精选天津大学研究生2023级期末英语考试题

1、天津大学研究生2023级期末英语考试题 ENGLISH PROFICIENCY EXAMFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR POSTGRADUATE STUDENTSTIANJIN UNIVERSITYJan. 5th, 2023PART 1: Vocabulary (20%)Directions: In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes

2、the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Mutual endeavor has shaped our world, and mutualism, the belief that individual and collective well-being is obtainable only by mutual dependence, _ family life, relationships and society.A. underpinsB. overstat

3、esC. underlinesD. overcomesA man of original power can never be _ within the limits of a single field of interest and activity, nor can he ever be content to bear the marks and use the skill of a single occupation.A. locatedB. liberatedC. committedD. confinedAs a result of technological convergence

4、and progress in digitization, the laboratories of computer technology and consumer electronics firms are _ in the race for innovation and sophistication.A. searchingB. competingC. interveningD. absorbingThe degree in which a man _ his work and gives it the quality of his own mind and spirit is the m

5、easure of his success in giving his nature free and full expression. A. demolishesB. standardizesC. individualizesD. abolishesIn common with other developed economies, Britain has advocated the creation of a high-skilled, high-waged economy by _ the education and skills of its workforce.A. renewingB

6、. overthrowingC. decreasingD. upgradingNo one on the planet is going to escape the effects of global warming, and for billions the resulting environmental deterioration is going to make life _ more difficult.A. considerablyB. terminallyC. originallyD. regularlyDigital television will enable users to

7、 access a wide range of new services, such as pay-per-view TV, the downloading of video games or software, or channels _ in sports or teleshopping.A. interferingB. specializingC. participatingD. consistingEarthquakes are immensely destructive, mainly because most cities in regions of high seismic ri

8、sk are dominated by buildings that are simply not built well enough to _ the severe ground shaking of a major quake.A. sustainB. withstandC. guaranteeD. inspectBy giving students access to a new world of information, sparking creativity, and _ rich communication and collaboration across vast distanc

9、es, computers have long been a powerful tool for education.A. preventingB. disruptingC. facilitatingD. manipulatingWhile more and more women are _ roles as managers, a new study reveals that these women are increasingly turning to the stereotypically more male traits, such as aggression, to get resu

10、lts.A. definingB. assumingC. regardingD. interpretingThe potential negative effects of violent video games on adolescent antisocial behavior, and youth violence _, is a highly debated issue, both in academic circles and among the general public and policy makers.A. on averageB. on purposeC. in parti

11、cularD. in advanceA new digital watermarking system not only protects music and media files from online pirates but also ensures that the quality for _ users is as good as it gets.A. unauthorizedB. temporaryC. maliciousD. legitimateThere is relatively little _ of opinion and scholarship about whethe

12、r generational differences exist that are worth taking into consideration in the workplace, colleges, and universities, and other contexts.A. permissionB. minorityC. absenceD. consensusYoung peoples worlds have changed in a variety of ways, many of which have a _ on the sort of education and trainin

13、g that they demand.A. contactB. bearingC. leadD. stakeNowadays graduates in the labor market are expected to be flexible, to direct and steer their own work as well as that of others, to take responsibility and to mould jobs to make best use of their _ in the global market economy.A. expectationsB.

14、blundersC. competenciesD. defectsNo generation is more at ease with online, collaborative technologies than todays young people“digital natives, who have grown up in a/n _ computing environment.A. immersiveB. emergentC. hostileD. ruralWhereas university research and development departments may once

15、have been the primary arena for testing new tools and theories, the survey data reveal that corporations now have the _ in adopting new innovations.A. rightB. edgeC. controlD. licenseAccess to technology in school is particularly important _ increasing disparities in technology access outside of sch

16、ool.A. in tune withB. in line withC. in need ofD. in light ofTaking an international overview on anything, in this case the out-of-school education of the gifted and talented, offers _ which can sometimes cut right across anyones cultural assumptions.A. perspectivesB. prosecutionsC. obligations D. o

17、bjectionsObesity is a national health crisis and if current trends continue, it will soon _ smoking in the U.S. as the biggest single factor in early death, reduced quality of life and added health care costs.A. distinguishB. modifyC. imitateD. surpassPART 2: Cloze (15%)Directions: In this part of t

18、he test, youll read an incomplete passage with 15 blanks. Read the passage carefully, and choose the best answer from choices marked A, B, C and D. Then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.One of the greatest assets a manag

19、er can have is a happy and satisfied team of employees. However, building such a team is a _21_. Unless youre in senior management, you may be limited _22_ the amount of compensation or the promotion opportunities you can provide to your employees. Fortunately, these arent the only factors that infl

20、uence employee job satisfaction, or _23_ the most important. Providing tangible proof to your employees that their efforts are recognized, while often _24_ as secondary to other factors, is still very important. Reasonable employees will understand that wage increases do have their limits, _25_ they

21、 expect to be adequately compensated. However, other types of incentives, such as bonuses or prizes for the _26_ achievers in key performance categories, can be just as effective. It is crucial that both increases and other monetary incentives be performance _27_. Employees should always receive gre

22、ater rewards and more recognition when they are giving a higher quality of work. _28_ being fair, of course, it also sends the message that the organization values and recognizes those who _29_ their jobs instead of just doing the bare minimum.The culture and the work environment factor highly into

23、employee job satisfaction. Employees who enjoy being around their coworkers and respect their management team are more _30_ to stay in a job when they agree with the companys goals and values.Another major _31_ to job satisfaction is how the employee feels about their role and responsibilities. Stud

24、ies show _32_ those surveyed about their level of job satisfaction have cited factors such as the desire for _ 33_ in their work, having a variety of tasks to _34_, being properly trained and equipped to do their jobs, and having work that is challenging and requires thought and creativity. Employee

25、s looking to _35_ a company will have an interest in their personal development and opportunities for advancement as well.Above all, employees want to feel that both they and their work are valued and appreciated by the company. 21.A. blessingB. handicapC. challengeD. failure22A. in favor ofB. in te

26、rms ofC. on behalf of D. on top of23.A. necessarilyB. viciouslyC. accuratelyD. collectively24.A. to rankB. being ranked25.C. rankedA. thereforeC. otherwiseD. ranksB. unlessD. but26.A. topB. bottomC. lowD. peak27.A. drivingB. driven28.C. countingA. In addition toC. With regard toD. countedB. Regardle

27、ss of D. For the sake of29.A. specialize inB. excel atC. draw onD. ward off30.A. subjectB. likelyC. contraryD. loyal31.A. advantageB. obstacleC. responseD. contributor32.A. thatB. howC. whenD. whether33A. authorshipB. automationC. autonomyD. authority34.A. adoptB. undergoC. performD. supply35.A. dep

28、art fromC. interfere inB. confine toD. stay withPart 3: Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 4 passages. After each passage there are 5 questions or unfinished statements followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that can best answer the questio

29、n or complete the statement, and then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.Passage 1 It seems only natural that happiness should flow from having more money. Even if they dont admit it, people still behave as though it were

30、true. More money means you can have what you want and do what you want. The house you dream of? Its yours. The new car you desire? Here are the keys. The freedom to enjoy your favorite pastimes? Heres your racket, the court is down there, just past the pool.So the puzzle is this: why do social scien

31、tists consistently find only moderate relationships between having more money and being happy? Some have even suggested that this moderate connection might be exaggerated. In reality money might have very little to do with happiness at all. Most puzzling, though, is that people often seem aware at s

32、ome level that money wont make them happy. And yet they continue to work away earning money they dont objectively need.First, though, lets look at the three reasons money doesnt make us happy:Its relative income thats important. As Ive noted previously, money is relative. It turns out we dont mind s

33、o much about our actual level of income, so long as were earning more than other people around us. Unfortunately as we earn more money were likely to be surrounded by richer people so we often end up failing to take advantage of the positive comparison. Material goods dont make us happy. Acquiring t

34、hings like houses and cars only have a transient effect on happiness. Peoples desires for material possessions crank up at the same, or greater rate, than their salaries. Again, this means that despite considerably more luxurious possessions, people end up no happier. Theres even evidence that mater

35、ialism make us less happy. People dont shift to enjoyable activities when they are rich. This may be because of the focusing illusion. When people think about earning more money they probably imagine they would use the money on recreational activities. In fact, to earn the money, they have to spend

36、more time at work, and commuting to and from work. These three reasons naturally raise the question of why psychological findings are so out of step with peoples everyday experience. Surely if money doesnt lead to happiness, most people would have worked that out by now. So why do people still chase

37、 the mighty dollar/pound/yen like their lives depended on it?Nobel-prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman and colleagues put forward the idea that the reason people continue to think money makes them happier is that chasing it leads to conventional achievements. Conventional achievements include

38、 things like getting that coveted promotion or being able to afford that big house - in other words things that say loud and clear: hear I am and this is what I can do.So we end up with this: money doesnt make us happy on a day-to-day basis. Acquiring money and status makes us feel satisfied with li

39、fe. Through the focusing illusion we convince ourselves that satisfaction equals happiness. Unfortunately it doesnt. Even though we appear to have everything, we are left feeling that something is missing, but are unable to identify what that thing is. That thing is simply this: feeling happy. Right

40、 now. In the moment.36.What do social scientists find about money and happiness? Money is the final goal of people pursuing happiness. Happiness largely depends on the amount of money.More money does not necessarily make people happy. Money counts most in peoples feeling of happiness. 37.According t

41、o the passage, which of the following confuses the author most? The scientific findings fail to explain peoples obsession with pursuing money and happiness.Although happiness loosely correlates with money, people still paradoxically crave for earning more. Social scientists cannot reach an agreement

42、 on their findings as to the importance of money.Awareness of causal relationship between money and happiness weakens peoples desire to make money.38.According to the passage, people _. care a lot about their actual level of income are convinced that people around them earn higher incomecompare thei

43、r income with that of higher earners feel contented when they earn more than others 39.Material goods dont make us happy because _. we need something permanent to feel happywe need psychological and spiritual satisfactionpeople in pursuit of money are despised in societythe more money we have, the m

44、ore we desire 40.If money brings little happiness, why do people still chase money? Because money and wealth gratify peoples vanity. Because money is the only way to measure peoples achievement.Because people use money to show off their success and social status.Because people believe money brings t

45、hings that reflect their accomplishments. Passage 2 As Wal-Mart grew into the worlds largest retailer, its staff were subjected to a long list of dos and donts covering every aspect of their work. Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with the challenges of

46、globalization and technological change, and is trying to instill a “values-based culture, in which employees can be trusted to do the right thing because they know what the firm stands for. “Values is the latest hot topic in management thinking. PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of “performance

47、with purpose. Chevron, an oil firm, brands itself as a purveyor of “human energy, though presumably it does not really want you to travel by rickshaw (人力车). Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the la

48、bel. Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LRN, a firm that advises on corporate culture, and author of “How, a book arguing that the way firms do business matters as much as what they do, and conducted by the Boston Research Group, the “National Governance, Culture and Leadership Assessment is based

49、 on a survey of thousands of American employees, from every rung of the corporate ladder.It found that 43% of those surveyed described their companys culture as based on command-and-control, top-down management or leadership by coercionwhat Mr. Seidman calls “blind obedience. The largest category, 5

50、4%, saw their employers culture as top-down, but with skilled leadership, lots of rules and a mix of carrots and sticks, which Mr. Seidman calls “informed acquiescence (默许). Only 3% fell into the category of “self-governance, in which everyone is guided by a “set of core principles and values that i

51、nspire everyone to align around a companys mission.The study found evidence that such differences matter. Nearly half of those in blind-obedience companies said they had observed unethical behavior in the previous year, compared with around a quarter in the other sorts of firms. Yet only a quarter o

52、f those in the blind-obedience firms said they were likely to blow the whistle, compared with over 90% in self-governing firms. Lack of trust may inhibit innovation, too. More than 90% of employees in self-governing firms, and two-thirds in the informed-acquiescence category, agreed that “good ideas

53、 are readily adopted by my company. At blind-obedience firms, fewer than one in five did.Tragicomically (悲喜交加), the study found that bosses often believe their own guff (胡扯), even if their subordinates do not. Bosses are eight times more likely than the average to believe that their organization is

54、self-governing. (The cheery folk in human resources are also much more optimistic than other employees.) Some 27% of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their firm. Alas, only 4% of employees agree. Likewise, 41% of bosses say their firm rewards performance based on values rather than mer

55、ely on financial results. Only 14% of employees swallow this.41.We can infer that “human energy in the second paragraph refers to _. a method of generating electricityan advanced means of transportation a strategy of personnel management a method of evaluating corporate profits 42.According to the p

56、assage, which of the following statements is TRUE? Most of the big firms in the US imposed rigid rules on their employees.Wal-Mart credits its market dominance to its value-based culture. The study shows that big firms havent yet built a more caring culture as they say. The survey by the Boston Rese

57、arch Group limits its subjects to senior employees. 43.Which of the following situations can be classified as “self-governance? Employees hold the most stock shares of a company.The labor union has the paramount power in a company. Employees willingly do the right thing under the same values. Employ

58、ees are rewarded based on their skills and performance. 44.The biggest difference between a blind-obedience company and a self-governance company is _.the adoption of good ideasthe occurrence of unethical behaviorthe cases of blowing the whistlethe level of productivity 45.The main purpose of this p

59、assage is to show _. employers and employees usually dont feel the same about the corporate cultureemployers should trust and respect their employees self-governing companies enjoy more advantages than the other two types of companies there is still a long way for companies to truly build a value-ba

60、sed culturePassage 3 “To be rooted is perhaps the most important and least recognized need of the human soul, Simone Weil argued in the mid-twentieth century. Even our virtual playgrounds pay homage to the deeply felt need for place: MySpace was, until recently, called “a place for friends; Second L