药学专业外语黄芪解析上课讲义

1、药学专业外语黄芪解析v Huangqi(黄芪黄芪) is also called huangqi(黄耆黄耆) and was first recorded in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing as a superior herb. According to Li Shizhen, the Chinese name huangqi(黄耆黄耆) consists of huang(黄黄) and qi(耆耆), huang meaning yellow, and qi meaning “leader”. It is one of the most important tonic h

2、erbs, and that is why it was given this name.v It is the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch. ) Bge. , family Leguminosae.Origins A perennial herb, 4080cm high. Main root stout, relatively long and straight. Stem erect, b

3、ranched at the upper part. Leaves odd-pinnately compound, alternate, with 1218 pairs of pinnae; stipules lanceolate. Plant MorphologyAstragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge. ) Hsiao:odd-pinnately compound：奇数羽状复叶：奇数羽状复叶pinnae：小叶，由拉丁语转变而来，复数：小叶，由拉丁语转变而来，复数stipule：托叶：托叶lanceolate ：披针

4、形的：披针形的 Flowers in axillary racemes; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; corolla yellow or yellowish, 1.82 cm long; standard oblong-ovate; wings and keel clawed; stamens 10, diadelphous; ovary long stalked. Legume (pod)，membranaceous, inflated to be semi-ovate, 1.11.5 cm in diameter, glabrous. Flowering s

5、eason Jun. Jul. ; fruiting season Jul.Sept. . racemes：总状花序：总状花序 calyx： 花萼花萼 campanulate：钟状的：钟状的 corolla：花冠：花冠 standard：旗瓣：旗瓣 wing：翼瓣：翼瓣keel：龙骨瓣：龙骨瓣 diadelphous：二体雄蕊：二体雄蕊 stalked：柄：柄 Cylindrical, some branched, upper part relatively thick, 3090 cm long, 13.5 cm in diameter. Externally pale brownish-y

6、ellow or pale brown, with irregular, longitudinal wrinkles and more transverse lenticel-like protrusions, cork easily exfoliated, exposing yellowish-white cortex, sometimes showing reticulated fibre bundles. Descriptioncylindrical：圆柱形：圆柱形 cork：木栓层：木栓层 exfoliate：脱落：脱落 cortex：皮部：皮部 reticulate：网状的：网状的

7、phelloderm Texture hard and tenacious, uneasily broken, fracture highly fibrous and starchy, bark yellowish- white, wood pale yellow with radiate striations and fissures, the centre part of old root occasionally rotten-wood-shaped, blackish-brown or hollowed. Odour, weak; taste, slightly sweet and s

8、lightly bean-like on chewing.Descriptiontenacious：粘性的：粘性的 striation：纹理：纹理 fissure: 裂隙裂隙slight Cork consisting of many rows of cells. Phelloderm, 35 rows of collenchymatous cells. Outer part of phloem rays often curved and fissured; fibres in bundles, walls thickened and lignified or slightly lignifi

9、ed, arranged alternately with sieve tube groups; stone cells sometimes visible near phelloderm. Cambium in a ring. Xylem vessels scattered singly or 23 aggregated in groups; wood fibres existing among vessels; stone cells singly or 24 in groups, sometimes visible in rays. Parenchymatous cells contai

10、ning starch granules.Transverse sectionphelloderm：栓内层：栓内层 collenchymatous: 厚角组织厚角组织 lignified：木质化：木质化 Yellowish-white. Fibres in bundles or scattered, 830m in diameter, thick-walled, with longitudinal fissures on the surface, the primary walls often separated from the secondary walls, both ends ofte

11、n broken to be tassel-like, or slightly truncated. Bordered pitted vessels colorless or orange, bordered pits arranged closely. Stone cells occasionally visible, rounded, oblong or irregular, slightly thick-walled.Powder primary walls：初生壁：初生壁 tassel : 穗穗 bordered pitted vessels ：具缘纹孔导管：具缘纹孔导管(1) Fla

12、vonoids: formononetin，芒柄花黄素芒柄花黄素 3-hydroxyformonontin (calycosin), 毛蕊异黄酮毛蕊异黄酮Chemical Constituents R4OHv 2,3-dihydroxy-7,4-dimethoxyisoflavone： 3二羟基二羟基7，4二甲氧基异黄烷二甲氧基异黄烷 v 3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpane; 3羟基羟基9，10二甲氧基紫檀烷二甲氧基紫檀烷 Chemical Constituents(2) Saponins: astragaloside 黄芪皂苷黄芪皂苷 soyasapon

13、in 大豆皂苷大豆皂苷Chemical Constituents(3) Sugars: astragalan, D-glucose, D-fructose, sucrose; 多糖类：黄芪多糖，D葡萄糖，D果糖，蔗糖；(4) Others -sitosterol, choline, betaine, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, linoleinic acid, etc.谷甾醇，胆碱，甜菜碱，棕榈酸，亚油酸，亚麻酸等。Chemical Constituents Physical and chemical Identification 理理 化化 鉴鉴 别别3g p

14、owdersApply the filtrate to a prepared neutral aluminium oxide column methanol,20ml, boil,1helute with 100 ml of 40% methanolEvaporate the eluate on a water bath to dryness Dissolve the residue in 30ml of water and extract with 2 quantities of 20ml n-butanol saturated with water Dissovle the residue

15、 in 0.5ml of methanol as the test solution.Combine the n-butanol solutions and wash solution and evaporate the n-butanol solution to dryness on a water bath.v 取本品粉末取本品粉末3克，加甲醇克，加甲醇20毫升，置毫升，置水浴水浴上上加热回流加热回流1小时，过滤，滤液加于已处理好的小时，过滤，滤液加于已处理好的中性氧化铝柱中性氧化铝柱上上（100120目目，5克，柱内径克，柱内径1015毫米）。用毫米）。用100毫升毫升40%甲醇甲醇洗脱

16、，收集洗脱，收集洗脱液洗脱液。水浴蒸干，残渣加。水浴蒸干，残渣加30毫升水溶解，用水饱和的毫升水溶解，用水饱和的正丁醇正丁醇萃萃取两次，每次取两次，每次20毫毫升，合并正丁醇溶液，用水洗涤，正丁醇液蒸干，升，合并正丁醇溶液，用水洗涤，正丁醇液蒸干，残渣残渣加加0.5毫升甲醇溶解作为供试品溶液。毫升甲醇溶解作为供试品溶液。vDissolve Astragaloside IV CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution.v 另取黄芪甲苷另取黄芪甲苷对照品对照品，加甲醇制

17、成每，加甲醇制成每1毫升含毫升含1毫克的溶毫克的溶液，作为液，作为对照品溶液对照品溶液。 Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography (TLC）(Appendix 6.3) using silica gel G as the coating substance and chloroform-methanol-water (65:30:10, lower layer) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate, dry it in air, spray with 10% sulf

18、uric acid in ethanol, and heat at 105 for 5 minutes. v参照参照薄层色谱法薄层色谱法（附录（附录6.3）试验，）试验，吸取上述两吸取上述两种溶液各种溶液各2微升，分别点于同一硅胶微升，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，薄层板上，以氯仿以氯仿甲醇甲醇水（水（65：30：10，用下层溶液），用下层溶液）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%的硫的硫酸乙醇溶液，并于酸乙醇溶液，并于105加热加热5分钟显色。分钟显色。 A brown spot in the chromatogram obtained with the te

19、st solution corresponds in position and color to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution. Examine under ultra-violet light ( 365 nm ), orange-yellow fluorescent spots are shown in both chromatograms. 供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的棕色斑点。置应的位置上，显相同的棕色斑点。置紫外灯（紫外灯（365n

20、m365nm）下检视，供试品色）下检视，供试品色谱与对照品色谱在相同的位置上均显谱与对照品色谱在相同的位置上均显橙黄色荧光斑点。橙黄色荧光斑点。 Pharmacology(1) Tonifying effects: Continuous administration of the decoction to mice for three weeks increase their body weight and prolongs swimming time. The herb is considered a qi tonic. 滋补作用：黄芪为补气药。小鼠连续给予其煎出液三周，能滋补作用：黄芪为补

21、气药。小鼠连续给予其煎出液三周，能增加体重和延长在水中游泳时间。增加体重和延长在水中游泳时间。(2) Diuretic effect: In animal studies, oral ingestion or injection of the extract induces diuresis. 利尿作用：动物试验研究表明，口服或注射给予利尿作用：动物试验研究表明，口服或注射给予黄芪提取物均能引起尿量增多。黄芪提取物均能引起尿量增多。(3) Effect on nephritis: It has been proven effective against experimentally-induc

22、ed nephritis, especially in treating proteuria. Patients with proteuria that are given the herb recover faster than those in the control group. 对肾炎的作用：黄芪被证明对实验性肾炎有效，对肾炎的作用：黄芪被证明对实验性肾炎有效，尤其对蛋白尿效果较好。由肾炎引起蛋白尿的患尤其对蛋白尿效果较好。由肾炎引起蛋白尿的患者服用黄芪后恢复比对照组快得多。者服用黄芪后恢复比对照组快得多。(4) Cardiotonic effect: The herb increas

23、es contraction of normal hearts, its cardiotonic effect being even more dramatic in hearts exhausted by fatigue and poison. 强心作用：增强正常心脏的收缩功能。对于劳累强心作用：增强正常心脏的收缩功能。对于劳累或中毒所致心脏衰竭起效迅速，强心作用明显。或中毒所致心脏衰竭起效迅速，强心作用明显。(5) Vasodilation effect: It dilates blood vessels, improves blood circulation of the skin, a

24、nd enhances nutrition. 舒张血管：扩张血管，改善皮肤血循环，并增加舒张血管：扩张血管，改善皮肤血循环，并增加营养。营养。(6) Antibacterial effect: In vitro the herb has antibacterial action upon Shigella dysenteriae, Streptococcus haemolyticus. Diplococcus pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus. 抗菌作用：体外抗菌活性实验表明，黄芪对痢疾抗菌作用：体外抗菌活性实验表明，黄芪对痢疾志贺菌，溶血性链球菌，肺炎双球菌及金黄色葡