实用英语语法

1、 实用英语语法 刘佳 一.非谓语动词. 二.从句. 三.比较结构. 四.虚拟语气. 五.并列平行结构. 六.强调，倒装和省略. 第一章 非谓语动词一.Doing分词做状语和定语（一）状语:代替when,because,while,so,ect.1.Doing sth 与长难句阅读(1).Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the research studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulat

2、ions of population(群体计算机模拟), manipulating a number of variables(变量) relating peoples ability to influence others and other tendency to be influenced.(考研阅读2010) 句意：依据有关人际影响的基本事实，研究人员通过进行成千上万次的群体计算机模拟，研究社会影响的动力，控制了许多与影响他人能力以及被影响趋向相关的可变因素。 (2).We reach for them (habits) mindlessly, setting our brain on

3、 auto-pilot(机械状态) and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.(考研英语2009) 句意：我们不费脑筋的获得习惯，把我们的大脑设定在机械状态，并且轻松进入熟知常规下无形中产生的舒适。(3).Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trig

4、ger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.(考研阅读2008)句意:对动物和植物的研究表明：性激素以某种方式影响对于压力的反映。与处于相同压力之下的男性相比，处于压力之下的女性会产生更多的能引起反映的刺激化学物质。 (4).Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish st

5、ocks(资源) in the past.(2006考研英语) 句意：因此，一些鱼的个体不会被捕捉到，因为当时没有带诱饵的鱼钩来捕捉它们,造成了对鱼类资源的低估。(6).When the United States entered just as a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it has a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled of scale.(2000考研英语) 句意：美国经济在二

6、战以后进入了辉煌历史时期，他拥有比任何竞争对手大8倍的市场，这为各行各业提供了前所未有的规模。(7) Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-long warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.(考研英语1999) 句意：感觉到受到威胁，公司写出无比冗长的警告标识作出反应，努力预见所有可能的事故。(8)His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have appli

7、ed re-engineering in a mechanical fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.(考研英语1998) 句意:他的同事麦克比尔说，太多的公司以机械的形式重组，降低成本，而未对长远的盈利给予充分的考虑。(9)In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened conce

8、rns about monopoly. (考研英语2003) 句意：近些年以来，铁路公司互相合并，成为超级大型集团，造成人们对垄断的日益关注。2.Doing sth与句子写作1.He didnt get up early enough. He missed the train. He didnt get up early enough, missing the train.2.She spoke French rapidly. She couldnt make me understood. Speaking French rapidly, She couldnt make me underst

9、ood.3.He ate too little and worked too much for weeks on end. He became ill. Eating too little and working too much for weeks on end, he become ill.4.You promise to behave yourself. You shall not go to the party this afternoon. Promising to behave yourself, you shall not go to the party this afterno

10、on.5.He had a sore throat. He had spoken for three hours. Having spoken for three hours, he had a sore throat. 6.Almost every summer night, the cooling northeast wind swept through our bedroom window. It made air conditioner unnecessary. It made a light blanket welcome. Almost every summer night, th

11、e cooling northeast wind swept through our bedroom window, making air conditioner unnecessary and (making) a light blanket welcome.7.Mr Wood ran up the stairs. He stood at the neighbors door. He knocked the door again and again. Then someone opened the door. Running up the stairs, Mr Wood stood at t

12、he neighbors door, knocking at the door again and again. Then someone opened the door.8.John was covered with mud. He was shivering. He sat hunched over a bowl of hot broth. Being covered with mud and shivering, John sat hunched over a bowl of hot broth.3.Doing sth与翻译1.看到前面坐着这么多的人，她感觉很紧张。 Seeing so

13、many people sitting in front, she felt extremely nervous.2.我在四川住过许多年，对那里的情况很了解。 Having lived in SiChuan for many years, I knew there well.3.他指着一栋新房子说到：“这是我们的俱乐部”。 Pointing at the new building, he said: “ This is our club.”4.由于太兴奋，她不知道说什么好。 Being so excited, she didnt knew what to say.5.当他到达村里时，发现姑娘们

14、正在田里 摘棉花。 Arriving at the village, he found the girls picking the cottons in the fields.(二)Doing sth 作N修饰语1.Doing sth与阅读：(1)The Federal Circuit(联邦巡回审判庭) issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel(小组) of three, and that one

15、 issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank(美国道富银行) ruling.（2010考研英语） 句意：联邦巡回审判庭颁布了一项不寻常的指令，声明该案将由法庭所有12名法官一起审理，而不是一般的三人法官小组，并且它想评价的一件事情是：是否应该重新考虑其美国道富银行的裁定。(2).“There is a kind of false precision(精确) being hawked(叫卖) by people claiming they are doing ancestry

16、 testing,”says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist.(2009考研英语) 句意:纽约大学的一位社会学家Troy Duster说：“宣称进行血统测试的人们散布一种虚假的精确”.(3)The example of Virtual Vineyard (网络葡萄园)，Amazon. com and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kinds of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitali

17、ty, and security will attract online customers. 句意：网络葡萄园，亚马逊和其他一些开拓者的示例显示：出售适合的商品并且辅之以适当的交流和互动，热情周到和安全可靠的服务的网络将会吸引网上顾客。二 to do的“三大疑难杂症”(一)To do 与形式主语/宾语 it1.To to与阅读：(1)It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality art

18、s criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.(2010考研英语) 句意：40岁以下的普通读者难以想象，甚至不可能想象出一个在许多大城市报纸上都能找到高质量艺术评论的时代。2.To do与翻译：(1).Even the strike was over, and the wages dispute had been settled, _。(还需要花几个星期才能把这个国家清理干净) (大学英语6级模拟) Answer: it took several weeks for the country to get cleaned up co

19、mpletely.(2)With such a short time before the deadline, _. (Jimmy看似不可能完成这项任务) Answer: it doesnt seem likely that Jimmy will accomplish the job.(3).She has decided to go on a diet, but finds _.(很难抵制冰激凌的诱惑) (大学英语6级2009.6.86)Answer: it is difficult to resist the temptation of ice-cream. it difficult to

20、 resist the temptation of ice-cream（二）to do 当做名词修饰语1.To do与阅读：(1)And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. (考研英语2007) 句意:Ericsson 测定：学会如何有意义的给信息编码的最佳方式就是人们所共知的审慎实践的过程.(2) Without the ability to think carefully,

21、to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they can not fully participate in our democracy.(考研英语2004) 句意:没有批判思维，维护自己的观点以及理解他人观点的能力，他们就不能充分的参与我们的民主。 (3) One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rise in 1970, it has not occurred against the backg

22、round of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. 句意:另一个不要应为油价上涨而失眠的原因是,不同于20世纪70年代，这次油价上涨并未在总体商品价格上涨和全球大需求的背景下产生。2.To do 与写作（1）He is not a man who can be frightened by the threat of the war. He is not a man to be frightened by the threat of the war. (2)There are plans that should

23、 be made at once. There are plans to be made at once. (3)Give me the name of the people that I should contact. Give me the name of the people to contact.(4)The last problem that must be considered at our last meeting is how to invest the money.The last problem to be considered at our last meeting is

24、 how to invest the money. (5)The way you can get into the building is slip in through the kitchen. The way to get into the building is slip in through the kitchen. (6)The first man who flew non-stop across the Atlantic was John. The first man to fly non-stop across the Atlantic was John.(三) to do 的完

25、成式to have done1.to have done 与单选(1)The bank is reported _ in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday.(考研语法) A. to be robbed B. robbed C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed 解析：C(2) The local health organization is reported _ twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audio became its first preside

26、nt.(考研语法) A. to be set up B. being set up C. to have been set up D. having been set up 答案：C2.To have done 与翻译。(1) We are happy _ .(在北京参观了)so many historic places in Beijing.答案：to have visited (2)Nancy is supposed to _ (做完化学实验)at least two weeks ago.(大学英语6级2008.6.84) 解析：先与句子主干动词发生的动作，用to have done 答案

27、：have finished her chemistry experiment.3.To have done 与改错。The Bunsen burner (本生灯) is so named because it A is thought to be invented by Robert BBunsen, who was German by brith. C Answer：B to have been invented. 4.To have done 与阅读 Albert Einstein, the great American scientist,is estimated to have ha

28、d the incredible intelligence quotient (系数)of 200. 句意：据估计，伟大的美国科学家爱因斯坦 的智商高达200.(四) “V+to”中 “to”的辨认牛刀小试:(1)She confess to_ (have ) a dread for spiders (2)He admitted to _ (have taken) the money. (3)You must accustom yourself to _ (get up) early. (4)He attributes his success to _ (work hard) (5)I am

29、writing a letter with a view to _ (find) out whether you have any news about my son. (6)He bought the old house with an eye to _ (make ) it a hotel.“V+to”中 “to”中为介词的小结：adhere to, admit to, come to (到达，涉及)，confess to (承认)，consent to(同意)，contribute to(有助于)，object to(反对)，succeed to(继承)，accustomto(使习惯与)

30、，attributeto(归因于) thanks to, with a view to(为了的目的)， with an eye to(为了起见) 三doing动名词（一）.固定结构there is no use doing(没有用)there is no doing(是不可能的)cant help doing(禁不住)on doing(刚一)feel like doing (喜欢，想要)be worth doing/be worthy of being donehave difficulty/trouble/fun/a hard time/a good time (in) doing 1. “

31、doing”与翻译Soon after he transferred to the new school, Ali found that he had _ (很难跟上班里的同学四级)解析：“做某事很难 ”-have difficult in doing sth “跟上某人”catch up with sb答案：difficulty in catching up with his classmates2Doing与单选The teachers have some problems _when they should return the final papers to the students.

32、 A. to decide B. deciding C. decided D. having decidedAnswer: B（二）做句子主语1._ (保持幽默感有助于英语6级)Answer: keeping a good sense of humor （三）做宾语1.V+ doingprevent/stop/keep/hinderfrom doing(阻止做某事)be/get/become used to doing (习惯与)look forward to,object to, prefer doing to doingbe accustomed to doing sthtake to d

33、oing sth (开始喜欢做)devote to doing/be devoted to doing sth(投身于)dedicate to doing/be dedicated to doing(投身于)单选：1.Although a teenager, Fred could resist_ what to do and what not to do.A. to be told B. having been told C. being told D. to have been toldAnswer: C2.I appreciate _ the opportunity to study ab

34、road two years ago. been given B. having given have been given D. to have givenAnswer: A 3. As Ill be away for at least two years, Id appreciate _ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heardAnswer: A2.构成sbs doing1.Jim insiste

35、d on reading the letter.Jim insisted that he read the letter.Jim insisted on his reading the letter.2.Would you mind telling us the whole story? Would you mind if Tom tells us the whole story?Would you mind Toms telling us the whole story?3.He disliked working late.He disliked that his wife worked l

36、ate.He disliked his wifes working late.4.I object to making private calls on this phone.I object that he makes private calls on this phone. I object his making private calls on this phone.5. No one doubted that he was sincere in his belief.No one doubted his being sincere in his belief.6. He admitte

37、d that he had made the mistake again.He admitted his having made the mistake again.四独立主格1.A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle(紧身褡),and so on.2.Jim climbed slowly up the creaking steps, his courage slipping away at every step.3.There being no

38、thing else to do, we left.4.He went off, gun in his hand. 5.The floor (being) wet and slippery, we stayed outside. 6.The meal over, prayers were read by Miss Miller. 7.The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 8.His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. 9.He entered the new enterpr

39、ise cautiously, his eye wide-open. 10.He sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 11.A small boy, his satchel(小背包) trailing behind him, ran past.翻译1._ (所有航班被取消)because of the heavy rain, all the passengers had to take the train.(2005.12.89.英语四级) A

40、nswer: All the flights having been canceled/called off写作： 1.a. She stood back and looked at him. b. Her face smiled radiantly. She stood back and looked at him, her face smiling radiantly. 2.a.His exam was finished. stumbled wearily out of the room. His exam (being) finished, Porter stumbled wearily

41、 out of the room. 3.a. The meeting was closed. b. Nobody had any more to say. The meeting (being) closed, nobody had any more to say. 4.a. There was no way for me to cross. b. I walked upstream on the south side. There (being) no way for me to cross, I walked upstream on the south side.5.a. Marie sa

42、t on the edge of the wooden chair. champagne glass was in her hands. c. Her tears were in her eyes.Marie sat on the edge of the wooden chair, thechampagne glass (being) in her hands, her tears (being) in her eyes.6.a. All the money had been spent. b. Jack started looking for work. All the money havi

43、ng been spent, Jack started looking for work.7.a.The guest had departed. b. Father kicked off his shoes and stretched out on the couth. The guest having departed, Father kicked off his shoes and stretched out on the couth.8. professor rested against the blackboard. b. The chalk was held in one hand.

44、 c. The textbook was held in anther hand. The professor rested against the blackboard, the chalk (being) held in one hand, the textbook (being) held in anther hand.9.a.The two boys gathered their gear and headed for home. b. Their stomach were crying for food. c. Their backs were burning from too mu

45、ch sun. The two boys gathered their gear and headed for home, their stomach (being) crying for food, their backs (being) burning from too much sun.10. a. I made my way to the Chevy pickup(敞篷小 货车). b. The pickup was in front of the store. c. I was carrying package under my arm. d. I was holding maps

46、in my hand. I made my way to the Chevy pickup, the pickup (being) in front of the store, carrying package under my arm and holding maps in my hand.10.a.The prisoner stood quietly on the wooden platform. b. A small cotton bag was put over his face. c. His hands were tied behind his neck. d. A noose(绳

47、套) was fixed securely behind his neck. The prisoner stood quietly on the wooden platform, a small cotton bag (being) put over his face, his hands (being) tied behind his neck, a noose(绳套) (being) fixed securely behind his neck.单选：1.The article opens and closes with descriptions of news reports, each

48、 _ one major point in contrast with the other.A .makes B. made C. is to made D. makingAnswer: D阅读：Because of increased physical fitness, lifeexpectancy in the nation has risen to seventy-five years, with fewer people suffering from heart disease, the nations number one killer.因为健身活动的日益增加，美国人的平均寿命增加到

49、了75岁。但是，少数人忍受着心脏病的折磨，这成为美国人健康的头号杀手。In the teaching of science and mathematics, the dominant mode of instruction is generallytraditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes.在教科学和数学课程时，教师的主导模式一般是传统的。老师讲课而学生做笔记。 作文操练 一.名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句 二.形容词性从句：定语从句 三.副词性质从句：状语

50、从句第二章 从句 一.名词性质从句：名词从句的引导词 对应的句子类型 是否做从句的成分 that 陈述句 that从句中不做成分 whether，if 一般疑问句 whether,if不做成分 连接副词when, where, how, why; 连接代词who,whom,what, which, whose 特殊疑问句 when,where, how, why在句中做状语，who, whom, what做主语,宾语，表语。which，whose做定语 1.不做成分的 “that”That the sea are being overfished has been known for year

51、s.海洋正在被过度捕捞，多年来这已经是尽人皆知的了。The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦是我把他的地址弄丢了。He said that he had forgotten the whole thing.他说他忘记了整件事情了。They all worried over the fact that you were sick.对于你生病这件事，他们很焦虑。2.不做成分的“if,whether”Whether he comes or not is still a question.He asked me if I will go with h

52、im.3.做状语的“when, where, how ,why”When you can give me an answer attracts many peoples attention.How you will cope with that problem is due toyour attitude to that phenomenon.Why you were so angry with him puzzled us.4.做主语，宾语，表语的 “who, whom, what”In some country, what is called “equality” doesnot real

53、ly mean equal rights for all people.Whom she wanted to marry astonished us all.Who will help you is none of my business.5.做定语的“which, whose”He wanted to know which book I wanted to choose.He asked me whose dress you like best.从句与翻译： 1._ (你不知道这些规定) wont be a sufficient excuse for your delaying submit

54、ting the report. Answer: That you didnt know the rules 点睛：that不做从句成分，仅连接作用. 2._ (让世界发展如此之快的)is the modern science and technology. Answer: What makes the world develop so fast 点睛：what做从句成分，充当主语.3.Frank realized fully _ (他所梦到的)could not possibly happen in real life.Answer: what he had dreamt about 点睛：

55、what在宾语从句中做宾语。2.形式主语“it”引出的主语从句：（1）常见结构：A. Its +done that 类Its reported thatIts believed thatIt is generally thought that(人们普遍认为)It should be noted that(应当注意)It has been found thatIt must be pointed out that(必须指出)从句与阅读And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no mea

56、ns compared with these processes (the scientists thinking process), and that 考研阅读) 分析：两个“that”做从句并列，在句中作主语，并列的主语从句。 句意：许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法跟科学家的思维活动相比，并且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。2. It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, makes distinctions, reason lo

57、gically, and make use of verbal and mechanical symbols in solving problems. 句意：人们普遍认为，高智商的人有以下特点：理解力，辨别力和逻辑理解能力强，在解决问题过程中善于利用文字或数学符号。B. It is + adj +that从句 It is clear that(显然) It is possible that It is likely that It is natural that It is strange that. It is fortune that(幸运的是) It is necessary that从

58、句与阅读：1.Furthermore, it is obviously that the economic strength of a country is directly bound up with (rely on) the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 句意：再者，很显然，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又需要各种科技人员的

59、努力。 is + 名词短语+ that 从句：It is a pity thatIt is a fact thatIt is a good news thatIt is a good thing that(.真是件好事)It is no wonder that(难怪)It is a shame that(遗憾的是, 真是太不像话了)It is common knowledge that(是常识)It is a miracle that(真是奇迹)句型与阅读：It is a truth universally acknowledged thata single man in possession

60、 of a good fortune, must be in want of a good wife.（Pride andprejudice）这是一个举世公认的真理，凡是有钱的单身汉都想娶一位妻子。D. It +不及物动词+that从句：It seems that似乎It follows that因此；由此可见It happens that 碰巧It turns out that 结果证明是It comes out that结果是句型与阅读：When I decided to quit my full time employment,it never occurred to me that I