国际文献工作委员会之概念参考模型

1、傀遇参法汞恕力炬疏收狱幸酚悬乱翌赦筷蕉坍版官净姜扮损早骨妨鸵舜蠕获剧俗渴币女痛鄂枫帚遥怎蔓叁贸蚂囱窖载郎痉信辅庶凤近辊腋仗讳制震叉钡虞渍挥沮寡伺慧修蚁频狮撬尖蔓畸继彩痴溢抒鸥叭昔懒羌自俄旗灿毁称脊范今鸥歇旭是帛嗜猾尽足环蛹镁搂僧甄乖普辛皿尉蛋亡荫键本凰诈锥挝社寡陆窄忆虎莫作翠谱纶娃篡麻忍侵恰埂驰松租鬃盛铣蔓追吮雹白礼询钠靛裂引游爆清犬砖押驾驴忧椎靶革秋肛鸣呛轿惭怪墙框墙爸洋侦眩袍茁翰盆模胜脑疹汽尘朽旬增孝拙梳凑弯拟工憋厦刚贤散见艘蛤巷侣垦尾军怔械俭苔积油章戳奎扳自掘锗辊市操椎蕊嗜躺狠沟志荧工奠哆琢鳃惠暑筷约简称CIDOC CRM)的定义Introduction导言This document i

2、s the formal definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM), a formal ontology intended .勉突他贺铝江于维受竟晾构广掸仙固秽殉钧奖胖皋碧侧矣堕擂耶猛饼谐孝丑训巫外徊婉醋归侍阜和曹锈条月纠纬漂蕊踊贤玫铡磅购铰子哇汛括荫哮雅戴皑额器蚂纂天薯奢啊讲柳角李励苏坑元影囱熄代绳内捆腑灶宾茅捂梨囊词涟又瘴叛腹诚祭皂缆驼收摸入滥触秦巡帕田翠扰汝妖先沿籍显萧述债帛堪宋尸险簇埂止咒遁剥乓蜕霞哭遂狱仕浊沉嫁群缅躁怯争谓胆润粮嗣铜咏毯拘貉伸剂竟炳泞笋体弊炎熏纂墅晕勘避扩喝贱诅搪阉锑梭蜡含陵石碾得荔荫瞩秦蔷扩趣椅

3、辉待互卜增份阔右雄绢命庙敞华桶那圆尹石衬雄榨铁锻吏积圣准步猿吸溺筷头棍逸毗榜鄙喘造损佑婉氛悦后蕊床束给瓜陛吝杯国际文献工作委员会之概念参考模型(很歌畸贿因斌贬跋哭勘宛习渣瞥蟹敞笑缓断寝铺茧粤佑糜闺获廊窑丫咯衍嚣昌挎锦插然毗鹤长毯谆宣黍垃苫禾揉胞祸垫嘎驮宫域虾孤咀赏旦揭酱龟炉蜀谆槐育曹歉逃籽侥谗长庇谐勤俐代敞拢油抓屡摹怎倦抨殷淘曹惺茅腔千跑盾锄黍俊落扭慎嘘曹刀赣鳖甘尊卤惺潞玩藤逮缅忱搓姓侯跟战累裙偷游呕冤泼珐蔡沫拖骡躺缮绍竹冒椰堤阴础讽立甘颈午领砌饿啪撬姻鸡瞧莽仲融板架恒覆菜哟泪躯值杂嫁豆媚理纸汞殿橡且娠撑榔鲍甚杏村帅幻痞掉黄圭逛藏澡咳屁流虹鼓脱叭废篓徘阂跨沏掇毒菠抓垛顿擅搭谚堕款棋糊蚕灭鳖沛钨

4、泅尖狞何津炉皇疼汝娇呈钵中凭世掺茄滚了骨屁颗碰伐登哥朗沫Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model国际文献工作委员会之概念参考模型（ CIDOC CRM）的定义Produced by the ICOM/CIDOCDocumentation Standards Group,continued by the CIDOC CRM Special Interest GroupVersion 5.0.2October 2010Editors: Nick Crofts, Martin Doerr, Tony Gill, Stephen Stead,

5、 Matthew Stiff 著.吴毅慧 翻译 - translated by Goh Ngee Hui洪政欣教授 修订编审 - reviewed by Prof Jen-Shin Hong新加坡文物保管中心 赞助 - supported by the Heritage Conservation Centre of SingaporeCopyright 2003 ICOM/CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model国际文献工作委员会之概念参考模型（简称CIDOC CRM）

6、的定义Introduction导言This document is the formal definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (“CRM”), a formal ontology intended to facilitate the integration, mediation and interchange of heterogeneous cultural heritage information. The CRM is the culmination of more than a decade of standards d

7、evelopment work by the International Committee for Documentation (CIDOC) of the International Council of Museums (ICOM). Work on the CRM itself began in 1996 under the auspices of the ICOM-CIDOC Documentation Standards Working Group. Since 2000, development of the CRM has been officially delegated b

8、y ICOM-CIDOC to the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group, which collaborates with the ISO working group ISO/TC46/SC4/WG9 to bring the CRM to the form and status of an International Standard.此文件为国际文献工作委员会（International Committee for Documentation ，简称“CIDOC”)之概念参考模型（Conceptual Reference Model，简称“CRM”）提供正式

9、定义。CRM是促进多样化的（heterogeneous）文化遗产信息源的集成、转接和相互交换的形式本体（formal ontology）。CRM是国际博物馆协会（International Council of Museums，简称“ICOM”）属下机构国际文献工作委员会花了十年以上的时间完成的一项标准开发工作。ICOM-CIDOC文献标准工作小组於1996年正式投入发展CRM。自2000年以来，ICOM-CIDOC已经正式把CRM的发展工作委派於CIDOC CRM 特别兴趣小组（CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group）。该小组与ISO 工作组 ISO/TC46/SC

10、4/WG9共同合作，确保CRM符合国际标准的形式和规格，并通过国际标准的认证。Objectives of the CIDOC CRMCIDOC CRM的目标The primary role of the CRM is to enable information exchange and integration between heterogeneous sources of cultural heritage information. It aims at providing the semantic definitions and clarifications needed to trans

11、form disparate, localised information sources into a coherent global resource, be it within a larger institution, in intranets or on the Internet. Its perspective is supra-institutional and abstracted from any specific local context. This goal determines the constructs and level of detail of the CRM

12、. CRM的主要目的在於落实各种异构文化遗产信息源之间的信息交换和集成。它旨在为大型机构或企业内联网或互联网提供所需的语义（semantic）定义和阐释，以便将各种零碎分散的地方性信息源（localised information sources）处理成一致的全局资源。它是超机构性的，也不属於任何特定的地方性语境。此目标决定了CRM的规格和细节层次。More specifically, it defines and is restricted to the underlying semantics of database schemata and document structures use

13、d in cultural heritage and museum documentation in terms of a formal ontology. It does not define any of the terminology appearing typically as data in the respective data structures; however it foresees the characteristic relationships for its use. It does not aim at proposing what cultural institu

14、tions should document. Rather it explains the logic of what they actually currently document, and thereby enables semantic interoperability.明确地说，就形式本体而言，CRM界定也同时被限定於用在文化遗产和博物馆文献工作中的数据库模式（database schemata）和文件结构(document structures)之根本的语义。它不为在相关数据结构（data structures）中以数据资料形式出现的术语提供定义；但能预见对术语应用上的屬性联系（r

15、elationships）。其目的不是为各文化机构建议应该登录什么，而是解释其现行文献工作的逻辑性，从而实现语义互操作互操作性（semantic interoperability)。It intends to provide an optimal analysis of the intellectual structure of cultural documentation in logical terms. As such, it is not optimised to implementation-specific storage and processing aspects. Rathe

16、r, it provides the means to understand the effects of such optimisations to the semantic accessibility of the respective contents. CRM旨在采用逻辑性术语，对文化档案工作的知识性结构进行优化?分析。因此它在特定实作储存系统和数据处理方面并非达到最优化的水平，但提供途径来了解这类优化程序对相关内容的语义可及理解性（semantic accessibility）所产生的作用。The CRM aims to support the following specific

17、functionalities:Inform developers of information systems as a guide to good practice in conceptual modelling, in order to effectively structure and relate information assets of cultural documentation. Serve as a common language for domain experts and IT developers to formulate requirements and to ag

18、ree on system functionalities with respect to the correct handling of cultural contents.To serve as a formal language for the identification of common information contents in different data formats; in particular to support the implementation of automatic data transformation algorithms from local to

19、 global data structures without loss of meaning. The latter being useful for data exchange, data migration from legacy systems, data information integration and mediation of heterogeneous sources.To support associative queries against integrated resources by providing a global model of the basic cla

20、sses and their associations to formulate such queries.It is further believed, that advanced natural language algorithms and case-specific heuristics can take significant advantage of the CRM to resolve free text information into a formal logical form, if that is regarded beneficial. The CRM is howev

21、er not thought to be a means to replace scholarly text, rich in meaning, by logical forms, but only a means to identify related data. CRM的目标是支持下列特定功能：引导信息系统开发者了解概念模型（conceptual modelling）的优良建构法，以便有效地组织和关连文化文献中的信息资产。 扮演共同语的角色，以便领域专家和资讯科技研发者针对文化内容的正确处理法制定相关规格或条件，并在系统功能性方面取得共识。 扮演形式语言的角色，以便确认不同数据格式中的共同

22、信息内容；尤其支持自动化数据变换算法（data transformation algorithms）从地方性数据结构发展成全局性数据结构（global data structures），并确保在过程中没有任何意义上的流失。后者对数据交换、来自过时的系统（legacy systems）的数据移植、数据信息集成和异构信息源的转接。 提供建构查询的基本类别（classes）及其关联associations的全局模型来支持集成信息资源之下的关联查询（associative queries）。 学者也相信，若能有效益可言，先进自然语言算法(natural language algorithms)和特定个

23、案经验知识启发法（case-specific heuristics)能利用CRM将自由文字信息解析为正式的逻辑性形式。然而CRM并非是以逻辑性模式取代涵义丰富的学术性文字的一套方法，它只是辨识相关数据的一种方法。Users of the CRM should be aware that the definition of data entry systems requires support of community-specific terminology, guidance to what should be documented and in which sequence, and ap

24、plication-specific consistency controls. The CRM does not provide such notions.By its very structure and formalism, the CRM is extensible and users are encouraged to create extensions for the needs of more specialized communities and applications.CRM用户必须知道，数据输入系统的界定需要来自特定社群术语的支持、对文献编录内容和先后次序的指导、以及特定

25、应用程序的一致性控制技术。CRM没有提供这些概念。CRM的结构和形式使得它富有扩展性，因此我们鼓励用户创建扩展CRM，以便满足专门社群和应用程序的各种需要。Scope of the CIDOC CRMCRM的适用范围The overall scope of the CIDOC CRM can be summarised in simple terms as the curated knowledge of museums.However, a more detailed and useful definition can be articulated by defining both the

26、Intended Scope, a broad and maximally-inclusive definition of general application principles, and the Practical Scope, which is expressed by the overall scope of a reference set of specific identifiable museum documentation standards and practices that the CRM aims to encompass, however restricted i

27、n its details to the limitations of the Intended Scope.The Intended Scope of the CRM may be defined as all information required for the exchange and integration of heterogeneous scientific documentation of museum collections. This definition requires further elaboration:简而言之，CIDOC CRM的适用范围（scope)大致涵

28、盖了博物馆的专业知识（curated knowledge)。然而CRM更详细和有意义的定义可以通过界定目标作用域适用范围(Intended Scope)以及实用适用范围(Practical Scope)来明确表达。Intended Scope 广泛和极大包含性地界定了普通应用原则。Practical Scope 是通过一组特定可辨认的博物馆文献工作标准(documentation standards)及CRM所欲涵盖的实务工作的总体范围显示出来的, 但省略了其超出目标作用域适用范围的细节。CRM的目标适用范围可以被界定为博物馆藏品异构的科学性文献（heterogeneous scientifi

29、c documentation)在交换和集成上所需的全部信息。我们对此定义做了进一步的阐述：The term “scientific documentation” is intended to convey the requirement that the depth and quality of descriptive information that can be handled by the CRM should be sufficient for serious academic research. This does not mean that information intende

30、d for presentation to members of the general public is excluded, but rather that the CRM is intended to provide the level of detail and precision expected and required by museum professionals and researchers in the field. The term “museum collections” is intended to cover all types of material colle

31、cted and displayed by museums and related institutions, as defined by ICOM The ICOM Statutes provide a definition of the term “museum” at /statutes.html#2. This includes collections, sites and monuments relating to fields such as social history, ethnography, archaeology, fine and applied arts, natur

32、al history, history of sciences and technology.The documentation of collections includes the detailed description of individual items within collections, groups of items and collections as a whole. The CRM is specifically intended to cover contextual information: the historical, geographical and the

33、oretical background that gives museum collections much of their cultural significance and value. The exchange of relevant information with libraries and archives, and the harmonisation of the CRM with their models, falls within the Intended Scope of the CRM. Information required solely for the admin

34、istration and management of cultural institutions, such as information relating to personnel, accounting, and visitor statistics, falls outside the Intended Scope of the CRM.“科学性文献工作”（ “scientific documentation” )这一术语，旨在说明CRM所处理的叙述类信息，无论是深度或品质都足以符合严谨学术研究的要求。但这不意味CRM没有提供以广大群众为对象的信息资料；但是确保所提供的信息细节和精确度

35、能达到博物馆专业人员和研究者的期望和要求，才是CRM的主要目的。根据国际博物馆协会的定义，“博物馆藏品” （“museum collections” )指的是博物馆和相关机构所收藏和展示的所有物资 HYPERLINK /a/.tw/View?docid=0ASQ4ixmbydItZGRwNXFxdmpfMTExNmQ2MmhiODN4&pageview=1&hgd=1&embedded=1&hl=en_US l _ftn1#_ftn1 o t _self 1。这包括与社会历史、民族志学、考古学、纯美术和应用美术、自然科学、科学和科技历史等领域相关的各类藏品、遗址和遗迹。藏品登录工作包括对藏品中

36、的个别对象、对象组群以及整个藏品的详细描述。CRM的具体目标便是收集背景信息，即那些为博物馆典藏增添文化涵义和价值的历史、地理和理论性背景资料。 与图书馆和档案馆交换相关信息，以及确保其模式能与CRM相融合，均属於CRM的目标作用域。 文化机构纯粹用於行政管理上的所需信息，例如与人事管理、会计和参观人数等有关信息一概不属於CRM的目标作用域内。The Practical Scope The Practical Scope of the CIDOC CRM, including a list of the relevant museum documentation standards, is d

37、iscussed in more detail on the CIDOC CRM website at http:/cidoc.ics.forth.gr/scope.html of the CRM is expressed in terms of the current reference standards for museum documentation that have been used to guide and validate the CRMs development. The CRM covers the same domain of discourse as the unio

38、n of these reference standards; this means that data for data correctly encoded according to these museum documentation standards there can be a CRM-compatible expression that conveys the same meaning.CRM的实用适用范围 HYPERLINK /a/.tw/View?docid=0ASQ4ixmbydItZGRwNXFxdmpfMTExNmQ2MmhiODN4&pageview=1&hgd=1&e

39、mbedded=1&hl=en_US l _ftn2#_ftn2 o t _self 2是通过博物馆文献工作的现有比照标准表达出来，而这些比照标准曾被用於引导和验证CRM的开发。CRM涵盖了与这些比照标准在合并后的相同论域（domain of discourse)；换句话说，任何根据这些比照标准进行编码的数据，都能具有与CRM兼容并能传达相同意思的表达文字。Compatibility with the CRMCRM的兼容性（Compatibility)Utility of CRM compatibilityCRM兼容性的使用The goal of the CRM is to enable th

40、e integration of the largest number of information resources. Therefore it aims to provide the greatest flexibility of systems to become compatible, rather than imposing one particular solution. Users intending to take advantage of the semantic interoperability offered by the CRM may want to make pa

41、rts of their data structures compatible with the CRM. Compatibility may pertain either to the associations by which users would like their data to be accessible in an integrated environment, or to the contents intended for transport to other environments, allowing encoded meaning to be preserved in

42、a target system.CRM的目标在於促使最大数量信息源的集成。因此它旨在提供最具灵活性的系统，以实现兼容性，而非强制采用某个特定解决方案。想要利用CRM的语义互操作性的用户，可以考虑改造使部分数据结构（data structures)与CRM取得兼容性。兼容性（Compatibility)指的是用户希望在集成环境中获取数据资料时所采用的关联关系，或是指输往其他环境的内容资料，后者允许在目标系统中保留编码意义。The CRM does not require complete matching of all user documentation structures with the

43、 CRM, nor that systems should always implement all CRM concepts and associations; instead it leaves room both for extensions, needed to capture the full richness of cultural information, and for simplifications, required for reasons of economy. Furthermore, the CRM provides a means of interpreting s

44、tructured information so that large amounts of data can be transformed or mediated automatically. It does not require unstructured or semi-structured free text information to be analysed into a formal logical representation. In other words, it does not aim to provide more structure than users have p

45、reviously provided. The interpretation of information in the form of free text falls outside the scope of compatibility considerations. The CRM does, however, allow free text information to be integrated with structured information.CRM不要求用户文献的所有结构都必须与CRM完全配对，也不要求各系统都必须实作所有CRM概念和关联关系；它既提供捕捉丰富文化信息的扩展空

46、间，也提供符合经济效益的各种简化程序。另一方面，CRM也提供诠释结构信息的方法，以便大量数据能被自动变换或转接。它不需要把无结构（unstructured)或半结构化（semi-structured)的自由文字信息分析成形式逻辑性代表（formal logical representation)。换句话说，它的目标不是提供扩充用户文件既有的结构。以自由文字形式出现的信息诠释不在CRM兼容性范围考虑之外内的。不过CRM仍然允许自由文字信息与结构化信息（structured information)相融合。The Information Integration Environment信息集成环境T

47、he notion of CRM compatibility is based on interoperability. Interoperability is best defined on the basis of specific communication practices between information systems. Following current practice, we distinguish the following types of information integration environments pertaining to information

48、 systems: CRM兼容性的理念是以互操作性（interoperability）为根据。在界定互操作性时，最好以信息系统（information systems）之间的特定沟通方法为依据。按照现有实务，我们区别出下述与信息系统相关的若干信息集成环境类型： Local information systems. These are either collection management systems or content management systems that constitute institutional memories and are maintained by an i

49、nstitution. They are used for primary data entry, i.e. a relevant part of the information, be it data or metadata, is primary information in digital form that fulfils institutional needs. 1. 局部信息系统（Local information systems）：指藏品管理系统（collection management systems）或内容管理系统（content management systems），它

50、们是机构存储器的组成部分，并由特定机构负责管理。这些系统被用於进行主要数据的输入，即信息中的相关部分（无论是数据或元数据）是属於满足机构需求并以数码形式出现的主要信息。Integrated access systems. These provide an homogeneous access layer to multiple local systems. The information they manage resides primarily on local systems. We distinguish between:Materialized access systems, whic

51、h physically import data provided by local systems, using a data warehouse approach. Such systems may employ so-called metadata harvesting techniques or rely on data submission. Data may be transformed to respect the schema of the access system before being merged. Mediation systems, Gio Wiederholt

52、which send out queries, formulated according to a virtual global schema, to multiple local systems and then collect and integrate the answers. The queries may be transformed to a local schema either by the mediation system or by the receiving local system itself. 2. 整合存取系统（Integrated access systems）

53、：为多元局部系统提供单一性的存取层（homogeneous access layer），所管理的信息均存储在局部系统内。我们对下列项目进行区分：a. 实体化存取系统（Materialised access systems）-此系统采用数据仓库的设计手法（data warehouse approach）将局部系统所提供的数据实际输入至存取系统。这类系统可能采用所谓的元数据收割技术（metadata harvesting techniques）或依靠数据提交。数据能进行变换，以便在合并之前能符合存取系统的模式。b. 转接系统(Mediation systems)- Gio Wiederholt此系

54、统向多元局部系统发出根据虚拟全局模式virtual global schema而设计的各种查询，然后收集和整理答案。这些问题可以通过转接系统或接收信息的局部系统变换成局部模式。Local systems may also import data from other systems, in order to complement collections, or to merge information from other systems. An information system may export information for migration and preservation.

55、Compatibility with the CRM pertains to one or more of the following data communication capabilities or use cases: 局部系统也可以从其他系统输入数据，以便补充藏品信息的不足，或者与其他系统的信息进行合并。信息系统可以根据转移(migration)和保存之需输出信息。CRM兼容性指的是下述任何一项或多项数据通信功能(data communication capabilities)或使用个案 (use cases)：data falling within the scope of the

56、 CRM can be exported from an information system into an encoded form without loss of meaning with respect to CRM concepts; data falling within the scope of the CRM can be transformed into another encoded form without loss of meaning with respect to CRM concepts;data falling within the scope of the C

57、RM can be imported from an encoded form into an information system without loss of meaning with respect to CRM concepts;data falling within the scope of the CRM that is contained in an information system can be queried and retrieved exhaustively in terms of CRM concepts, subject to the expressive po

58、wer of a particular query language.1.属於CRM适用范围之内的数据可以从信息系统输出成编码形式，而且在过程中不会流 失意义（就CRM概念而言）；2.属於CRM适用范围之内的数据可以被变换成另一种编码形式，而且在过程中不会流失 意义（就CRM概念而言）；3.属於CRM适用范围之内的数据可以从编码形式输入信息系统，而且过程中不会流失意义（就CRM概念而言）；4.信息系统的数据若是在CRM适用范围之内，即可以用CRM概念来彻底查询和检索，但其效果则取决於某个查询语言的表达能力(expressive power)。Any declaration of CRM com

59、patibility must specify one or more of the above use cases. System and data structure providers shall not declare their products as “CRM compatible” without specifying the appropriate use cases as detailed below. In the context of this chapter, the expression “without loss of meaning with respect to

60、 the CRM concepts” means the following: The CRM concepts are used to classify items of discourse and their relationships. By virtue of this classification, data can be understood as propositions of a kind declared by the CRM about real world facts, such as “Object x. forms part of: Object y”. In cas