2019年12月英语四六级语法讲义

1、讲义一、 识别句子成分必须记住的原理1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准：是否有动词，有动词就是句子，反之不是句子。2.英语构句原则规定：一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词。3.长难句的：主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词。（1）主句的辨识：谓语动词（2）从句的辨识：连词+与之匹配的谓语动词A 从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束B.从介词开始到动名词结束C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束（3）介词短语：动名词（ng）动词不定式（to do）（4） 非谓语动词现在分词（ng）过去分词（done）4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准：整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个5.长难句划分方法：连动切割法连动切割法：将句子中的所

2、有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基础，断开主句和从句。长难句划分的具体步骤：【第一步】断开主句和从句通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之 配的谓语动词中间找，如果它们中间 没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句 主语。）在进行第一步的时候注意以下 5 种情况：如果动词前没有任何（落单的）连词，那么该动词应该是主句的谓语。如果动词前有两个或两个以上的连词，那么动词和连词的匹配遵守就近原则。如果动词比连词多两个或两

3、个以上，说明有连词省略了或者把过去分词错当成谓语动词。切割嵌套的从句：从句往往从连词开始到从句中的第二个谓语动词出现之前结束。有些词既可以是连词，也可以具有别的词性例如：t：既可以是连词，也可以是代词或者限定词；n、before、after、until 等既可以是连词也可以是介词【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词1二、总结复习句子的主要成分1、主语定义：主语是动作的发出者。位置：在谓语动词之前。A.名词： B.代词：（3）什么可以充当主语C.介词短语：D.非谓语动词 E.句子：2、谓语定义：述说主语的动作或状态。位置：在主语之后什么可以充当谓语：实意动词。3、宾语A 动作的承受者B.介词所联系

4、的对象，即介词宾语（简称介宾（1）定义A 在谓语动词之后 B.在非谓语动词之后 C.在介词之后（2）位置A.名词： B.代词：C.介词短语： D 非谓语动词 E.句子：（3）什么可以充当宾语4、表语定义：表述主语的位置：在系动词之后特征，性质状态的A.名词： B.代词： C.形容词D 介词短语：E.非谓语动词 F.句子：（3）什么可以充当表语5、定语（1）定义：修饰限定名词2情况一：单个的词作定语放在被修饰名词前（例外：单个的词修饰不定代词放在不定代词之后）（2）位置：情况二：两个或两个以上的单词（即短语，结构或句子）作定语放在被修饰的名词后，即后置定语。A.名词： B.代词： C.形容词D.

5、介词短语： E.非谓语动词 F.句子：（3）什么可以充当定语6、状语定义：修饰限定动词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及整个句子位置：在句首、句中、句尾A 名词：B.介词短语：（3）什么可以充当状语C.非谓语动词 D.句子：7、补足语A 对宾语进行补充说明，即宾语补足语简称宾补（1）定义B.对主语进行补充说明，即主语补足语A 在宾语之后（2）位置B.在主语之后A 名词：B.形容词： C.介词短语：D.非谓语动词：（3）什么可以充当补足语：8、同位语：（1）定义：对中心词进行解释说明，可以替代中心词。（2）位置：在中心词之后名词：介词短语： C.非谓语动词 D 句子：（3）什么可以充当同位语：3三、长

6、难句实战例 1. In such economies, individuals whosess the human capital characteristicst employersor cnts values (e.g., competence and ambition ) are expected to be in high demand and shortsupply on the job market.【参考译文】在这种经济模式下，拥有雇主和客户所重视的人力资本特征（例如，能力和抱负）的个人，预计在就业市场上供不应求。例 2. All researches agreet close

7、to 25 billion devi, things and sensors will be connected by2020 which incidentally is also the momentt Millennials（千禧一代）are expected to make up 75percent of our overall workforce, and the fully connected home wille a reality for largenumbers of people worldwide.【参考译文】所有的研究都认为，到 2020 年，将近有 250 亿个设备、物

8、品和传感器互联，顺便说一下，在这一年千禧一代预计会占据总劳动力的 75%，并且完全互联的家庭会成为全世界大多数人所。例 3. However, this is just the tip of the proverbial iceberg as smart buildings and even citiesincreasingly become the norm as leaders and business owners bego wake upto the massivesavingst technology can deliver through connected sensors and

9、 new formsof automationcoupled withelligent energy and facilities management.【参考译文】然而，这只是众所周知的冰山一角，因为随着者和企业主技术所带来的大量节省，智能建筑，甚至智能城市会越来越成为常态，该技术是通过连接的传感器以及与智能能源和设施管理相结合的自动化新形式而实现的。例 4. Onlicurity cameras,elligent lighting and a wealth osensorst control bothtemperature and air quality are offering an u

10、nprecedented level of control, efficiency, andimprovements to what were once classed nesary costs when running a business or managing a4large building.【参考译文】安保头、智能照明以及大量控制温度与空气质量的传感器正在提供空前级别的控制、效率和改进，这些曾被归为经营企业或管理大型建筑物所必需的成本。例 5. The biggest and most exciting challenge of this technology is how to c

11、reatively leverage thisever-growing amount of daiver cost savings, improvements a d tangibenefits to bothbusinesses and citizens of these smart cities.【参考译文】这项技术最大和最令人兴奋的是如何创造性地利用这些日益增长的数据为这些智能城市的企业和公民带来成本节约、改进和切实的利益。例 6. And while the Portuguese took parthe trade, ferrying nuts do n the coast along

12、 with othergoods, by 1620, when English explorer Richard Jobson made his way up the Gambia, the nuts werestill peculiar to his eyes.【参考译文】于是葡萄牙人加入其贸易，将这种果实和其他商品一起亚沿海岸线运出，但直到 1620年英国探险家查理德乔布森来到赞比亚时，可乐果在他看来依然十分稀奇。例 7. With the rise of a new concept in urban planningt aims to make life easier and morec

13、onvenient, however, increasing popularity for areast caused the real ese pushes,ajorcities like San Francisco or New York, has inspired a type of forward thinking urbanity and policyin smaller cities.【参考译文】然而，随着旨在令生活更加轻松便捷的城市规划理念逐渐兴起，失去越来越受欢迎，造成对房地产的助推，在像旧金山或纽约这样的大城市，激发出一种前瞻性的都市风格，并在较小的城市激发出新的政策。例 8

14、. Transforming downtown areas sot they incorporate modern housing and improvedwalkability to local restaurants, retail, and entertaentespelly when combined with5improved infrastructure for cyclists and public transitmakes them appeal to a more affluentdemographic.【参考译文】改造城市中心区，使其将现代住宅与改良的步行可及的当地餐馆，零

15、售商店和场所相融合特别是当它们与为单车族和公共换成改良的基础设施相结合时，使其吸引到的富裕。例 9. Acs to foot traffic and proximity to transit allow the type of entertaent-orientedbusinessech as bars and restaurants to stay open later, which attracts both younger, creativeworkers and baby boomers nearing retirement alike.【参考译文】步行交通和便利的换乘让诸如酒吧和餐馆

16、这类以休闲的商家可以开到更晚，吸引到年轻人、创意工作者和濒临退休的一代等。例 10. T eernment is to ban payments to witnesses by newsprs seeking to buy up peopleinvolved in prominent casech as the trial of Rosemary West.【参考译文】有些报社企图买断卷入诸如罗斯玛丽韦斯特这样而向他们支付一定的费用，将要这种行为。的证人（所能提供的信息）例 11. B ethovens habit of increasing the volume win extremeens

17、ity and then abruptlyfollowing it wisudden soft passage was only rarely used by comers before him.【参考译文】贝多芬很少使用这种方法。将音量逐步增加到最大，然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段，在他之前的作曲家例 12. But were going to have questions liket where we have things werengt dont makesense when the market changes and the world changes.【参考译文】但是如过在市场发生变化，

18、世界改变的情况下，做事不明智的话，也会遇到相同。6【选词填空】第一段：It seems to be a lawhe technology industryt leading companies eventually lose theirition, often quickly and brutally. Mobile phone chion Nokia, one of Europes biggesttechnology sucs stories, was no 36 , losing its market share in just a few years.第二段： In 2007, Noki

19、a accounted for moren 40% of mobile phone sales 37 . Butconsumers preferenwere already 38 toward touch-screen smartphone. With theroduction ofApplesByhe middle oft year, Nokias market share 39 raly and revenue pged.of 2013, Nokia had sold its phone business to.s made by Stephen Elop in his第三段：What s

20、ealed Nokias fate was a series of deciCEO, which he 40 in October 2010. Each dayition asop spent in charge of Nokia, the companysmarket value declined by $23 million, making him, by the numbers, one of the worst CEOs in history.第四段： Buop was not the onlyat 41 . Nokias board resisted change, making itimsible for the company to adapt to rashiftshe industry. Most 42 , Jorma Ollila, whohad led Nokias transition from an industrial company to a technology giant, was too fascinated by thecompanys 43 sucs to recognize the changet was needed to sustain its competitiveness. 44 cost-cu