英汉语句法对比分析研究 英语学专业

1、AcknowledgementsI am indebted to our university for providing me with such a precious opportunity of writing this thesis to conclude my four years undergraduate education. In the course of writing, I have gained more acknowledge and enlightenment than I expected.I would like to express my most since

2、re appreciation to my respected supervisor, Ms. Wang Xiaoru, an amiable teacher, who patiently and painstakingly fulfilled the task of reading critiquing, shaping and polishing all the preliminary drafts of this thesis.In addition, my thanks also go to my family as well as the classmates who have of

3、fered me help and suggestion.AbstractIn the process of English learning, the differences between English and Chinese syntax, one of the major difficulties, often puzzles most Chinese students, for different people have different ways of thought which lead to different habitual expression. This disse

4、rtation focuses on contrastive study of syntax of English and Chinese with the purpose to explore the similarities and particularly dissimilarities between these two unrelated languages. It is hoped that through contrastive study, it will be easier for Chinese students to get a better command of Eng

5、lish. Whats more important, the result of the contrastive study, which improves their competence and performance. A contrastive study of different languages not only helps to form a new method, which can be applied in language teaching and translation but also benefits the inter-lingual communicatio

6、n. By contrastive study, language learners can gain a better insight of peculiarities of their mother language and the foreign language.The paper offers an introduction to contrastive study English and Chinese syntax, and can be divided into five chapters. Chapter one is an introduction to the curre

7、nt position and results of the English and Chinese syntax. Chapter two presents a brief knowledge of the relative theory of the English and Chinese. Chapter three and chapter four give a much detailed contrast and analysis on subject and words order. In the end, a conclusion refers to limitation and

8、 expectation of the English and Chinese syntax.Key Words: English; Chinese; contrastive; syntax摘 要 HYPERLINK javascript:; 在英语学习过程中，由于语言本身以及中西方思维方式的差异，使中国学生遇到很多困难。在这其中，英汉句法差异是英语学习的重难点之一。 HYPERLINK javascript:; 本文旨在英语句法的主语、语序进行一个详细的对比，通过对其异同的分析是中国学生对这两种语言有一个清晰的认识， HYPERLINK javascript:; 从而提高他们驾驭语言的能力，

9、同时这种对比研究的成果可以在英语教学和翻译上得到广泛应用。 HYPERLINK javascript:; 通过对两种语言的对比分析情况，人们可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性。 HYPERLINK javascript:; 在交流时能够区分不同语言各自的表现方法，以顺应这些差异，防止表达失误，避免运用失当，从而达到交流的目的。 HYPERLINK javascript:; 由于本文旨在讨论中英文句法的差异，因此介绍句法对其主语，语序展开论述，并结合具有说服力的例句加以证明。 HYPERLINK javascript:; 本文共分为五章。第一章是介绍国内外内英语句法研究现状和结果；第二章是介绍英汉句

10、法的相关理论知识；第三、四章是对通过利用相关理论知识对英语句法的主语、语序进行详细的对比分析；第五章是论文的结论，描写了英汉语句法发展现存的局限性和对语句法发展的期望。关键词：英语；汉语；对比；句法Contrastive Analysis Between English and Chinese Syntax1. IntroductionBoth at home and abroad has been paying attention to the comparative study of the English and Chinese syntax. Such as Chao Yuanren,

11、 Li Na, and Thompsa, who come from overseas, use the theory of the structuralism or functionalism to study Chinese. Whats more, Chauncey Chu uses the theory of text linguistics to discuss the differences between English and Chinese. The domestic researchers Lian Shuneng, Yang Zijian are engaged in t

12、he contrastive between English and Chinese syntax. They believe “Chinese belongs to parataxis, while English is hypotaxis” (Deng 239). Based on the syntactic theory, many linguists believe that the functional linguistic theory more suitable for the Chinese.We have to mention the linguist Noam Chomsk

13、y, when we talk about syntax. Why is Chomsky important? Noam Chomsky is one of the leading intellectual figures of modern time. HYPERLINK javascript:; The publication of Noam Chomskys Syntactic Structure in 1957, marks the beginning of “Chomsky Revolution”, which has had a far-reaching impact on the

14、 field of syntax. The scholars has explored syntax more than half a century, in the meantime, it is widely discussed and developed. Chomsky himself is constantly revised, interpreted, as well as completed his theory from time to time. After the publication Minimalist Program, the scholars gave a spa

15、n-new syntactic study. Andrew Radford, for instance, focuses on the syntax, which is based on the Chomsky theory.About the syntactic problem, scholars put the syntax as the science, so syntax is still in the stage of the theoretical assumptions. Therefore, there is still a long way to go before we c

16、an get reliable syntactic knowledge.2. The English and Chinese syntactic theory HYPERLINK javascript:; Theory refers to the understanding and comment about knowledge, and it is also definition of the concept system, which can explain a series of phenomena.2.1 Universal Grammar TheoryThe publication

17、of Noam Chomskys Universal Grammar in 1976, which becomes common principles for all kinds of language, is composed of conditions and rules, and is also the essence of human language. The scholar Shu Na said “Universal Grammar is an element identifier of the heredity”. (Shu 157) Universal Grammar aim

18、s at how to study the language knowledge abilities, how to get the language knowledge abilities, as well as how to apply the language knowledge abilities. In order to verify the idea, the Doctor Cornelius Weiler conducts an experiment, which approves there is a grammatical rule in the brain that tra

19、nscends all variety of languages. The experiment provides an evidence for Universal Grammar.2.2 The Binding TheoryIn the early 1980s, Noam Chomsky put Blinding Theory based on the “government” concept, which was a part of the Universal Grammar. The Binding Theory refers to syntactic relationship bet

20、ween noun-phrase and pronoun. (Xie and Zhang 130)In more detail, it is a theoretical generalization of same statement. The Binding Theory is an element of the Universal Grammar, which is suitable for all kinds of languages. Chinese and English refer to parataxis and hypotaxis, which have obvious dif

21、ferences in many aspects. The Binding Theory effectively account for the relationship between English and Chinese, which is an universal law based on a great number of linguistic facts.2.3 The Theta-TheoryIn order to account for the relationship between semantic and syntax, the scholars put the Thet

22、a-Theory, which claims one-to-one equivalence between argument and thematic. It plays a significant effect on contact syntactic forms and semantic content, nevertheless, the Theta-Theory in the struggle for existence. (Yuan and Wei 29) But many scholars favor of the Theta-Theory, which have fundamen

23、tal effect on syntactic component.3. Contrastive analysis of English and Chinese syntaxThe part aims the subject and words order mode, which are the important parts of the syntactic study, and they play the significant meaning. It is indispensable to study the subject mode, if you want to discuss th

24、e structure of the organization pattern. In any language systems, subject tends to occupy the core status of the sentence, which has an effect on prominent topics or specify objects. (Zhang 69)3.1 The Contrastive subject in English and ChineseThe part aims at discussing the personal and impersonal s

25、ubject structure. The impersonal subject structure not only includes impersonal subject, but also has rich connotation. English and Chinese have distinct differences when it comes to choosing personal and impersonal subject. Chinese prefer personal subject mode, which has relatively simple forms, bu

26、t foreigners prefer impersonal mode, which includes variety of forms. (Zhang 69) Both these modes make Chinese uncomfortable and confused. Thus, it is one of the theand difficult points for bilingual transformation to choose subject.3.1.1 The English subject mode.There are various forms of the imper

27、sonal subject in English, for instance, things, time, and virtual subject it or there etc. The subject of thingsIt is a common phenomenon that people use the things as subject in English and Chinese, and is also called impersonal subject, but, the phenomenon is more widely employed in English than i

28、n Chinese, which has a higher acceptability.Example 1: The room you need is not available now.Translation : 你想要的那个房间没有空出来。Example 2: The restaurant you are looking for can be found across the street when you get off the bus at the second stop down here.Translation :（你）从这里再坐两站下车，马路对面就是你要找的医院。Example

29、3: Roofs requires special consideration to ensure adequate durability in exposure to the sun and rain.Translation 1: （屋顶）需要特别考虑，确保其暴露在日照雨淋的耐受力。Translation 2: （施工者）为确保屋顶能长期耐受日照雨淋，必须更加周全的考虑。Under the influence of the Binding Theory, we can follow the principle that English and Chinese be consistent in

30、 person. We can know the personal pronoun is free even if without translation. It is havent influences on sentences understanding. We only can justify the subject according sentences themselves. The subject of timeIn English, the composition that express the time are mostly adverbial, but the anothe

31、r universal structure puts the time on the head of sentences, from syntactic analysis, time is the sentence subject.Example 1: The First World War brought him rapid battle promotion.Translation 1:第一次世界大战使他的军衔快速提升。Translation 2:他在第一次世界大战中屡次提拔，晋升很快。Example 2: Monday mornings are more likely to find th

32、e employees in low spirit.Translation 1:周一早上更容易使员工精神不振。Translation 2:多数员工周一早晨总是精神不振。We must note that the situation between English and Chinese are very different English will put time on head of sentence to be subject, while Chinese structure is not similar with it. In Chinese, only in the absence

33、of actual subject can the time be put on head. HYPERLINK javascript:; And, in the aspect of composition, time is only the front of the adverbial not the subject. Firstly, we must know that thematic roles are limited in number, the bound is clear and the semantic cant be decomposed. When the time is

34、the subject, argument and thematic roles of the sentence must keep the corresponding relation. So we need to understand the relationship between sentences structure and means. The Virtual subject of it and thereIn addition to imperative sentence, English dont allow the structure without subject. So,

35、 when you want to express the unclear subject, you need to find a virtual subject to be the logical structure. “It” and “there” are the most universal subject form in English. “It” as the subject form, which is no means. It is only the virtual subject. Under the related situation, English allow the

36、absence of the subject or havent the structure of the formal subject.Example: It must be the boys coming backTranslation: 肯定时他们回来了。In addition to “it”, “there” is also the universal subject form. It not only can be formed “there be” structure, but also express the “existence”. In any situations, Chi

37、nese allows the sentence without subject.Example: There must be some rules and principals in English language.Translation: 英语语言一定会体现某些规律性和原则性。First of all, according to the Binding Theory, we must figure out the relationship what the pronoun refer to. And then, understand the syntactic component as

38、well as explain the relationship on the basis of the syntactic conditionality. The subject of abstract nounsEnglish expression are frequently used some abstract nouns as subjects, which causes many problems for Chinese who feel awkward and obscure in some cases. The phenomenon offers concrete illust

39、rate the differences between English impersonal subject mode and Chinese personal mode.Example: The hatred almost killed him.Translation 1:这仇恨简直快要杀死他了。Translation 2:他简直快要恨死了。Example: Your accompany makes me blessed.Translation 1:你的陪伴，使我被保佑。Translation 2:你陪伴着我，这是我的福气啊。In the sentences with abstract n

40、ouns, we apply the Universal Grammar Theory and the Binding Theory to the examples, which make the Chinese sentence more smoothly. The human-natural languages have the more closet meaning on the basis of the theory. The subject of expression, feelings etceteraChinese is easier to accept the fixed st

41、ructure to expression, for instance “someone makes a certain expression”, while English use the expression to be subject. Feelings are the basic physical experience of human-being, and also the physiological basis. So, about feeling, English are used to impersonal subject mode, Chinese default the p

42、ersonal subject mode.Example: A flush came up on her face.Translation: 她脸红了。Example: Your gaze makes me comfortable.Translation1: 你的目光让我觉得不自在。Translation2:（你）别盯着我看，怪不在自的。As described above, English impersonal subject mode is not simple, especially the later four modes, they are all related to person

43、. The sentence can also have a clear character or person as the subject. In this situation, English still apply the impersonal subject mode, which indicates foreigners are favor in the mode, which is an initiative choice.3.1.2 The Chinese subject modeIn the Chinese structure, personal subject is the

44、 dominant player in the sentences, meanwhile, a friction of the sentences apply impersonal subject. In the Chinese sentences, it is difficult to accept that the abstract nouns as the subjects. The subject of personIt is a fixed language structure mode that applies the person and things to be the sub

45、ject in Chinese, especially, refers to the expression, movement, which default the person as the subject.Example: 美国人将科学应用于现代生活的方式使他们的一大特征。Translation: It is a character for American that applies the science to the modern living ways. The subject of thingsIn addition to the personal subject, Chinese

46、 subject structure allow a small number of things as the impersonal subjects in the many impersonal cases, for example, entity and entitative nouns etc.Example: 只有书可以脱人与贫贱。Translation: Only book can take people out of poor.Under the guidance of the theory, we can translate the subject between Englis

47、h and Chinese, which realize the syntactic and semantic function.3.2 The words orderIn last part, the author has compared the difference between English and Chinese on the subject mode. In fact, the subject difference is the most understanding and typical differences in language contrast mode. The p

48、art analyzes the words order. What we call the word order refers to a group of interrelated information. The word order of every language is the accumulation of history, geographical environment, words, religion, philosophy and experiences long diachronic changes. (Zhang 53) Finally, it becomes a st

49、ereotype and retains in the aspect of language expression. Language patterns of word order, which is the characterization of the thinking way of the language. In different languages, the word order difference reveals the differences of thinking mode from the source. HYPERLINK javascript:; The differ

50、ence of the English and Chinese in structure order mainly reflects in three aspects, space sequence mode and the time sequence mode, sequential pattern between subjective and objective, between the general and the specific sequence pattern.3.2.1Space sequence mode in English and time sequence mode i

51、n ChineseThe space sequence mode and time sequence mode are not literal. Sequence mode of language structure, which isnt the order of narrative or description. Whats more, space sequence and time sequence, which all organize the information.The English people organize language, send message and comm

52、unicate each other according to space sequence mode, and the Chinese organize the thinking as well as language structure. The space sequence mode in EnglishThe English space in the sequential pattern is not in accordance with the requirements for descriptive, HYPERLINK javascript:; from top to botto

53、m, left to right by the description in the table, but adopt a certain inherent in the sequential pattern. (Zhang 55) The space sequential pattern organize related information group and be in the language environment of universal logic distribution mode, and smooth, smooth ideographic organization. T

54、he space order of English, In fact, refers to multiple information, multiple time not parallel or equal distribution and grade differences and presents the stereoscopic pattern of the hierarchy. HYPERLINK javascript:; First of all, the space order of English , in the case of no clauses, multiple inf

55、ormation between multiple events are not equal status, with a person, the condition and change from of the verb as the predicate verb, such as the main sentence occupy space order of the top events and take some kind of tag. For example, HYPERLINK javascript:; infinitive form of the verb, the presen

56、t participle form of the verb, the past participle form of the verb, only in a subordinate position and occupy the lower space order. Secondly, in the case of involving clause, show more obvious between multiple events, each clause of the upper and lower subordinate relationship, space level is self

57、-evident, finally in the case of the clauses of the hierarchy complex, several structures and event structure, more intuitively and clearly reflects the spatial order pattern of English, thus, the spatial order pattern in English word order is the inheritable result of the hierarchy of upper and low

58、er subordinate type. In English word order mode, the upper and lower subordinate levels mode to provide the premise for sequential pattern for the space, the determination of this English word order is rules-based. The following English instance using the symbol “/”to distinguishes between upper and

59、 lower levels. Usually, HYPERLINK javascript:; before the “/” is the key event, and after the “/”as the subordinate part.Example: I had planned a litter pleasure for her that afternoon (the main component/emphasis/upper level) /to repay her for some of the glorious moments she had given me, when we

60、used to milk together in the straw thatched cowshed, by telling me of the splendid performance of Meyerbeers Les Huguenots she had seen in Paris in her. （ the subordinate component/background/lower level）Translation: 过去， 我们曾一起再茅草屋顶的牛棚里挤牛奶， 她给我讲你年轻时她在巴黎看过梅尔比尔的勒斯修格纳特歌剧的精彩演出，曾带给我充满欢乐的时间。作为回报， 那天下午，我也给她