专八英美文学整合版2课件

1、Enlightenment Movement 英国启蒙运动时期的作家16601688 the restoration 王政复辟制度1688年的光荣革命3个时期：新古典时期: The age of Dryden 新的鼎盛时期：Pope 时期 The time of Johnson 他的ode 与Epigram 讽刺诗确定了古典主义的确立John Bunyan(1628-1688)人生 朝圣者们的艰难历程。人 天路的朝圣者。基督寻求救赎的朝圣历程 人类摆脱世间烦恼和焦虑，追求美好永恒未来的过程。(2)Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christi

2、an doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils.The Pilgrims Progress(1)It is the most successful religious allegory in the English language风俗喜剧 Comedy of mannersGeorge Etherege 时髦男人William Wycherley 乡村妇女坦率的人William Congreve 老光棍 两面派

3、悼亡的新娘 他的杰作如此世道(1700)的，这部康格里夫自己以及后来的评论家认为是其杰作的戏剧，当时好评寥寥，康格里夫灰心丧气，以至于他后来基本没写什么作品。 复辟时期最伟大的风尚喜剧作家。Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)英国现实小说基础realism 理性主义FridayJonathan Swift(1667-1745)An Irish writerHe is a master satirist; even today he is still regarded as a national hero in Ireland。讽刺学家He is one of greatest mas

4、ters of English prose;Literary positionFamous sayingsFair LIBERTY was all his cry; for her he stood prepared to die. -On the Death of Dr. SwiftProper words in proper places, make the true definition of a style. Jonathan Swift (16671745）Life storyposthumous child (遗腹子) aid grudgingly (unwillingly)at

5、war with Authorities ;“special favor”Temples househelp the talented young manbrain diseaseSwifts WorksA Tale of a Tub (2) The Battle of Books 一个木桶的故事1704 书战1704in the form of a parable(寓言故事)a satire upon all religious sects an attack on Christianity itselfan attack on pedantry in the literaryworld o

6、f the time(3) Bickerstaff Almanac (比克斯塔夫先生的历书) Predictions for the Year 1708对1708的预言(4) Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff 比克斯塔夫先生的辩护The conduct of the allies 西班牙A moderate proposal 反对英国对爱尔兰的虐待The main reason for pairing up these two names is their joint work in The Tatler and The Spectator. The Tatle

7、r was started by Steele in 1709 and came out three times a week and sold a penny a copy. The purpose of the paper was to provide moral, philosophical and social etiquette instructions as well as entertainment for the middle-class readers. Its wider range of subjects won a wide reading public. Steele

8、 wrote the greater number of the paper, but Addison gave great help. Steeles style as found in his work here was rather informal, sometimes even careless, but for the very reason intimate and engaging(引人入胜的). The paper stopped in January 1711. 约翰盖伊Gay, John（16851732）英国诗人兼剧作家。出身于得文郡一古老的破落家族，曾在伦敦从绸缎商当

9、学徒，但很早就放弃。不久与人合办英国阿波罗期刊。诗集包括乡村游戏（1713）、琐事（1716）。最有名的叙事歌剧是乞丐歌剧（1728），前后共演出六十二场，是当时演出最久的剧目。此剧的音乐是由佩普什（J C Pepusch, 16671752）所作，是一篇小偷和拦路强盗的讽刺故事，意在反映社会道德的堕落；此剧的成功象征了音乐戏剧史上的一个里程碑。后来被布莱希特（B Brecht）和韦尔（K Weill）改编成三便士歌剧（1928）。死后葬在西敏寺。喜歌剧的鼻祖Polly 讽刺当时首相牧羊人的一周摩洛克人悲喜剧Alexander Pope(1688-1744)Alexander Pope (16

10、88-1744)Neoclassicist & Rational PhilosopherAlexander Pope (21 May 1688 30 May 1744) is a famous eighteenth century English poet, best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer. He is the third most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, after Shakespea

11、re and Tennyson. Pope is famous for his use of the heroic couplet. Alexander Pope (1688 - 1744)Life experiences and their possible influence on his personality* born into a merchant family of Catholicism - prejudiced;* weak and crippled from childhood - cranky; “Essay on Criticism” in 1711: Manifest

12、o of English Neoclassicism & establishment of his fame; II. Works: 3 groups* didactic & philosophical poems: “Essay on Criticism”,优秀诗句的定义：what ofth was thought,but neer so well exoressed.内容是人们所熟悉的，但文字却是空前绝后的。 “Moral Essays”(1731- 35), “An Essay on Man” (1734);* social satires: “The Rape of the Lock”

13、 (1714),夺发记，1st mock epic “The Dunciad”; 群愚史诗 * translation of Iliad (1720) & Odyssey (1726). III. Poetic features * Brilliant wit, a sharp critical sense, & a deadly pen; * Heroic couplet: all the finish, elegance, wit & pointedness in Popes hands.IV. Status * most prominent in the 18th C.; * criti

14、cized in the 19th C. “elegant formalism” (Blake) (but Byron thought highly of him); * praised again in the 20th C. second only to Shakespeare & Milton, equal of Wordsworth.The Contributions of Pope (1) A representative of the Enlightenment. (2) One of the first to introduce rationalism to EnglandAn

15、Essay on CriticismA didactic poem written in heroic couplets.It sums up the art of poetry as upheld and practiced by the ancients like Aristotle, Horace, Boileau, and the eighteenth century European classicists.Exert great influence upon Popes contemporary writersA comprehensive study of the theorie

16、s of literary criticism.新古典主义时期重视节制与法则；One truth is clear, whatever it is right.温莎森林亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；田园组诗是其最早田园诗歌代表作Henry Fielding(1707-1754)The Achievements He is father of the English novel.英国小说之父He helps to establish the form of the modern novel.He is the first writer to w

17、rite specifically a “comic epic in prose.”散文体滑稽史诗He is the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.The ThirdPerson narration第三人称 It is a technique firstly employed by Henry Fielding in his novels. In this narration, the author becomes the all-knowing God. That is he “thinks the though

18、t” of all his characters, and therefore he is able to present not only their external behaviors , but also the internal workings of their minds.Tom JonesHe is main character created by Henry Fielding in his novel Tom JonesHe is honest ,kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal , and brave, but impulsive, w

19、anting prudence and full of animal spirits.He stands for a wayfaring(徒步旅行的） Everyman, who is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain a knowledge of himself and finally to approach perfectness. Samuel Johnson(1709-1784)Samuel Johnson Samuel Johnson (1709 1784), often

20、referred to as Dr. Johnson, was an English author who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. He is also the subject of the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature: James Bos

21、wells Life of Samuel Johnson. 到了十八世纪中叶,意大利人有了他们的大词典；甚至世仇法国人也有了他们的大词典，而英国居然没有！但意大利文和法文大词典都是国家文学院编的，特别是法文大词典，四十位院士化了四十年才编成。而英国当时没有相应的学院；英国王室又像英国商人一样斤斤计较：资助四十位学者工作四十年，这投资是否收得回来？ 只能靠个人在有限几年内编成，这本词典的市场需要才会转化为商业可能。颇有几位文化名人跃跃欲试，仔细考虑之后，却是个个知难而退。年，伦敦几家出版商，联手找上了塞缪尔约翰生。 时年三十七岁的约翰生，是伦敦出名的万能文人，写作、评论、翻译、编杂志，样样都来。

22、因为父亲生意失败，无钱交纳学费，约翰生被迫从牛津中途退学。因为没有学位，约翰生无法担任体面的公职。他又不幸患有抽动障碍， 偶尔会有不合时宜的怪动作，为贵族做个秘书，也可能被解雇。约翰生娶了个比他大二十一岁的寡妇，收入不继时只能用妻子的钱。有时自尊心上来了，不愿吃软饭，就跟朋友在廉价酒吧混通宵。出版商的开价一千五百个金基尼（约合现在二十二万英镑），对约翰生而言是天文数字，他答应在三年内交卷。约翰生其实干了九年才收工。即将完成前，他的朋友劝说牛津大学有关人士：这般重要著作，当应出自牛津人之手。牛津大学就为约翰生补了个学位。词典出版十年后，都柏林大学授予约翰生名誉博士学位；又十年，牛津大学颁了博士学

23、位。所以现在人们都称他为约翰生博士。 英国人赞叹，称约翰生博士为标准英语奠定基石，使英语趋于稳定。现在，人们将十八世纪下半叶称作英语史的“约翰生时代”。 伏尔泰等名人仍然建议法国文学院向约翰生博士学习，因为他的词典里收录了来自哲学和自然科学的例句，而当时的法国词典只有文学例句。 在编词典的九年中，约翰生博士受到生活种种打击。贫穷始终追随着他。虽然出版商的预付金，按当时的标准不算少，但里面包括了买书、租工作场地和支付助手工资等全部费用。最大的打击是他的妻子在工作开始后的第六年去世。约翰生一度心灰意懒，几乎放弃。 The Dictionary was finally published in Ap

24、ril 1755.An important innovation in English lexicography was to illustrate the meanings of his words by literary quotation, of which there are around 114,000. The authors most frequently cited include Shakespeare, Milton and Dryden. Years later, many of its quotations would be repeated by various ed

25、itions of the Websters Dictionary and the New English Dictionary. Besides working on the Dictionary, Johnson also wrote various essays, sermons, and poems during these nine years. He decided to produce a series of essays under the title The Rambler that would run every Tuesday and Saturday for twope

26、nce each. However, not all of his work was confined to The Rambler. His most highly regarded poem, The Vanity of Human Wishes, was written with such extraordinary speed that Boswell claimed Johnson might have been perpetually a poet. On 16 May 1763, Johnson first met 22-year-old James Boswell who wo

27、uld later become Johnsons first major biographer in the bookshop of Johnsons friend, Tom Davies. They quickly became friends. Johnsons edition of Shakespeare was finally published in 1765 as The Plays of William Shakespeare, in Eight Volumes. To which are added Notes by Sam. Johnson in a printing of

28、 one thousand copies. The first edition quickly sold out, and a second was soon printed. The plays themselves were in a version that Johnson felt most true to the original based on his analysis of the manuscript editions.In 1777, Johnson wrote to Boswell that he was busy preparing a little Lives and

29、 little Prefaces, to a little edition of the English Poets. Tom Davies, William Strahan and Thomas Cadell had asked Johnson to create this final major work, the Lives of the English Poets. 老少书人搭档Dr. Samuel Johnson & James Boswell约翰生固然因为编纂的字典而享誉，但是真正使他名垂青史、让世人永志不忘的，却是后生晚辈包斯威尔为他所撰写的约翰生传（The Life of Sa

30、muel Johnson）。热爱伦敦的约翰生博士曾经说：“当一个人厌倦伦敦时，他对人生也就觉得乏味。”仿效这句话，我以为：“当约翰生传让人提不起劲时， 其它书也无法带给人乐趣。” 自尊心强由于他严重近视，所以得双手、双膝趴下，仔细横量地上的阴沟有 多宽，以便冒险越过。学校的某位女老师因为担心他走错路、或掉近阴沟、或是被车子撞上，因此尾随在后。谁知小小约翰生正好转头看到女老师，觉得她的小 心关怀有损他的男子气慨，于是愤怒地冲向女老师，用尽吃奶力气对她猛打一番。 对苏格兰人的偏见约翰生对苏格兰人素有偏见，他在字典中对“燕麦”(Oats)这个名词所下的定义是：A grain, which in En

31、gland is generally given to horses, but in Scotland appears to support the people. 此外，他在一次聚会中听完一个苏格兰人盛赞自己故乡的景象是如何如何雄伟后，回答道：But, Sir, let me tell you, the prospect which a Scotchman ever sees, is the high road that leads him to England! 极具讽刺性的是，对博士崇敬万分、一心一意想要替他立传的包斯威尔偏偏是道地的苏格兰人。一七六三年两人初遇的情形着实令人捏把冷 汗，

32、还好博士的嘲讽，并未让意志坚定的二十三岁少年郎打退堂鼓。包斯威尔日后不仅得到约翰生的喜爱，更说服他在六十四高龄时，两人结伴同游西苏格兰(约翰生原本所鄙弃之地)的赫布里底群岛三个月，日后并分别写下游记，因而成就文坛另一段佳话。 近距离的观察 这一老一少长达二十一年的忘年之交，使得包斯威尔得以近距离的观察、纪录约 翰生的一言一行。最难能可贵的是，处处讨好、巴结约翰生的包斯威尔，并未把约翰生传变成一本歌功颂德的马屁书，更没有将这位拯救民族自尊的英雄写成一 个无暇的完人。 性格：博闻强记、机智幽默、尖酸刻薄、鲁莽冲动、善妒好强、意气风发、咄咄逼人、拘谨腼腆、忧郁软弱、霸气无情、宽容温情 怪癖：身材粗壮

33、、举止粗俗，幼年因患淋巴结核以致颜面变形、视觉神经受损(不仅重度近视，而且一眼几乎全瞎)。他头上那顶不合衬的假发老是歪歪斜斜地挂着、衣服经常皱巴巴。他喝橘子汁后，有偷偷把橘子皮兜在口袋的怪异举止。 他读书时总是急急忙忙、狼吞虎咽，在一回宴会上，为了读完一本书，他在用餐时把书用餐巾包好、放在腿上，一边饥渴地阅读，一边不忘介入席间的娱乐。包斯威尔把当时的约翰生比喻成一只爪子紧握着一块骨头不放的狗，其嘴里同时还咬着其它东西。 在约翰生传中，传者包斯威尔却以第一人称的叙述发声，我们无时不听到 他的声音，当约翰生开心时，他是个分享者；当约翰生孤独时，他是个伴随者；当约翰生咆哮时，他是个出气筒，可以忍受冷

34、嘲热讽，让自尊被踩在伟人的脚下。每 回读到包斯威尔为了接近约翰生而展现的天真、热情与坚忍，我就不得不为他的卖力演出击掌叫好、为我们今日能有幸阅读这本精采的传记而俯首称庆！约翰生的字 典在一九二八年牛津英语大辞典全集出版前，固然雄霸了一个半世纪之久，但是现在已少有人去翻阅它，反倒是他的性格与谈话，因为约翰生传而深植人心，这本书也 使包斯威尔挤身为最了不起的传记作家之林。这两个原本一主一从的人物，互相造就了彼此，双双成为历史上不朽的传奇。His literary views as a neoclassicist enlightener(1)He was very much concerned wi

35、th the theme of the vanity of human wishes. (2)In literary creation and criticism, he was rather conservative, openly showing his dislike for much of the newly rising form of literature and his fondness for those writings that carried a lot of contemplations in morality and philosophy.(3) He insiste

36、d that a writer must adhere to universal truth and experience i.e. Nature.(4) He was particularly fond of moralizing and didacticism.The Characteristics of the Writing StyleTypically neoclassical, but absolutely different from Swifts simplicity or Addisons neatness.The language is characteristically

37、 general, often Latinate and frequently polysyllabic.His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with parallel words and phrases.The thought is clearly expressed.He tends to use “learned words”, they are always accurately used.The literary significance of “To the Right Honorable the Earl

38、of ChesterfieldIt is written in a refined and very polite language, with a bitter undertone of defiance and anger.The seemingly peaceful retrospection, reasoning and questioning express, to the best satiric effect, the authors strong indignation at the lords fame-fishing and his firm resolution not

39、to be reconciled to the hypocritical lord.It expresses explicitly the authors assertion of his independence, signifying the opening of a new era in the development of literature.Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816) 谢里丹 Sheridan was born in 1751 in Dublin, Ireland. He was educated in Harrow, England.

40、 At the age of 21, he started his career as a playwright. Before long, he established his own Drury lane Theatre. In 1777 he put on his masterpiece The School for Scandal, which brought him a large sum of money.His LifeIn 1780, he was elected M.P. for Stafford. Then he held various government office

41、s under secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, secretary of the Treasury, Treasurer of the navy, etc. In 1809 his Drury Lane Theatre was burned down in a fire. In 1812 his political career came to a halt for lack of money. In the same year he was arrested for debt.Sheridan died in 1816 in poverty a

42、nd neglect. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. His major worksThe Rivals 情敌The school for Scandal 造谣学校 The RivalsPlot The comedy evolves around the love affair of Lydia and Captain Absolute. Lydia is a girl full of romantic fantasies. She prefers a poor lover to a rich one. So Captain absolute disg

43、uises as a poor ensign (captain in the navy), and his courtship is accepted. Captain Absolute has a rival named Acres. Acres is a coward, but he was forced to have a duel (it is the ritual for the rivals to have a duel at that time). On his way to the duel, Acres found that his courage was “oozing o

44、ut at the palm of his hands”. To his great joy, he found that his rival was none other than his close friend Captain absolute. He gave up his pursuit for Lydia. When Lydia learned that Captain Absolute had deceived her in the disguise as a poor suitor, she had a quarrel with the captain. But they go

45、t reconciled to each other at last. Its Theme In The Rivals, a comedy of manners, he is satirizing the traditional practice of the parents to arrange marriages for their children without considering the latters opinion. The school for ScandalPlot The play evolves around the story of two brothers: th

46、e hypocritical Joseph Surface and the good natured Charles Surface. Charles is in love with Maria, Sir Peter Teazles ward. Lady Sneerwell takes to Charles but Charles does not love her. As a revenge, Lady Sneerwell instigates Joseph to pursue Maria for her money. Joseph, while courting Maria, secret

47、ly tries to seduce Lady Teazle, the young and innocent girl who has just married to Sir Peter Teazle. Sir Peter Teazle, misled by Lady Sneerwell and Joseph, assumes that Charles is the person flirting with his young wife. One day, while Lady Teazle and Joseph are on the verge of committing adultery,

48、 Sir Peter returns home. Lady Teazle is forced to hide behind the screen. Then quite by accident, Charles shows up. Sir Peter hides himself with a view to catching the adulterer on the spot. Charles rushes in and he knocks down the screen. Everything comes to light. Its ThemeThe school for Scandal i

49、s a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th century England, on the vicious scandal-mongering among the idle rich, on the reckless life of extravagance & love intrigues in the high society, and above all, on the immorality & hypocrisy behind the mask of

50、 honorable living & high-sounding moral principles 戏中有两条情节线索。一条线索写约瑟夫和查尔斯兄弟俩，他们就像是菲尔丁汤姆琼斯中汤姆与布立非一样构成对比关系。约瑟夫是伪善者，极端利己却道貌岸然，查尔斯行为不检但心地善良，他们都追求彼得提泽尔爵士的保护人玛丽亚。他们的叔父从国外归来，化装成高利贷者和穷亲戚，分别去试控兄弟俩，揭露了约瑟夫，查尔斯以他的慷慨和善良得到了叔父的财产、赢得心上人。另一条线索则是出身寒微、嫁给年老的爵土的提泽尔夫人，在道德败坏的“文明”风气影响下，染上贵族女子的一些恶习，险些失身给约瑟夫；在丈夫的感化下，她悔悟自己的行为

51、，夫妇和好。作者对上流社会造谣中伤、伪善和淫逸放荡风气进行了揭露。以斯尼威尔夫人为首的社交界男女，搬弄是非，“一句话就能毁了一个人的名誉”。关于某小姐养的羊生了双胞胎的闲谈，次日就传成了某小姐生了一对私生婴儿，并被大肆渲染。提泽尔夫人差点让这些闲极无聊、无事生非的人们给毁掉。在上流社会高尚、雅致的表面背后是普遍的伪善和道德坠落。剧中没有令人生厌的道德说教和粗秽语言，对话讽刺尖刻又诙谐机智，妙趣横生。谢立丹还精心结构，两条线索协调统一，剧中充满出色的喜剧场面，查尔斯拍卖家庭肖像的场面和约瑟夫暴露真相的屏风场景最为有名。The theme of his plays Morality is the

52、constant theme of Richard B. Sheridans plays. He is much concerned with the current moral issues & lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.His writing techniques Sheridans greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability &inborn knowledge

53、 about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man. Though his dramatic techniques are largely conventional， They are exploited to the best advantage. His plots are well organized, His characters, either major or minor are all sharply drawn.His manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity & dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues & neat &decent language also make a characteristic of h