高中化学方程式离子方程式总结讲解

1、高中化学方程式及离子方程式总结(1)解说高中化学方程式及离子方程式总结(1)解说70/70高中化学方程式及离子方程式总结(1)解说高中化学方程式【作者】CrazyUrus【日期】2010-7-11目第一部分金属一碱金属123二常金属333三其余金属4455555汞5第二部分族元素、氮族元素一族元素氟56溴6碘6二氮族元素氮6磷7砷8第三部分碳族元素、氧族元素一碳族元素碳8硅8二氧族元素氧8硫9第四部分有机反一甲10乙11乙炔11苯11甲苯12二的衍生物溴乙12乙醇12苯酚13乙13乙酸14乙酸乙15三糖、油脂、蛋白葡萄糖15蔗糖、麦芽糖15淀粉、素15油脂16氨基酸16第五部分别子反17第六部

2、分极反方程式20第七部分反方程式22第一部分金属一、碱金属1.Na4Na+O22Na2O2Na+O2点燃Na2O2Cl2+2Na点燃2NaCl2Na+SNa2S(爆炸2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H22Na+H22NaH2Na+2NH32NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融4NaCl+TiNa2ONa2O+H2O2NaOH2Na2O+O2O2Na2O+SO3Na2SO4Na2O+CO2Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl2NaCl+H2ONa2O2+2Na2Na2O(此反响用于制备Na2O2Na2O2+2H2O4NaOH+O2(此反响分两步Na2O2+2H2O2NaOH+H2O2；2H2O22H2

3、O+O2。H2O2的制备可利用近似的反响2Na2O2+2CO22Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀Na2SO4+H2O2NaHNaH+H2ONaOH+H2NaOH2NaOH+Si+H2ONa2SiO3+2H26NaOH+3S2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O2NaAlO2+3H22NaOH(过分+CO2Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2(过分NaHCO32NaOH+SiO2Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱迟缓腐化玻璃2NaOH+Al2O32NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HClNaCl+H2ONaOH+H

4、2S(足量NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少许Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3Al(OH3+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH3NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3+H2O2NaOH+P2O52NaPO3+H2O6NaOH+P2O52Na3PO3+3H2ONaAlO22NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O2Al(OH3+Na2CO33NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O4Al(OH3NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaINaCl+H2SO4(浓4+HClH2SO4(浓+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl2NaI+Cl22NaCl+I2NaBr+H3PO4(浓NaH2PO4+

5、HBrNaI+H3PO4(浓NaH2PO4+HINa2CO3、NaHCO3Na2CO3+SiO2高温Na2SiO3+CO2Na2CO3+HClNaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HClNaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O2Fe(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3Al(OH3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3Fe(OH3+3CO2NaHCO3+HClNaCl+CO2+H2O2NaHCO3Na2CO3+CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2Br2+H2O2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+

6、2NaBr+CO2NaHCO3+Br2NaBr+HBrO+CO2NaNO3、NaNO22NaNO32+O2H2SO4(浓+NaNO34+HNO3KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2+3H2ONaNO2+NH4ClNaCl+N2+2H2ONa3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4Na3PO4+HClNa2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HClNaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HClH3PO4+NaClNa2S、NaHSNa2S+Cl22NaCl+S3Na2S+8HNO3(稀6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2S+Al2(SO43+6H2O2Al(OH3+3H2SNa2SO、4

7、Na2SO3、Na2S2O33Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O22Na2SO4Na2S2O3+H2SO4Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONa2SO3+SO2+H2O2NaHSO32NaHSO3Na2SO3+SO2+H2ONa2SiO3Na2SiO3+2HClH2SiO3+2NaClC6H5ONa6H5ONa+CO2+H2OC6H5OH+NaHCO32.钾KK+O2KO22K+2H2O2KOH+H2K2O、K2O2K2O+H2O2KOHK2O+CO2K2CO32K2O2+2CO2K2CO3+O22K2O2+2H2O4KOH+O2KOH2KOH+CO2K

8、2CO3+H2OKOH+CO2KHCO3K2CO32CO3+2HCl2KCl+CO2+H2OK2CO3+CaCl2CaCO3+2KCK2CO3+2AgNO3Ag2CO3+2KNO3KHCO3KHCO3+HClKCl+CO2+H2O2KHCO32CO3+CO2+H2OKClO32KClO32KCl+3O2KClO3+6HClKCl+3Cl2+3H2OKI2KI+Cl22KCl+I2KI+AgNO3AgI+KNO3KAl(SO422KAl(SO42+6NaOHK2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al(OH32KAl(SO42+3Ba(OH2K2SO4+3BaSO4+2Al(OH3KAl(SO42+2Ba

9、(OH2KAlO2+2BaSO4KSCN3KSCN+FeCl3Fe(SCN3+3KClKHKH+H2OKOH+H23.锂LiLi+O22O2Li+2H2O2LiOH+H2Li2OLi2O+CO2Li2CO3Li2O+H2O2LiOHLiOH2LiOH+CO2Li2CO3+H2OLiOH+CO2LiHCO3Li2CO3Li2CO3+2HCl2LiCl+CO2+H2OLiHCO3LiHCO3+HClLiCl+CO2+H2O2LiHCO2CO3+CO2+H2O二、常有金属1.镁Mg2Mg+O2点燃2MgOMg+2H2O2Mg(OH2+H2Mg+Cl2点燃MgCl22Mg+CO2点燃2MgO+CMg+

10、SMgSMg+Br2MgBr2Mg+2HClMgCl2+H2Mg+H2SO4MgSO4+H22Mg+TiCl4(熔融Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl(熔融MgCl2+2RbMgOMgO+2HClMgCl2+H2OMgO+H2OMg(OH2Mg(OH2Mg(OH2+2HClMgCl2+2H2OMgCO3MgCO3+2HCl2MgCl2+CO2+H2OMgCO3+2H2OMg(OH2+CO2MgCO3CO2+MgOMg(HCO32Mg(HCO32+2HClMgCl2+2CO2+2H2O2Mg(HCO32Mg(OH2+CO2+H2OMgSO4MgSO4+Ba(OH2Mg(OH2+BaSO4MgSO

11、4+2NaOHMg(OH2+Na2SO42.铝AlAl+3O2点燃2Al2O32Al+3SAl2S32Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3MnO2高温2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3高温Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3高温Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4Al2(SO43+3H22Al+6H2SO浓4(Al2(SO43+3SO2+6H2OAl+4HNO3(稀Al(NO33+NO+2H2O(Al、Fe在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化2Al+2NaOH+2H2O2NaAlO2+3H2Al2O3、Al(OH3Al

12、2O3+3H2SO4Al2(SO43+3H2O(Al2O3是两性氧化物Al2O3+2NaOH2NaAlO2+H2O2Al(OH3Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH3+3HClAlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH3+3H2SO4Al2(SO43+6H2OAl(OH3+NaOHNaAlO2+2H2O铝盐AlCl3+3NaOHAl(OH3+3NaClAlCl3+3NH3H2OAl(OH3+3NH4Cl2AlCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O2Al(OH3+3CO2+6NaClAlCl3+3NaHCO3Al(OH3+3CO2AlCl3+3NaAlO2+6H2O4Al(OH3Al2(SO43+3Na2S+6H2O

13、2Al(OH3+3H2SAl4C3+12H2O4Al(OH3+3CH43.铁Fe2Fe+3Cl2点燃2FeCl33Fe+2O2点燃Fe3O4Fe+S2Fe+3Br22FeBr3Fe+I2FeI2Fe+S3Fe+4H2O(g高温Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HClFeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4FeCl2+SnCl2Fe+H2SFeS+H22Fe+6H2SO4(浓Fe2(SO43+3SO2+6H2OFe+H2SO稀4(FeSO4+H2Fe+6HNO3Fe(NO33+3NO2+3H2OFe+4HNO3Fe(NO33+NO+2H2O8Fe+30HNO38Fe(NO33+3

14、N2O+15H2O10Fe+36HNO310Fe(NO33+3N2+18H2O8Fe+30HNO38Fe(NO33+3NH4NO3+9H2OFe+(CH3COO2CuCu+(CH3COO2FeFeO3FeO+2AlAl2O3+3Fe6FeO+O23O4FeO+4HNO3Fe(NO33+NO2+2H2OFe2O3Fe2O3+2Al高温Al2O3+2FeFe2O3+3CO2Fe2O3+3H22Fe+3H2O(制复原铁粉Fe2O3+6HCl2FeCl3+3H2OFe3O4Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OFe3O4+8HCl(浓FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe(OH2、Fe(OH34Fe(OH

15、2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH32Fe(OH3Fe2O3+3H2OFeCl22FeCl2+Cl22FeCl3FeCl2+MgFe+MgCl2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕琢铜线路版2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2OH2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl3+Zn2FeCl2+ZnCl22FeCl3+H2S2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl3+3NH3H2OFe(OH3+3NH4Cl2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O2Fe(OH3+3CO2+6NaClFeCl3+3NaHCO3Fe

16、(OH3+3CO22FeCl3+SO2+2H2O2FeCl2+H2SO4+2HClBaCl2+H2SO4BaSO4+2HClFeCl3+3KSCNFe(SCN3+3KClFeSFeS+2HClFeCl2+H2SFeS+H2SO4FeSO4+H2S4FeS2+11O22Fe2O2+8SO2H2FeO44H2FeO4+2H2O4Fe(OH3+3O24Na2FeO4+10H2O4Fe(OH3+3O2+8NaOH2Fe(OH3+3NaClO+4NaOH2Na2FeO4+3NaCl+5H2OFe2O3+3Na2O22Na2FeO4+Na2O其余Fe化合物Fe2(SO43+2AgFeSO4+Ag2SO4(

17、较难反响三、其余金属1.锰KMnO42KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KMnO4+16HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O2KMnO4+5H2O2+6HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2+8H2OMnO2MnO2+4HCl(浓MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O2.铜Cu2Cu+O22CuO2Cu+SCu2SCu+Cl2CuCl23CuO+2NH32+3H2OCuO+2HClCuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4CuSO4+H2OCu(OH2+2HClCuCl2+2H2OCu(OH2+H2SO4CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH2CuO+H2OCuCl2+H2SCuS+2HClCuCl2

18、+2NaOHCu(OH2+2NaClCuSO4+H2SCuS+H2SO4CuSO4+2NaOHCu(OH2+Na2SO4CuSO4+Ba(OH2Cu(OH2+BaSO43.钙CaCaO+H2OCa(OH2CaO+SiO2高温CaSiO32Ca(OH2+2Cl2CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2OCa(OH2+SO3CaSO4+H2OCaCO3+2HNO3Ca(NO32+H2O+CO2(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不可以够制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等复原性气体CaCO3+SiO2高温CaSiO3+CO2CaF2+H2SO4(浓CaSO4+2HFCa3(PO42+3H2SO4(浓3CaSO4+2

19、H3PO4Ca3(PO42+2H2SO4(浓2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO42Ca3(PO42+4H3PO43Ca(H2PO42(重钙CaH2+2H2OCa(OH2+2H24.钡BaBa(OH2+CO2BaCO3+H2OBa(OH2+2CO2(过分Ba(HCO32Ba(OH2+H2SO4BaSO4+2H2O3Ba(OH2+2H3PO3Ba3(PO42+6H2OBaCl2+H2SO4BaSO4+2HClBaCl2+Na2SO4BaSO4+2NaClBaCO3+2HClBaCl2+CO2+H2OBaCO3+2HNO3Ba(NO32+CO2+H2OBaO2+H2SO4(稀BaSO4+H2O2铅Pb、P

20、bO2Pb+2HClPbCl2+H2PbO2+4HCl(浓PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O铅盐Pb(NO32+H2SPbS+2HNO3(CH3COO2Pb+H2S=PbS+CH3COOH6.锌ZnZn+SZnSZn+2HClZnCl2+H2Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2Zn+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+H2Zn+2FeCl32FeCl2+ZnCl2ZnOZnO+2HClZnCl2+H2OZnO+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+H2OZn(OH2Zn(OH2+2HClZnCl2+2H2OZn(OH2+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+2H2OZn(OH2+4NH3H2OZn(NH34(OH2+4H2OZn(OH2

21、ZnO+H2O7.铍BeBe+2HClBaCl2+H2Be+2NaOHNa2BO2+H2BeCl2+2NaOHBe(OH2+2H2OBe(OH2+2HClBeCl2+2H2OBe(OH2+2NaOHNa2BO2+2H2O8.汞Hg3Hg+8HNO3(稀3Hg(NO32+2NO2+4H2OHg+4HNO3(浓Hg(NO32+2NO2+2H2O第二部分卤族元素、氮族元素一、卤族元素1.氟F2F2+H22HF2F2+2H2O4HF+O2HF4HF+SiO2SiF4+2H2O2.氯Cl2Cl2+H22HCl(光照或点燃Cl2+2Na2NaCl3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl53Cl2+2

22、Fe2FeCl3Cl2+CuCuCl2Cl2+2FeCl22FeCl32Cl2+2NaBr2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2KI2KCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S2NaCl+SCl2+H2S2HCl+SCl2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClCl2+H2SO3+H2OH2SO4+2HClCl2+H2OHCl+HClOCl2+H2O22HCl+O2Cl2+2NaOHNaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH2CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(热、浓5KCl+KClO3+3H2OHCl6HCl+2Al2AlCl3+3H22HCl

23、+FeFeCl2+H24HCl(浓+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g+O22Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO42KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O72KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2OHCl+NH3NH4Cl(白烟2HCl+FeOFeCl2+3H2O6HCl+Fe2O32FeCl3+3H2O8HCl(浓+Fe3O4FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OHCl+Na3PO4Na2HPO4+NaClHCl+Na2HPO4NaH2PO4+NaClHCl+NaH2PO4H3PO4+NaClHCl+Na2CO3NaHCO3+NaClHCl+NaHCO

24、3NaCl+H2O+CO2HClOHClO=HCl+O23.溴Br2Br2+H2Br2+FeFeBr3Br2+2FeBr22FeBr3Br2+NaINaBr+I2Br2+HIHBr+I2Br2+H2OHBr+HBrOBr2+NaOHNaBr+NaBrO+H2OBr2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HBrBr2+H2SS+2HBr2Br2+3Na2CO3+H2O2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2HBrHBr+NaOHNaBr+H2O2HBr+Cl22HCl+Br2碘I2I2+H22HII2+FeFeI2I2+2NaOHNaI+NaIO+H2OHI2HIH2+I22HI+Cl22HC

25、l+I2HI+NaOHNaI+H2O二、氮族元素1.氮N2N2+3H2催化剂高温高压2NH32+O22NON2+3Mg点燃Mg3N2N2+6Na2Na3NNO、NO2、N2O52NO+O22NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工业中汲取尾气中的NO和NO2）6NO+4NH3催化剂5N2+6H2ONO2+2KI+H2ONO+I2+2KOH（不可以够用淀粉KI溶液鉴识溴蒸气和NO2）4NO2+H2S4NO+SO3+H2ONO2+SO2SO3+NO3NO2+H2O2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O2HNO3HNO33HNO3+Ag3PO4H3PO4+3AgNO3Al+4HNO3(稀A

26、l(NO33+NO+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3+4H2O6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NO4HNO3(浓+CCO2+4NO2+2H2O2HNO3+CaCO3Ca(NO32+H2O+CO26HNO3+FeFe(NO33+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3+FeFe(NO33+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe8Fe(NO33+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe10Fe(NO33+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe8Fe(NO33+3NH4NO3+9H2OFeO+4HNO3Fe(NO33+NO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀3S+2NO+4H2O4HNO34NO2+O2+2H

27、2O(见光或受热分解NH3+HNO3NH4NO3(白烟(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不可以够制备H2S、HI、HBr、(SO23Na2S+8HNO3(稀6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O5HNO3(浓+PH3PO4+5NO2+H2OP4+20HNO3(浓4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OS+6HNO3(浓H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀3SO2+4NO+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓H2SO4+6NO2+2H2ONH32NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2N2+6NH4C

28、l4NH3+3O2(纯氧点燃2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2催化剂4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO催化剂5N2+6HO(用氨除掉NONH3+HClNH4Cl（白烟）NH3+HNO3NH4NO3（白烟）2NH3+H2SO4(NH42SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2NaHCO3+NH4Cl（侯氏制碱法）2NH3+SO2+H2O(NH42SO3NH3H2ONH3+H2ONH3+H2ONH3H2ONH4+OH-NH4HCO3、(NH42CO3NH4HCO3NH3+H2O+CO2(NH42CO32NH3+H2O+CO2NH4ClNH4ClNH3+HCl2NH4Cl+Ca(OH2CaCl2+NH3+

29、H2ONH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3H2ONH4NO3NH4NO3+NaOH=NaNO3+NH3H2ONH4NO3+NaOHNaNO3+NH3+H2O5NH4NO32HNO3+4N2+9H2O(NH42SO3、(NH42SO4(NH42SO3+SO2+H2O2NH4HSO3(NH42SO4+2NaOH=Na2SO4+2NH3H2O(NH42SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2NH3+2H2O2.磷P2P+3Cl2点燃2PCl3PCl3+Cl2PCl5P4+6H34P+5O2点燃P4O10(常写成P2O5P4+20HNO3(浓4H3PO4+20NO

30、2+4H2O11P+15CuSO4+24H2O5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4PH3+2O2H3PO4P2O3、P2O5P2O5+H2O(冷2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(热2H3PO4(P2O5极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂P2O5+3H2SO4(浓2H3PO4+3SO3P2O5+2NaOH2NaPO3+H2OP2O5+6NaOH2Na3PO3+3H2OH3PO44H3PO4+Ca3(PO423Ca(H2PO42(重钙H3PO4(浓+NaBrNaH2PO4+HBrH3PO4(浓+NaINaH2PO4+HI3.砷AsAs2O3+6Zn+12HCl2AsH3+6ZnCl2+3H2O3As2S3+

31、28HNO3(稀+4H2O6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NOAs2S3+28HNO3(浓2H3AsO4+3H2SO4+28NO2+8H2O第三部分碳族元素、氧族元素一、碳族元素1.碳CC+2F2CF4C+2Cl2CCl42C+O2(少许点燃2COC+O2(足量点燃CO2C+CO2C+H2O高温CO+H2(生成水煤气2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅C+SiSiC(金刚砂C+2SCS23C+CaO电炉CaC2+CO3C+SiO2电炉C+2H2SO4(浓CO2+2SO2+2H2OC+4HNO3(浓CO2+4NO2+2H2OCO2CO+O2点燃2CO2CO+CuO23CO+Fe2O32CO+H

32、2O催化剂CO2+H2CO2CO2+2Mg点燃2MgO+CCO2+H2OH2CO3CO2+2NaOH(过分Na2CO3+H2OCO2(过分+NaOHNaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH2(过分CaCO3+H2O2CO2(过分+Ca(OH2Ca(HCO32CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O2Al(OH3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2OC6H5OH+NaHCO3CO2+Na2ONa2CO32CO2+2Na2O22Na2CO3+O2CO2+NH3+NaCl+H2ONaHCO3+NH4Cl（侯氏制碱法）H2CO32CO3CO2+H2O2.硅SiSi(粗+2Cl24SiCl4+2H2Si(纯+4HC

33、lSi(粉+O2SiO2Si+CSiC(金刚砂Si+2NaOH+H2ONa2SiO3+2H2SiO22C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅3C+SiO2电炉2Mg+SiO2点燃2MgO+Si4HF+SiO2SiF4+2H2OSiO2+2H22OSiO2SiO2+CaO高温CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOHNa2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱迟缓腐化玻璃SiO2+Na2CO3高温Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3高温CaSiO3+CO22NaOH+SiO2Na2SiO3+H2O二、氧族元素1.氧O2O2+2H2点燃2H2OO2+KKO22O2+3Fe点燃Fe3O4O2+S点燃SO2O2+N22

34、NO3O22O34P+5O2点燃2P2O5C+O2(足量点燃CO2Si+O2SiO24Na+O22Na2O2Na2O+O2O22Na+O2Na2O22Mg+O2点燃2MgO4Al+3O2点燃2Al2O34NH3+5O2催化剂4NO+6H2O2SO2+O22SO32CO+O2点燃2CO26FeO+O23O42H2SO3+O22H2SO44Fe(OH2+O2+2H2O4Fe(OH32Na2SO3+O22Na2SO4O32O33O2O3+2HII2+O2+H2OH2O2F2+2H2O4HF+O2Cl2+H2OHCl+HClO2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H2Mg+2H2OMg(OH2+H23Fe+4H

35、2O(g高温Fe3O4+4H22H2O电解2H2+O2SO2+H2OH2SO3SO3+H2OH2SO43NO2+H2O2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O2HNO3P2O5+H2O(冷2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(热2H3PO4CO2+H2OH2CO3H2O22H2O22H2O+O2H2O2+Cl22HCl+O25H2O2+2KMnO4+6HCl2MnCl2+2KCl+5O2+8H2O硫SS+H2H2S2S+CCS2S+FeFeSS+2CuCu2S3S+2AlAl2S3S+ZnZnSS+O2点燃SO2S+6HNO3(浓H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀3SO2+4NO+2H2O3S

36、+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2OS+2NaNa2S(爆炸S+MgMgSS+FeFeSS+2H2SO4(浓3SO2+2H2OSO2SO2+2H2S3S+2H2O2SO2+O22SO32SO2+O2+2H2O2H2SO4SO2+Cl2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4+2HISO2+NO2SO3+NOSO2+2H2S3S+2H2OSO2+H2OH2SO3SO2+2NH3+H2O(NH42SO3SO2+(NH42SO3+H2O2NH4HSO3SO2+Ca(OH2CaSO3+H2O(不可以够用澄清石灰水鉴识SO2和C

37、O2.可用品红鉴识2NaOH+SO2(少许Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2(足量NaHSO3Cl2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClSO3SO3+H2OH2SO4SO3+MgOMgSO4SO3+Ca(OH2CaSO4+H2OSO3+Na2ONa2SO4SO3+2KIK2SO3+I2H2SH2S+Cl22HCl+SH2S+MgMgS+H22H2S+3O2(足量2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少许2S+2H2O2H2S+SO23S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓S+SO2+2H2OH2S2+S3H2S+2HNO3(稀3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO42MnSO4+

38、K2SO4+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4Cr2(SO43+K2SO4+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2ONa2SO4+6NaOHH2S+FeFeS+H2H2S+CuCl2CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2HgS+2HClH2S+Pb(NO32PbS+2HNO3H2S+4NO24NO+SO3+H2OH2SO3H2SO3+X2+H2OH2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2、Br2、I22H2SO3+O22H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2H2SO4+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO42MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2S

39、O3+2FeCl3+H2OH2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3H2O+SO22H2SO3+2H2S3S+2H2OH2SO4Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2Fe+H2SO4FeSO4+H2Mg+H2SO4MgSO4+H22Al+3H2SO4Al2(SO43+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓Al2(SO43+3SO2+6H2O2NH3+H2SO4(NH42SO42Al+6H2SO4(浓Al2(SO43+3SO2+6H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓S+SO2+2H2OP2O5+3H2SO浓4(2H3PO4+3SO3BaO2+H2SO4(稀BaSO4+H2O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀Na2SO

40、4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4MgSO4+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4Al2(SO43+3H2O2H2SO4(浓+CCO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4(浓+S3SO2+2H2O6H2SO4(浓+2FeFe2(SO43+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4(浓4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4(浓+2HBrSO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4(浓+2HISO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4(浓+CaF2CaSO4+2HFH2SO4(浓4+HClH2SO4(浓+2NaClNa2SO4+2HClH2SO4(浓+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO33H2SO4(浓+Ca3(PO423CaSO4+2H3PO42H2S

41、O4(浓+Ca3(PO422CaSO4+Ca(H2PO42高中化学方程式总结，第11页，共23页第四部分有机反响一、烃1.甲烷甲烷的制取：CH3COONa+NaOHNa2CO3+CH4烷烃通式：CnH2n-2（1）氧化反响甲烷的焚烧：CH4+2O22+2H2O甲烷不执行酸性高锰酸钾溶液及溴水退色。（2）代替反响一氯甲烷：CH4+Cl3Cl+HCl二氯甲烷：CH3Cl+Cl22Cl2+HCl三氯甲烷：CH2Cl2+Cl2CHCl3+HCl（CHCl3又叫氯仿）四氯化碳：CHCl3+ClCCl4+HCl（3）分解反响甲烷分解：CH4C+2H2乙烯乙烯的制取：CH3CH2OHH2C=CH2+H2O烯

42、烃通式：CnH2n（1）氧化反响乙烯的焚烧：H2C=CH2+3O22CO2+2H2O乙烯能够使酸性高锰酸钾溶液退色，发生氧化反响。（2）加成反响与溴水加成：H2C=CH2+BrCH2BrCH2Br与氢气加成：H2C=CH2+H3CH3与氯化氢加成：H2C=CH2CH3CH2Cl与水加成：H2C=CH2+H2CH3CH2OH（3）聚合反响乙烯加聚，生成聚乙烯：nH2C=CHn乙炔乙炔的制取：CaC2+2H2HCCH+Ca(OH2炔烃的通式：CnH2n-2（1）氧化反响乙炔的焚烧：HCCH+5O22+2H2O乙炔能够使酸性高锰酸钾溶液退色，发生氧化反响。（2）加成反响与溴水加成：HCCH+Br2C

43、HBr=CHBr+Br2CHBr2CHBr2与氢气加成：HCCH+H2H2C=CH2与氯化氢加成：HC2=CHCl（3）聚合反响氯乙烯加聚，获得聚氯乙烯：nCHn乙炔加聚，获得聚乙炔：nHCCaO点燃光光光光高温浓硫酸170高温催化剂2CH图1乙烯的制取点燃图2乙炔的制取Br2注意：制取乙烯、乙炔均用排水法采集；乙烯、乙炔的加成反响一般都需要催化剂（溴除外）。高中化学方程式总结，第12页，共23页苯苯的同系物通式：CnH2n-6（1）氧化反响苯的焚烧：2C6H6+15O22+6H2O苯不可以够使溴水和酸性高锰酸钾溶液退色。（2）代替反响苯与溴反响（溴苯）硝化反响+HONO+H2O（硝基苯）苯硝

44、化反响生成硝基苯，它是一种带有苦杏仁味、无色油状液体，有毒。磺化反响+HOSO3+H2O（苯磺酸）（3）加成反响（环己烷）苯还能够够和氯气在紫外光照耀下发生加成反响，生成C6H6Cl6（剧毒农药）。甲苯（1）氧化反响甲苯的焚烧：C7H8+9O22+4H2O甲苯不可以够使溴水退色，但能够使酸性高锰酸钾溶液退色。（2）代替反响甲苯硝化反响生成2，4，6-三硝基甲苯，简称三硝基甲苯，又叫梯恩梯TNT），是一种淡黄色晶体，不溶于水。它是一种烈性炸药，宽泛用于国防、开矿等。注意：甲苯在光照条件下发生侧链的代替，而在催化剂条件下发生苯环上的取代。（3）加成反响点燃点燃+Br+HBrBrNO27080SO3

45、H+3H2催化剂CH3+3HNO浓硫酸2NCH3NO2NO2+3H2OCH3SO3HCH3+3H2SO3SSO3H+3H2O+3H2催化剂CH3CH3高中化学方程式总结，第13页，共23页（甲基环己烷）二、烃的衍生物6.溴乙烷纯净的溴乙烷是无色液体，沸点38.4，密度比水大。（1）代替反响溴乙烷的水解：C2H5Br+H2C2H5OH+HBr（2）消去反响溴乙烷与NaOH溶液反响：CH3CH2CH2=CH2+NaBr+H2O注意：查验卤代烃中的卤原子时，需取水解液滴入HNO3酸化，再滴加AgNO3溶液。一是中和节余的NaOH，二则查验积淀能否溶于稀硝酸。乙醇（1）与钠反响乙醇与钠反响：2CH3C

46、H22CH3CH2ONa+H2（乙醇钠）（2）氧化反响乙醇的焚烧：CH3CH2OH+3O22CO2+3H2O乙醇的催化氧化：2CH3CH2OH+O22CH3CHO+2H2O（乙醛）注意：当2-丙醇发生催化氧化时，会生成丙酮，而非丙醛。2CH3CHCH3+O2CH3CCH3+2H2O（丙酮）（3）消去反响乙醇在浓硫酸作催化剂的条件下，加热到170生成乙烯。注意：该反响加热到140时，乙醇进行另一种脱水方式，生成乙醚。2C2H5C2H5OC2H5+H2O（乙醚）（4）代替反响乙醇与卤化氢代替：CH3CH2CH3CH2Br+H2O注意：乙醇不可以够够和卤素单质发生代替反响。（5）酯化反响乙醇与羧酸能

47、够发生酯化反响，生成酯。苯酚苯酚是无色晶体，露置在空气中会因氧化显粉红色。苯酚拥有特其余气味，熔点43，水中溶解度不大，易溶于有机溶剂。苯酚有毒，是一种重要的化工原料。（1）苯酚的酸性（苯酚钠）苯酚（俗称石炭酸）的电离：+H2O+H3O+苯酚钠与CO2反响：OHO-NaOH醇浓硫酸140OH+H2OONaH+注意：甲醇、乙醇为可重生能源，甲醇有毒；乙二醇和丙三醇无色、黏稠、有甜味、与水和酒精以任意比互溶，丙三醇（甘油）还有护肤作用。注意：凡是含有羟基的有机物，一般均可与钠反响。溴水与酚类易代替，不易加成，且易在苯环邻、对位上代替。OH|催化剂|O高中化学方程式总结，第14页，共23页+CO2+

48、H2+NaHCO3注意：该反响只好生成NaHCO3，由于3HCO-酸性弱于苯酚。（2）代替反响+3Br2+3HBr（三溴苯酚）（3）显色反响苯酚能和FeCl3溶液反响，使溶液呈紫色。乙醛乙醛是无色，拥有刺激性气味的液体，沸点20.8，密度比水小，易挥发。（1）加成反响乙醛与氢气反响：CH3CH+H2CH3CH2OH（2）氧化反响乙醛的焚烧：2CH3CHO+5O4CO2+4H2O乙醛的催化氧化：2CH3CH+O23COOH（乙酸）乙醛的银镜反响：CH3CHO+2Ag(NH32CH3COONH4+2Ag+3NH3+H2O（乙酸铵）注意：硝酸银与氨水配制而成的银氨溶液中含有Ag(NH32OH（氢氧化

49、二氨合银），这是一种弱氧化剂，能够氧化乙醛，生成Ag。相关制备的方程式：Ag+NH3H2O=AgOH+4NHAgOH+2NH3H2O=Ag(NH32+OH-+2H2O乙醛复原氢氧化铜：CH3CHO+2Cu(OH23COOH+Cu2O+2H2O乙酸（1）乙酸的酸性乙酸的电离：CH3COOHCH3COO-+H+（2）酯化反响CH3COH+C2H5CH3COC2H5+H2O（乙酸乙酯）注意：酸和醇起作用，生成酯和水的反响叫做酯化反响。附带：酯化反响简介（1）反响条件：一般需加热，用浓硫酸作催化剂和吸水剂。（2）反响物：醇是随意的醇，酸既能够是有机酸，也能够是无机含氧酸。如：3HONO3+3H2O（3

50、）反响机理：一般是羧酸脱羟基醇脱氢，且羧基与醇羟基数量比为1:1。如：ONaOHOHBrBrOHBrO|催化剂|催化剂|浓硫酸O|点燃CH2OHCHOH|CH2OH催化剂CH2ONO2CHONO2|CH2ONO2O=COH|O=COH+HOC2H5HOC2H5浓硫酸O=COC2H5O=COC2H5|高中化学方程式总结，第15页，共23页+2H2O（乙二醇二乙酯）（4）反响方式一元醇与一元羧酸按通式反响；RCOOH+HORRCOOR+H2O二元羧酸与二元醇，能够酯化成链，并形成高分子化合物。如：nHOCH2CH2OH+nHOOCC+2nH2O也可酯化成环状小分子酯。CC+CH2CH羟基羧酸可自己

51、酯化成环状内酯。如：CH2CH2COOHCH2C+H2O也可分子间酯化形成环状小分子酯或链状高分子化合物（酯），如：2CH3CHHOCHOCHC+nH2O11.乙酸乙酯乙酸乙酯是一种带有香味的无色油状液体。（1）水解反响CH3COOC2H5+H2CH3COOH+C2H5OH（2）中和反响CH3COOC2H5CH3COONa+C2H5OH附带：烃的衍生物的转变无机酸浓硫酸COCH2CH2OnO|OH浓硫酸O|3CH3|OH|OH|OH|OHO|O|浓硫酸CH2CH2|CH2O浓硫酸O|OHnCH3|CH3|O|三、糖类、油脂、蛋白质12.葡萄糖构造：CH2OHCHOHCHOHCHOHCHOHCH

52、O物理性质：白色晶体，易溶于水，有甜味。化学性质：拥有复原性：能发生银镜反响，能与新制的氢氧化铜反响；加成反响：与H2反响；酯化反响：与羧酸反响；分解反响：在酒化酶作用下，分解为乙醇和CO2；焚烧生成CO2和H2O。葡萄糖的焚烧：C6H12O6+6O26CO2+6H2O葡萄糖的氧化：CH2OH(CHOH4CHO+2Ag(NH32OHCH2OH(CHOH4COONH4+2Ag+3NH3+H2OCH2OH(CHOH4CHO+2Cu(OH2CH2OH(CHOH4COOH+Cu2O+2H2O葡萄糖的复原：CH2OH(CHOH4+H2CH2OH(CHOH4CH2OH葡萄糖的分解：C6H12O62CH3C

53、H2OH+2CO2蔗糖、麦芽糖蔗糖的水解：C12H22O11+H2OC6H12O6+C6H12O6蔗糖葡萄糖果糖麦芽糖的水解：C12H22O11+H2O2C6H12O6麦芽糖葡萄糖注意：蔗糖不含醛基，不可以够够发生银镜反响；麦芽糖能够发生银镜反响。淀粉、纤维素淀粉的水解：(C6H10O5n+nH2OnC6H12O6淀粉葡萄糖葡萄糖分解：C6H12O62C2H5OH+2CO2葡萄糖乙醇纤维素的水解：(C6H10O5n+nH2OnC6H12O6纤维素葡萄糖油脂（1）氢化反响油酸甘油酯（油）硬脂酸甘油酯（脂肪）（2）水解反响催化剂催化剂催化剂催化剂催化剂C17H33COOCH2C17H33COOCH

54、|C17H33COOCH2+3H催化剂加热、加压C17H35COOCH2C17H35COOCH|C17H35COOCH2淀粉的酯化反响：皂化反响：氨基酸氨基酸中的NH2和COOH发生脱水缩合，生成多肽。甘氨酸丙氨酸(两种不一样样的氨基酸进行缩合，可产生4种不一样样的多肽第五部分别子反响（按字母次序摆列）Al2Al+6H+2Al3+3H22Al+2OH-+2H2O22AlO-+3H2Al3+3H2OAl(OH3+3H+Al3+3OH-Al(OH3Al3+4OH-2AlO-+2H2O3Al3+10OH-2Al(OH3+2AlO-+2H2O（当n(AlCl3/n(NaOH=3:10时）Al3+3NH

55、3H2OAl(OH3+34NH+2Al3+323CO-+3H2O2Al(OH3+3CO2Al3+33HCO-Al(OH3+3CO2Al3+3HS-+3H2OAl(OH3+3H2S2Al3+3S2-+6H2O2Al(OH3+3H2SAl3+32AlO-+6H2O4Al(OH32Al3+323SiO-Al2(SiO32AlO-+2H2OAl(OH3+OH-2AlO-+H+H2OAl(OH32AlO-+4H+Al3+2H2O92AlO-+30H+2Al(OH3+7Al3+12H2O（当n(NaAlO2/n(HCl=3:10时）32AlO-+Fe3+6H2OFe(OH3+3Al(OH32AlO-+4N

56、H+H2OAl(OH3+NH32AlO-+3HCO-+H2OAl(OH3+23CO-22AlO-+CO2+3H2O2Al(OH3+23CO-2AlO-+CO2+2H2OAl(OH3+3HCO-Al2O3+6H+2Al3+3H2OAl2O3+2OH-22AlO-+H2OAl(OH3+3H+Al3+2H2OAl(OH3+2OH-2AlO-+2H2OAgAg+H2OAgOH+H+Ag+NH3H2OAgOH+4NH+H2O+H2O+H2O+H2OAg+2NH3H2O32Ag(NH+H2OAg+Cl-AgClAg+Br-AgBrAg+I-AgI3Ag+34PO-Ag3PO42Ag+23CO-Ag2CO3

57、Ag2CO3+2H+2Ag+CO2+H2OAg3PO4+3H+3Ag+H3PO42Ag(NH32+2OH-+CH3CHOCH3COO-+4NH+2Ag+3NH3+H2O2Ag(NH32+2OH-+CH2OH(CHOH4CHOCH2OH(CHOH4COO-+4NH+2Ag+3NH3+H2OBaBa2+24SO-=BaSO4Ba2+23CO-=BaCO33Ba2+234PO-=Ba3(PO42Ba2+2OH-+CO2BaCO3+H2OBa2+2OH-+2H+24SO-BaSO4+2H2O（NaHSO4溶液中加Ba(OH2，使溶液呈中性）Ba2+OH-+H+24SO-BaSO4+H2O（NaHSO4

58、溶液中加Ba(OH2，使Ba2+所有积淀）BaCO3+2H+Ca2+CO2+H2OBr2Br-+Cl2=2Cl-+Br2Br2+SO2+2H2O2Br-+2H+24SO-4Br-+2Fe2+3Cl22Fe3+2Br2+6Cl-（足量Cl2）2Br-+2Fe2+2Cl22Fe3+Br2+4Cl-（当n(FeBr2/n(Cl2=1:1时）10Br-+6Fe2+8Cl26Fe3+5Br2+16Cl-（当n(FeBr2/n(Cl2=3:4时）C23CO-+2Ag+Ag2CO323CO-+Ba2+BaCO323CO-+Ca2+CaCO323CO-+2H+CO2+H2O23CO-+H2OHCO3-+OH-

59、323CO-+2Al3+3H2O2Al(OH3+3CO2323CO-+2Fe3+3H2O2Fe(OH3+3CO2CO2+2AlO-+3H2O2Al(OH3+23CO-CO2+2AlO-+2H2OAl(OH3+3HCO-CO2+OH-3HCO-CO2+Ba2+2OH-BaCO3+H2OCO2+2OH-23CO-+H2O3CO2+5OH-223CO-+3HCO-+2H2O（当n(CO2/n(NaOH=3:5时）CO2+23SiO-+2H2OH4SiO4+23CO-CaCa2+2OH-+CO2CaCO3+H2OCa2+2OH-+SO2CaSO3+H2OCa2+2ClO-+SO2+H2OCaSO4+H

60、ClO+H+Cl-（少许SO2）Ca2+2ClO-+2SO2+4H2OCaSO4+2Cl-+4H+24SO-（足量SO2）Ca2+2ClO-+CO2+H2OCaCO3+2HClOCaCO3+2H+Ca2+CO2+H2OClCl2+H2OCl-+H+HClOCl2+2OH-Cl-+ClO-+H2OCl2+2OH-Cl-+ClO-+H2OCl2+2I-2Cl-+I2Cl2+H2SO3+H2O2Cl-+24SO-+4H+Cl2+H2S2Cl-+2H+SCl2+2Fe2+2Fe3+2Cl-（向FeBr2溶液中少许Cl2）3Cl2+2Fe2+4Br-2Fe3+2Br2+6Cl-（足量Cl2）2Cl2+2