云南财经大学英语思辨复习资料

1、-. z. Unit1Part 11. Critical thinking involves thinking about thinking2. The availability heuristic involves unconsciously assigning a probability to a type of event based on how often one thinks of events of that type. 3. An issue simply raises a question.4. The part of an argument that provides a

2、reason for accepting the other part is called the premise. 5. A general rule we unconsciously follow in estimating probabilities is called a heuristic.Part 2The conclusion of an argument is what the premise supposedly supports or demonstrates. The tendency to weigh negative evidence more heavily tha

3、n positive evidence is called a negativity bias. 3. A(n) argument presents a consideration for accepting a claim. 4. Assuming that society in general shares the views held by us and the people we know is the falseconsensus effect.Part 3President Lincoln was the finest U. S. President in history is a

4、n objective claim. (F)Whether an objective claim is true or false depends on whether people think it is true or false. (F)Critical thinking should include biases or emotions. (F) E*perienced philosophers or other specialists in their fields rarely make mistakes in reasoning. (F)Part 4Educated guesse

5、s or rules of thumb are often called heuristicsEmotion, greed, and bias are all factors that can undermine critical thinking. What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically (Check all that apply.) (C, D)A. To make vise decisions B. To e to correct conclusions C. To make hasty generalization

6、 D. To develop adversary thinking 4. All Dobermans are dogs. Some dogs like to bark. Therefore some Dobermans like to bark. The tendency to accept this argument at first glance may be due to. (D) A. self-serving bias B. negativity bias C. confirmation bias D. belief bias5. This bias is present when

7、most members of a group think they are better at something than most other members of the group. (A)A. Better-than-average illusion B. Fundamental attribution error C. Belief bias D. Bandwagon effect6. What bias is in effect when you assume that the candidate whose name you see the most often is pro

8、bably the most popular candidate (B)A. Obedience to authority B. Availability heuristic C. Majority rules D. Bandwagon effectPart 51. An argument consists of, at minimum, _B_. A. a conclusion B. one premise and a conclusion C. two or more premises and conclusion D. a premise2. What are the ultimate

9、objectives of thinking critically (Check all that apply.) (A, D)A. To e to correct conclusions B. To develop adversary thinking C. To make hasty generalizations D. To make wise decisions3. Suzanne is 99% certain most of her test answers are correct. In reality, most of her answers are not correct. W

10、hat type of bias might Suzanne be demonstrating (A)A. Overconfidence effect B. Poor estimation C. Belief bias4. Charles and his colleague Mikes children attend classes at the same school. Charles believes that his childrens e*ceptional performance at school is due to their superior intelligence. He

11、always attributes their occasional failures to bad luck. On the other hand, he believes that Mikes children achieve high test scores due to sheer luck and tends to attribute their failures to a possible lack of hard work and dedication. Which of the following is illustrated in this scenario (A) A. I

12、n-group bias B. Availability heuristic C. Bandwagon effect D. Selection bias 5. A critical thinker tries to _B_. A. overstate conclusions B. evaluate arguments C. understate conclusions D. persuade an audience6. After seeing a number of reports concerning shark attacks, you decide not to visit the b

13、each for spring break. Which cognitive bias is at play (C) A. In-group bias B. Bandwagon effect C. Availability heuristicPart 61. This is the tendency to carry out orders from a superior without question. A. Negativity Bias B. Bandwagon effect C. Fundamental attribution error D. Obedience to authori

14、ty2. The method used to e to correct conclusions is to evaluate our thinking by standards of _B_. A. informational theory B. logic and mon sense C. statistics, history, and research 3. What types of arguments should you avoid (A)A. Weak, invalid and irrelevant B. Strong, invalid, and relevant C. Wea

15、k, valid, and relevant D. Strong, valid, and relevant 4._C_ is the idea that if a person thinks something is morally wrong, then it is morally wrong for that person and he/she does not need to consider any further truth. A. Moral absolutism B. Moral objectivism C. Moral subjectivism 5. What is the r

16、esult of e*pressing a belief, judgment, or opinion in a declarative sentence (A)A. A claim B. A question C. An e*clamation Unit 2Part1Every argument must have at least one premise and a conclusion2. When there is an unstated premise, you should use the conte*t and content to clarify if the argument

17、is deductive or inductive. 3. When the premises of a valid argument are true, then the argument is sound. 4. The more support the premise provides to the conclusion of an inductive argument, the stronger the argument. Part21. Which of these is an argument (B)A. I am a great thinker. B. I think. Ther

18、efore I am. C. I believe that I e*ist2. What are the two parts of an argument (B)A. Statement and conclusion B. Premise and conclusion C. Premise and reasoning D. Premise and statement3. 1) She was out late last night which led to 2)her being overly tired this morning. 3) So, she wont show up for cl

19、ass. How would you map this A. 1-2-3 B. 2-1-3 C. 3-2-1 4. True or false: mon sense and background knowledge are important ponents of critical thinking. (B)A. False B. TruePart 3 The financial cost of the death penalty is less that of life inprison. Also, it does not deter crime. What is needed to ma

20、kethis into an argument (A)A. A conclusion B. A premise2. Which word or words indicate a conclusion is about to follow (C)A. However B. The reason is C. Consequently3. Which of these words indicates a premise (B)A. Therefore B. Since C. Consequently D. Hence4. Which type of persuasion relies on info

21、rmation or arguments (A)A. Logos B. Pathos C. Ethos 5. I have to vote for him. He is from my home town. This is an e*ample of (A)A. Ethos B. Pathos C. Logos Part 4The conclusion of an argument is also called the _A_.A. thesis B. answer C. argument D. premiseHarold is a twin. Therefore, Harold has a

22、sibling. What isthe unstated premise (A)All twins have siblings. B. Harold is not an only child.In a deductive argument, the premises _B_ the conclusion.A. support B. demonstrate 4. What type of reasoning involves weighing considerations for or against making a certain decision (D)A. Rational Adjudi

23、cation B. Inference to the Best E*planation C. mon Sense D. Balance of considerations 5. This type of reasoning pares alternative hypotheses to find the one with the best predictive accuracy. (B)A. mon Sense E*planation B. Inference to the Best E*planation C. Balance of Considerations Part51. The fi

24、rst and essential step in understanding an argument is to _A_. A. spot the conclusion B. identify the premise C. determine whether it is true D. determine whether it is valid 2. A movie can be considered as a/an: (A)A. none of the options B. conclusion C. argument D. premise 3. Identify a true state

25、ment about premises. (A)A. They are absent in a piece of pure rhetoric. B. All the premises being used to justify a conclusion must be stated e*plicitly. C. All the premises being used to justify a conclusion must be monly known truths. D. They are absent in an argument4. True or false: An ifthen ph

26、rase can be considered an argument. A. True B. False 5. In an inductive argument, when the premises do not adequately support the conclusion, the argument is _C_. A. invalid B. unsound C. weakPart 6An argument is sound _B_ the argument is valid and the premises are true. A. generally when B. if and

27、only if2. A deductive argument (B)A. tries to support the conclusion.B. proves or demonstrates the conclusion.3. When thinking critically, argument means (B)A. a violent conflict B. attempt to support or prove something. C. a heated e*change4. Which list of words indicate a conclusion will follow (A

28、)A. Accordingly, consequently, therefore B. Given that, because, since C. Accordingly, because, therefore D. Hence, given that, because5. I have an allergic reaction to nuts so I couldnt eat the cake. Further, I dont like chocolate. Hence, I skipped dessert. What word indicated the conclusion (B)A.

29、So B. Hence C. FurtherUnit3Part1A word or phrase that has multiple meanings is ambiguous2. Syntactic ambiguity results when there is a structural problem in the claim. 3. A(n) analytical definition specifies the features a thing must have in order for the term being defined to apply to it. 4. A defi

30、nition by e*ample is also called a (n) ostensive definition. 5. Semantic ambiguity arises when a word or phrase has more than one meaning. Part21. When writing an essay, you should strive to be _A_ in your treatment of the topic. A. plete B. biased C. haphazard2. Identify the principles of persuasiv

31、e writing. (Check all that apply.) A. Personal considerations should be included in the discussion. B. Strongest arguments should be presented first. C. Every last criticism of ones position should be refuted, even if space or time is limited. D. If an opponents argument is good, one should concede

32、that it is good.3. What principle is involved when ensuring that all points in an essay pertain to the issue under discussion (C)A. Outlining the essay B. Logical sequencing C. Sticking to the issue4. Which of the following is a ponent of an argumentative essay A. Rhetorical flourishes to add intere

33、st B. Rebuttal of arguments that support contrary positions5. Secretaries make more money than physicians. Does this claim suffer from grouping ambiguity (A)A. Yes B. No6. A good definition strives to be _C_. A. Persuasive B. Convincing C. NeutralPart 31. Which of the following is not a vague term (

34、D)A. Spicy B. Passionate C. Hot D. 1002. What are some of the emotions that can arise due to a vague claim A. Annoyance B. Frustration C. Anger D. All of the above3. The secret to good writing is _C_. A. persuasion B. verbosity C. revision D. ambiguity4. When an issue is buried within a historical o

35、r descriptive discussion, what type of error is mitted (A)A. Glancing blow B. Knee jerk reaction5. When writing your introduction, what should you try to avoid (B)A. A thesis statement B. A windy preamble C. A thorough statement of the topic6. What principle requires that all points in an essay are

36、clarified in an orderly fashion (A)A. Logical sequencing B. Sticking to the issuePart4Aaron saw Ben after his Bar Mitzvah. What type of ambiguity isthis (A)A. Pronoun reference B. No ambiguity2. A _D_ definition is what is usually found in a dictionary. A. precising B. persuasive C. stipulative D. l

37、e*ical3. In the case, the defendant will refer to Professor Plum. What type of definition is this (C)A. Rhetorical B. Legal C. Stipulative4. What is the purpose of rhetorical definitions (A)A. Persuade B. Define C. Stipulate 5. A(n) _C_ refers to giving another word or phrase that means the same as

38、the term being defined. A. analytical definition B. le*ical definition C. definition by synonym D. definition by e*ample 6. When I speak of animals, Im referring to non-human animals. What type of definition is this (C) A. Le*ical B. Analytical C. Precising Part 51. When an author fails to organize

39、thoughts in the essay, what type of problem can arise (C)A. Burden of proof B. Lengthy preamble C. Stream of consciousness 2. What is not a ponent of an argumentative essay (A)A. Emotionally charged claims. B. A rebuttal of counterclaims. C. A statement of the issue. 3. What are possible e*planation

40、s as to why a passage might be unclear (D)A. Incorrect word use B. Vague language C. Intentionally abstruse D. All of the above4. True or false: Taking a break from an essay is often a good way to catch proofreading errors. (A)A. True B. False 5. The parents scolded the children and they screamed a

41、lot. What type of ambiguity is this (B)A. Grouping B. Pronoun reference C. Modify ambiguity 6. Which is more general (A)A. Sue lives in a large blue house B. Sue lives in a threestory blue house.Unit4Part1Sometimes powerful hopes and desires influence our judgment when we engage in wishful thinking.

42、Conditions that may undermine our ability to trust our own observations as a source of truth can be physical or mental. 3. A claim that es from the most authoritative source may still be wrong.4. Background knowledge is a crucial part of being a critical thinker.Part2A sources e*pertise should be di

43、rectly related to the issue.A sources acplishments are relevant to his or her e*pertiseif they are related to the question at hand. It is too easy to lose objectivity when ones interests and concerns are at stake. 4.Because our hopes and e*pectations can affect our perceptions, we must monitor their

44、 ability to affect the accuracy of our observations.Part31. Simply being taller, speaking louder, or seeming more assertive can often make a person appear more credible. (T)2. Credibility is an all-or-nothing feature; a claim either has it or it doesnt. (F)3. A claim that fits with our background in

45、formation is likely to be assigned a lower degree of initial plausibility than one that does not fit as well. (F)4. The content of a claim can be judged independently of where it came from. (F)Part 41. Identify the irrelevant features that are sometimes used to judge a persons credibility. (Check al

46、l that apply.) (C,D,E,F,G)A. Educational qualifications B. E*perience C. Age D. Accent E. Ethnicity F. Gender G. Mannerisms2. Beliefs based on our observations are only as good as our_B_ A. Ability to interpret our observations. B. Memory. C. Ability to articulate our observations3. There are two gr

47、ounds for suspicion when credibility is the issue. What are they (D)A. The claim and your own intuition B. The claim and your reaction C. mon sense and the media D. The claim itself and its source4. Which of these is not usually an important factor in a sources credibility (A)A. Appearance B. Reputa

48、tion C. Position D. Education5. Which is generally true of talk radio hosts (D)A. They often lie B. They do not document asserted facts C. They dont present interesting new D. They often reflect a political ideologyPart5The large body of justified beliefs we have accumulated from our observations an

49、d from information received from others is our _C_. A. e*pertise B. foundational information C. background knowledge D. intellectual heritage2. We should be skeptical of a claim itself when a credibility problem is presented by its _C_. A. vagueness B. forceful language C. content3. Which of these i

50、s the most important factor in considering a web sites credibility (A) A. Who are the sources behind its information B. How many people access it daily C. How long it has been in e*istence D. What panies support it with their money4. Which of these sources is dedicated to fact checking (C)A. The Eco

51、nomist B. N C. Snopes. D. Wall Street Journal5. Which is true (B)A. The major metropolitan newspapers are teeming with factual errors. B. The major metropolitan newspapers sometimes make mistake in reporting. C. The major metropolitan newspapers never make mistake in reporting.Part61. According to t

52、he te*t, a claim lacks inherent credibility when it conflicts with any of three things. Which of these is not one of those three things (D)A. Other credible claims B. What we have ourselves observed C. Our background information D. The beliefs of people we like and admire2. Which of these would prob

53、ably NOT negatively influence our observations and recollections of an event (B)A. Tiredness B. Attention C. Distraction D. Emotions3. Which one of these professions often carries a negative bias due to an unkempt appearance (B)A. Politician B. ArtistC. Lawyer D. Doctor 4. Which one of these is not

54、a good reason for stereotypes to be ignored when judging a person (A) A. They provide background information B. They create an initial bias C. They create false reputations D. They cloud possible good judgment 5. Conservatives accuse the news media of having what kind of a slant A. Moderate B. Liber

55、al C. Atheist D. Religious6. What percent of the ments from professional website evaluators are focused on a websites visual design (B)A. More than 80% B. Less than 20% C. More than 50% Unit5Part1A euphemism is a neutral or positive e*pression used in place of an e*pression that usually has negative

56、 associations. A(n) innuendo is a subtle or indirect derogatory remark that is often masked with positive phrasing. 3.A stereotype is a cultural belief or idea, usually simplified or e*aggerated, about a social groups attributes. 4.A proofs urrogate suggests there is evidence for a claim but does no

57、t actually cite the evidence. Part2 A dysphemism is a negative e*pression used in place of an e*pression that usually carries positive associations. 2. Hyperbole is overstatement or e*aggeration 3. A rhetorical analogy likens one thing to another in order to make one of them appear better or worse t

58、han the other. 4. An e*planation used to e*press and influence attitudes is a (n) rhetorical e*planation. Part3 1. A slanter is a rhetorical device that gives a claim a positive or negative connotation. 2. The technique of repetition makes the same point, over and over again, to drive home a point.3

59、. A demagogue uses e*treme rhetoric and propaganda to argue for false ideas and preposterous theories. 4. Rhetoric is used to persuade while logic is used to demonstrate a claim or support a claim. Part41. Which of the following fallacies is a rhetorical device (C)A. False dichotomy B. Argumentum ad

60、 Baculum C. Hyperbole D. Slippery Slope 2. Capital punishment is the just punishment of a heinous crime. What type of definition is this (A)A. Rhetorical B. Hyperbole C. Analogy D. Le*ical 3. Andy voted from Senator Abad is because everyone at the country club supported Abad and Andy follows the cro