词3，连接副词注意：名词性从句用陈述语序

8、whether与if 比较：主，表，介宾，和or not3)主语从句实例：e.g.that English is important is an undoubted fact.e.g.whether he will come to my party makes no difference to me.e.g.when they will leave for Beijing is not yet decided.e.g.whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether

9、 it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,is,yet,an unanswered question.4)宾语从句实例：that可以省略e.g.i have known that you are my source of endless inspiration.e.g.i dont know how he can come here.e.g.theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in cri

10、minal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others.5)表语从句实例：系表结构e.g.the reason I dont go to France was that I got a new job.e.g.the question is whether he works at all.e.g.what is harder to es

11、tablish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.98.6)同位语从句实例：先行词是抽象名词;分隔式同位语从句e.g.the idea that the recent massive earthquake is the prelude of the 2012 disaster frightens everyone.e.g.the story goes that he beats his wife.例题分析1，how well the

12、 predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information.95六，定语从句（考研中出现频率最高且难度最大）（一）知识点详解形容词及形容词性从句1，形容词的句法功能：定语(前置和后置)，表语，补语，状语e.g.Duang is a new word.e.g.i have something important to do.e.g.i find the NETEM difficult.e.g.what s

13、urprises us is that they survived and escaped from the accident safe and sound.Sound sleep2,定语从句（形容词性从句）1）定语从句的构成：先行词（被修饰的名词）+关系词（引导词）2)定语从句的类别限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句3）相关引导词(3大功能) 关系代词 关系副词关系代词：that which who whom whose as难点：同位语从句和定语从句的区别；介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 与定语从句中动词的搭配介词来源 与先行词搭配 根据句意决定e.g. this is the man to w

14、hom I referred.e.g. that is the reason for which he must apologize.e.g. water is essential to life without which we cant live.关系副词：when where why wherebye.g. the day when we stop learning is the day when we die.e.g. literature is the place where the past meets the present to contemplate the future.e

15、.g.she devised a plan whereby they might escape.难点：判断when,where引导状语从句还是定语从句关键看前面的先行词如果是表示时间地点的名词则是定语从句反之则是状语从句。e.g.i will return the book when I finish it.e.g.please put the drugs where children cant reach.特殊关系代词as 引导定语从句As 引导限定性定语从句的条件：如所修饰的名词前有such,the same ,as出现，后面的从句将有as引导，as可以指人也可指物，在从句中作主，宾，表。

16、e.g.we have found such materials as are used in the factory.e.g.such people as you describe are short now.e.g.he is not the same man as he was.As 引导非限制性定语从句：与which 相似，往往指代一整句话，但是位置比较灵活，可位于主句之前，中，后。E.g.as is true of any developed society, in American a complex set of cultural signals,assumptions,and

17、conventions underlies all social relationship.As is vividly described in the picture,.七，知识点详解副词性从句（一），副词概念：用以修饰动词，形容词，副词或全句的词，说明时间，地点，程度，方式等概念，在句子中作状语（9）。分词副词状语介短不定式状语从句副词可分为：地点副词，方式副词，程度副词，疑问副词和连接副词。地点副词：here,there,everywhere,anywhere,somewhere方式副词：carefully,properly,anxiously,suddenly,normally,fas

18、t程度副词:much,little,very,rather,so,too,still,quite疑问副词：how，when,where,why连接副词：therefore,moreover,however,otherwise,then,（二），副词句法功能1，he works hard.2,lets be out （三），状语从句（一）时间状语从句-定义，引导词1，连词引导词：when,while,until,as,since,before,aftere.g.men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.(08

19、,text1)e.g.while computer offer these conveniences to consumers,they have many advantages for sellers too.(94,text2)e.g.as they looked up,they saw another cloud coming towards them.e.g.i have worked the university for ten years since I graduated from school.正常e.g.notuntil四种句式倒装强调Until位于句首The boy did

20、nt stop crying until he saw his mother.Not until he saw his mother did the boy stop crying.It be 被强调部分 that/who 剩余成分It was not until he saw his mother that the boy stopped crying.e.g.as was discussed before,it was not_the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium,foll

21、owing in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the company of the periodical.A,after B,by C,during D,until2,短语引导词：as soon as ;no soonerthan;hardlywhen; scarcelywhene.g.as soon as you awaken,identify what is upsetting about the dream.e.g.i had hardlyscarcely got home when it began to rain.e.g.

22、i had no sooner got home than it began to rain.3,时间名词引导词：the moment;the minute;the day;every time.e.g.the baby starts crying the minute he sees his father.e.g.every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.检测：even before Alan Greenspans admission that Americans red-hot economy is cooli

23、ng,lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves.(04)(二)，让步状语从句：四类连词1，常见引导让步状语从句连词：thoughalthougheven thoughife.g.the panel then informally accepted several general conclusions,although some details have not been settled.(99,text4)e.g.the defining term of intelligence in hu

24、mans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.(07,text2)2,while:虽然Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs.And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders.Many others,_not addicted or

25、 mentally ill,simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives around.(06)A when B once C while D whereasStrangely,some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,_others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.A when B since C for D whereas3,no matter

26、+疑问词=疑问词+evere.g.no matter what happens,he will not change his mind.e.g.no matter how complicated the problems may seem to be,he always finds ways to solve them.e.g.however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today,it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal

27、.4,as 形容词副词分词名词（无冠词）短语+as+主语+谓语动词原形+as+主语+助动词e.g.fast as you read,you cant finish the book in two days.e.g.king as he was,he was unhappy.e.g.try as he might ,he couldnt solve the problem.（三）条件状语从句1，if and unlessIf only和only if2,短语引导词：supposesupposing (that),assuming (that),providedproviding(that),as

28、(so) long ase.g.as long as you work hard enough,an iron can be ground into a needle.e.g.suppossupposing that it rains,can we play foodball indoors?e.g.farmers will have a good harvest,assuming the weather is videdproviding we get good weather it will be a successful holiday.检测：（四）原因

29、状语从句1，从属连词引导词：because,since,as,fore.g.you can trust our product because the quality never varies.e.g._they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success

30、 and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.A if B although C whereas D because2,复合连词引导词：in that ,now that,seeing (that),now (that),considering (that),given(that)e.g.seeing that it is raining hard,well have to stay here for the night.e.g.seeing she is lawful enough to get married,I

31、 dont think you can stop her.e.g.they did the job very well,considering that they had no experience.e.g.given that they are inexperienced, they have done a good job.e.g.theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior_ they were not sufficiently penalized for pr

32、evious misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others.A before B unless C until D because(五)结果状语从句常用引导词sothat,suchthat, so thate.g.he worried so that he couldnt sleep.E.g.he speaks so fast that no one can catch him.e.g.he is such a good person that we mustnt bla

33、me him.e.g.and home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.e.g.the newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that

34、 some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.(六)目的状语从句常用引导词：so that,in order thatSo that 引导结果状语从句和目的状语从句的区别：1，目的状语从句时，从句中含有maymight,cancould,shallshould,willwould情态动词；2，结果状语从句位于主句后。e.g.i got up early this morning so that in order that I could catch the first bus.e.g.in these

35、activities,it is important to remember that young teens have short attention span.a variety of activities should be organized _participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down.A if only b now t

36、hat c so that d even if(七)地点状语从句常用引导词：where,anywhere,everywhere wherevere.g.where there is a will,there is a way.e.g.the credit card may cash money wherever she wishes to.e.g.everywhere you go in America,you hear tales of corporate revival.(八)方式状语常用引导词：as,like,as ifthough,(in)the waye.g.work like yo

37、u dont need money.e.g.he look as if he had been hit by lighting.e.g.do as the Romans do when in Rome.e.g.do it the way you like.八，三大非谓语结构-动名词；不定式；分词（一）动名词构成：1，主（it）： 动名词句法功能 2,表 3，宾（介，动,it） 4，定语e.g. studying English well is very important.e.g. creating a European Identity that respects the different

38、 cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. 1，主语（it）4，定语（二不定式功能 2宾语（it）5，状语 3，表语 6，宾补e.g.讲义中 (三)分词现在分词和过去分词1，分词的类别：现在分词，过去分词2，分词的语法功能：主动现在分词 进行（1）做定语 被动过去分词完成e.g. people looking back 5 or 10 years from now ma

39、y well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.e.g. falling leavese.g. after all,what is one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness?e.g. fallen leaves(2)分词做状语前提：a,分词做状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须和句子主语一致；b,分词做状语时和主句之间有一定的逻辑关系可以转换成相应的状语从句。e.g. waiting for a bus,a brick

40、 fell on my head.waiting for a bus, I was hit by a brick.waiting for a bus, I was hit by a brick.e.g. reading the letter, she burst out crying.reading the letter,e.g. exhausted by the walk,he continued his journey.exhausted by the walk,e. g. being interested in the relationship of language and thoug

41、ht, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.(04,64)(3)独立主格(分词难点)定义：非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语必须和主句主语保持一致。若不一致非谓语动词须另带主语，从而构成独立主格的形式作状语。e.g. I waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head.构成：a,名词或代词+分词e.g. Time permitting, we are going to Be

42、ijing Botanical Garden.e.g. the condition being favorable,he may succeed.b,介词+名词/代词+分词e.g. with the problem settled, they were happy and relaxed.C,副词+分词 e.g. generally speaking, he is an honest person.九，六大特殊结构（一）特殊结构：省略结构，倒装结构，比较结构，分割结构，否定结构，强调结构（二），知识点详解（一）特殊结构之省略结构1，and并列省略e.g. to err is human and

43、 to forgive,divine.e.g. it is said that in England death is pressing,in Canada inevitable and in California optional.e.g. until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem.02e.g.as families move away from thei

44、r stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.95 t3the word “it” most probably refers to_.A the lack of sta

45、ble communitiesB the breakdown of informal infor.channelC the interested mobility of familiesD the growing number of people moving from place to place总结： and并列时，若后一分句与前一分句有某个或某些相同的部分时，为了避免重复，有时会根据句意表达上的需要，在不会造成误解的情况下对其相同的部分省去。，一般省主语和谓语或只省谓语，特别注意：谓语动词的省略（完全省或保留助动词）2.状语从句省略e.g.though still distant,the

46、 prospects for passing the exam become bright.When published,the novel will become one of the best sellers of the year.e.g.do as the Romans do when in Rome.You do as the Romans do when in Rome.总结：状语从句省略状语从句主语和句子的主语一直时（这是省略前提），省略状语从句主语。状语从句中的谓语动词省略：1）谓语动词中有be时，直接省略be。2）谓语动词为一般动词时，将其改为分词。When getting

47、up this morning, I found I was late.状语从句省略的结构：连词+分词短语介词短语形容词。（二）特殊结构之比较1, 前肯后否结构：morethan；表示“比。多。”（表示两个事物同一个方面）；还可表示“与其说后者。不如说前者。”是前者。而不是后者。“(表示一个事物的两个方面时).e.g.she is more beautiful than her sister.e.g.i was more annoyed than worried when they did not come home.e.g.she is more intelligent than beaut

48、iful.补充：more than=not only;rather than 而不是；other than 除了；nothing more than=only 2,前否后肯结构 lessthan;not so much as;not more.than.表示“比。少。”（表示两个事物同一个方面）还可表示“与其说前者。不如说后者。”是后者。而不是前者。（表示一个事物的两个方面时）e.g. the lecture is less popular than the concert.e.g. Obama is less beautiful than intelligent.e.g. science m

49、oves forward not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.e.g.science, in practice,depends far less on the experiments than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.3,前后都肯定：no lessthan=not a

50、ny lessthan；asas表示“前者和后者一样都。”（表示两个事物同一个方面）；还可表示“既。又。”（表示一个事物的两个方面时）e.g.she is no less beautiful than her sister.e.g.the girl is as smart as she is beautiful.e.g. the failed experiments are as much a part of the process as the experiment that ultimately works.4,前后都否定:no morethan=not any morethan表示两个事

51、物同一方面比较时译为“前者和后者一样都不，表示同一事物的两个方面比较时译为“既不也不”e.g.he is no better at swimming than ie.g.the present crisis is no more an economic crisis than a political crisis.e.g. but his primary task is not to think about the moral code any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an explorat

52、ion of rules of conduct in business.全倒装(三)特殊结构之倒装结构 部分倒装1,全倒装：定义以here,there,now,then等副词开头的句子中。人称代词Here comes the bus.There comes the lady.Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.Now comes your turn.Here you are.There she comes.表示方向的副词in，out，up，down等置于句首。人称代词In came Mr.White.Away went the b

53、oy.Out_,with a stick in his hand.A. did he rush b. Rushed heC.he rushed d.he did rush表示地点的介词短语如 infront of the house,under the tree,on the wall 位于句首时。At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.Under the tree was lying a wounded soldier2，部分倒装：把be动词，情态动词，助动词放到主语之前，如果句中没有要借助助动词do,did,does.only +状语(副

54、词、介词短语，状语从句)位于句首 e.g. Only by becoming healthier can countries correct these conditions.e.g. only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.e.g. only after he had spoken out t

55、he word did he realize he had made a big mistake. 含有否定意义的词位于句首e.g. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.e.g. not until he got home did he realize that he had forgotten to attend the conference.e.g. by no means is it a simple task for a human.e.g.never before has television

56、served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.在虚拟语气的条件句中，若条件句中有were, had, should等时可将if省略，把这几个词置于句首。e.g.if I were the president of American,I would make more efforts to enhance Sino-US relations.e.g. if you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournaments,you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk.e.g.for example,they do not compensate for gross social inequalit