北京版高考英语高中总复习附录一《特殊句式》教与学

1、附录 附录一 特殊句式高考英语 北京专用考点一倒装句一、完全倒装(Full Inversion)谓语部分完全放在主语之前的句子,便是完全倒装句。1.副词、介词短语类:表示地点的副词here,there置于句首,且主语是名词(不是代词),需用完全倒装,其形式为:There/Here+谓语+主语。常用于此句型的谓语动词为be,go,come,exist,follow,remain,lie等,时态要用一般现在时。There goes the last bus.末班公共汽车开走了。考点清单Here is the address of your hotel.这里就是你宾馆的所在地址。There goes

2、 the bell for break.下课铃响了。Here you are.给你。(代词作主语,不倒装)表示时间的副词(如:now,then等)、运动方向的副词(如:out,in,up,down,away等)及表示地点的介词短语置于句首,且主语是名词(不是代词),需用完全倒装,其形式为:副词或介词短语+谓语+主语。常用于此句型的谓语动词为come,fall,follow,exist,lie,go,remain,run等,时态为一般现在时或一般过去时。Now comes your turn!现在该你了!Up went the arrow into the air.箭直射向空中。Under th

3、e table sleeps a white cat.在桌子下面睡着一只白色的猫。Behind the counter he stood.他站在柜台后面。(代词作主语,不倒装)2.表语类:为了保持句子平衡或强调表语部分等,将作表语的形容词、分词、介词短语、such置于句首时,需用完全倒装,其形式为:形容词/现在分词/过去分词/介词短语/such+be+主语。Happy are those who are contented.知足者常乐。Growing all over the mountain are wild flowers.漫山遍野长满了野花。Seated on the ground ar

4、e a group of young people.席地而坐的是一群年轻人。Inside the parcel was a letter.包裹里有封信。Such were his words.(=Such was what he said.)这就是他说的话。二、部分倒装(Partial Inversion)把be动词、助动词或情态动词置于主语之前的句子叫部分倒装句。这类句型主要有下面几种:1.only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句,且放在句首时。Only in this way can we learn English well.只有用这种方法我们才能学好英语。使用特点:(1)在部分倒装句中,

5、如果谓语部分无助动词,则需找助动词来“帮助”构成倒装句。()Only after the war learned he the sad news.()Only after the war did he learn the sad news.在战后他才得知那个不幸的消息。(2)only 修饰状语从句时,从句不可倒装,主句倒装。()Only when did he return we found out the truth.()Only when he returned did we find out the truth.当他回来的时候,我们才查明了真相。(3)only 修饰主语时,句子不可倒装。

6、()Only can he answer the question.()Only he can answer the question.只有他能回答这个问题。题组训练单句填空Only when you can find peace in your heartwillyou keep good relationships with others.Only after Mary read her composition the second time did she notice the spelling mistake.2.否定词never,nor,not,hardly,little,seldo

7、m,scarcely,rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time,under/in no circumstances,in no case,by no means,on no condition等置于句首时。Never before have I seen such a moving film.=I have never seen such a moving film before.以前我从未看过这么感人的电影。Not a single mistake did he make.=He didnt make a single mistake.他一个错误也没犯。Hardly do I

8、think it possible to finish the work before dark.=I hardly think it possible to finish the work before dark.我认为在天黑之前完成这项工作几乎是不可能的。题组训练单句填空At no timedidthey actually break the rules of the game.It was unfair to punish them.3.六个重要的固定句型:(1)“so+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”意为“也是如此”。They love having lots of friends;

9、so do those with disabilities.他们喜欢交很多朋友,那些身有残疾的人也是如此。使用特点:此句型也可写成“it is/was the same with.”或“so it is/was with.”。They love having lots of friends;如果仅是对前面内容的肯定或附和(此时的so=indeed),那么,句子不可使用倒装。试比较:A:I was afraid.(I 指的是A)B:So was I.(I 指的是B,此句意为:I was afraid,too.)A:我害怕。B:我也是。A:I was afraid.(I 指的是A)B:So you

10、 were.(you 指的也是A。此句意为:Indeed you were afraid.)A:我害怕。B:你确实很害怕。(2)“neither/nor+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”意为“也不这样”。Lily cant ride a bicycle;neither/nor can Lucy.莉莉不会骑自行车,露西也不会。使用特点:此句型也可写成“it is/was the same with.”或“so it is/was with.”。Lily cant ride a bicycle;此句型中的neither/nor不可用so.not 替代,但可用not.either 改写。()I h

11、ave never been abroad.So hasnt he.()I have never been abroad.Neither/Nor has he.()I have never been abroad.He has never/not been abroad,either.我没出过国。他也没有。（3）So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.他说英语说得如此清晰,以至于别人都能听得懂。Such an interesting book does he have that we

12、 all want to read it.他有一本如此有趣的书,以至于我们都想读。使用特点:在这个句型中,so,such后面的句子要倒装,而that 引导的从句不倒装。(4)Neither.,nor.意为“既不,也不”。Neither do I know it,nor do I care about it.我既不知道这件事,也不关心。使用特点:由于neither 和nor 都是否定词,所以它们后面的句子均需倒装。(5)Not only.but also.意为“不仅而且”。Not only will help be given to people to find jobs,but also me

13、dical treatment will be provided for people who need it.不仅要给那些找工作的人提供帮助,而且也要给那些有需要的人提供药物治疗。使用特点:此句型也可写成 Not only.but.或Not only.but.as well 的形式,但but(al-so)连接的句子必须用正常语序。(6)Not until.意为“直到才”。Not until 4:00 in the morning could he fall asleep.直到早晨4点他才睡着。Not until he returned did we have supper.直到他回来我们才吃

14、晚饭。但是:Not until did he return we had supper.()使用特点:not until 引导的是从句时,until 从句的主谓不可倒装,只是主句需要倒装。题组训练单句填空Jane wont join us for dinner tonight and Tom wont either.Not until he left his home did he begin to know how important the family was for him.三、形式倒装(Formal Inversion)形式上的倒装在语法上称为前置。它的特点是:只把强调的内容提至句首

15、,主谓并不倒装。这样的结构非常多,但有几个重要的句型需要特别注意:1.感叹句 What an interesting talk they had!他们进行了一次多么有趣的谈话呀!How interesting their talk is!他们的谈话多么有趣呀!使用特点:对名词(或中心词是名词)感叹时,用what 引出;对形容词或副词感叹时,用how 引出。2.the more.,the more.句型The more you listen to English,the easier it becomes.你听英语听得越多,它就变得越简单。使用特点:(1)此句型中的more 代表的是形容词或副词

16、的比较级,要灵活使用。The harder you work,the greater progress you will make.你学习越努力,取得的进步就越大。(2)此句型中的第一个the more 引导的部分相当于一个条件状语从句;第二个the more 引导的部分相当于一个主句。所以,上面例句的意思实质上就是:If you work harder,you will make greater progress.3.however,whatever引导的让步状语从句(1)“however+adj./adv.”引导的让步状语从句However difficult the problem ma

17、y be,we must work it out this evening.无论这个问题可能会有多难,今晚我们必须解决它。(2)“whatever+n.”引导的让步状语从句Whatever reasons you have,you should carry out your promise.无论你有什么理由,你都应当履行诺言。4.as,though引导让步状语从句时采用形式倒装的情况(1)表语的倒装Tired as/though he was,he still went on with his work.尽管很累,他还是继续工作。Strange as/though it seems,it is

18、 true.尽管看上去奇怪,这事却是真的。Exhausted as/though she was,she wasnt able to sleep.尽管筋疲力尽,但她还是睡不着觉。注意:如果是单数名词或形容词的最高级作表语,不再用冠词。Youngest as/though he is in our class,he speaks English best.他虽然是我们班年龄最小的,但他英语说得最好。(2)谓语动词的倒装Try as he might,he didnt pass the exam.尽管用尽全力,但他考试还是不及格。Search as they would here and ther

19、e,they could find nothing in the room.尽管到处寻找,但他们在房间里找不到任何东西。注意:行为动词前置时,从句主语后面要用may,might,can,could,will,would等情态动词,若没有情态动词,则需加上一个do(does或did)。若前置的行为动词是及物动词,则其宾语也随其后一并提前。Change your mind as/though you do,you will get no help from us.即使你改变主意,你也得不到我们的帮助。(3)状语的倒装Much as he likes the bike,he doesnt want

20、to buy it.虽然他很喜欢那辆自行车,但他不想买它。Hard as I studied,I could not catch up with them.我虽然学习努力,但还是赶不上他们。题组训练单句填空Whatan interesting role she played in the film!No wonder she has won an Oscar.In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go,the better(good)our holid

21、ay will be.Strange as/thoughit might sound,his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.考点二强调句和反意疑问句一、强调句(一)强调句型1.It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子剩余成分强调人时可用 who/that来连接,强调事物时常用 that。所强调的可以是单词、短语,也可以是从句,但结构必须完整。被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语或状语,但不能是定语或谓语。如:It is I who/that am right.我才是对的。(主语)It was him that/who

22、 we met at the school gate.我们在校门口见到的就是他。(宾语)It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.汤姆是在公园里丢的那只手表。(状语)2.一般疑问句的强调句型:Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分。如:Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out? 第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗?Is it Professor Wang who teaches you English?教你们英语的是王教授吗?3.特殊疑问句的强调句型:特殊疑问词+is/

23、was+it+that+其他成分。如:Who was it that broke the window?打破窗户的是谁?When was it that you called me yesterday?你昨天给我打电话是什么时候?What is it that you want me to do?你要我干什么?4.有时可用It might be.that.,It must have been.that.句型表示强调。如:It might be his father that youre thinking of.你想到的可能是他父亲。It must have been his brother t

24、hat you saw.你看到的一定是他的弟弟。5.not.until.句型的强调句其强调句式为:It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其他成分。如:He didnt go to bed until ten oclock.It was not until ten oclock that he went to bed.直到10点他才上床睡觉。I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.It was not until she took off her dark

25、 glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.直到她摘掉墨镜我才认出她是著名影星。6.强调句型中的it与作形式主语的it可根据能否恢复原句来判断,即把It is/was和that去掉,如果剩下的成分仍然能构成一个完整的句子,这就是强调句型,否则就不是。如:It is there that accidents often happen.Accidents often happen there.事故经常在那里发生。以上就是强调句型,被强调成分是状语,把It is和that去掉,可还原成原来的非强调句。It is clear that not

26、 all boys like football.很显然并非所有男孩都喜欢足球。去掉 It is和that,句子成了:Clear not all boys like football.很显然这不是一个完整的句子,因此不是强调句型,而是由it 作形式主语,that从句作真正主语的复合句。7.强调句型 It is/was.that.与It is/was+时间+when/before从句、It is+时间+since 从句、It was not long before.等句型的区别(1)强调句型与It is/was+时间+when/before 从句在“It is/was+时间+when/before

27、从句”中,it 指时间,when/before引导的是时间状语从句。注意两种句型中“时间”表达方式的不同。如:It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.昨天午夜我回到了家里。It was midnight when/before I got back home yesterday.当我昨天回到家里时,已经是午夜了。/昨天我还没到家就到了午夜了。第一句是强调句型,被强调的是时间状语,因此用介词短语表达;而第二句是一般句型,时间以名词的方式表达,用来作表语。(2)强调句型与 It is+时间+since 从句It is.since.表示“自

28、以来已有(时间)”。注意:两个句型中的时态一般不同,试比较:It was two years ago that I began to learn English.我是在两年前开始学英语的。It is/has been two years since I began to learn English.我学英语两年了。第一句为强调句型,强调的是过去的事情,用一般过去时;而第二句表示“从过去到现在已有多长时间”,用一般现在时,也可用现在完成时。(3)强调句型与It was not long before.It was not long before.可有以下几个句式:It wont be long

29、before.不久就会It was two years/days before.过了两年/两天才It was not two years/days before.不到两年/两天就It will be two years/days before.两年/两天后才会It will not be two years/days before.用不了两年/两天就会试比较:It was two years before he came back from abroad.It was two years later that he came back from abroad.同样表示“他两年以后回国”,强调句

30、型中应注意状语的表达方式。(二)对谓语动词的强调It is/was.that.结构不能强调谓语动词。如果需要强调谓语动词,用助动词do,did 或does。如:Do come this evening.今天晚上一定要来呀。He did write to you last week.上周他的确给你写信了。Tom does study hard now.现在汤姆的确学习很努力。题组训练单项填空It was not until midnightA they reached the campsite.A.thatB.whenC.whileD.asIt was in New ZealandAElizab

31、eth first met Mr. Smith.A.thatB.howC.whichD.whenIt is not who is right but what is rightCis of importance.A.whichB.itC.thatD.thisIt was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the villageBthe hostess cooked such a nice dinner.A.whereB.thatC.whenD.whichIf you have a job,Ayourself to it and fi

32、nally youll succeed.A.do devoteB.dont devoteC.devotingD.not devotingIt was along the Mississippi River C Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.A.how B.whichC.thatD.whereIt was not until she got home B Jennifer realized she had lost her keys.A.whenB.thatC.whereD.beforeI just wonder D that makes him

33、so excited.A.why it doesB.what he doesC.how it isD.what it is二、反意疑问句(一)陈述部分含有must/may(might)的反意疑问句当must 作“必须”讲时,其反意疑问部分(又叫附加问句)用neednt;当含有mustnt(不允许、禁止)时,其反意疑问部分用must/may。如:You must go now,neednt you?你现在必须走,是吗?You mustnt smoke here,must/may you?你不可以在这里吸烟,行吗?当must/may(might)表示推测,即must作“一定,准是”讲,may/mi

34、ght作“可能”讲时,可首先将句子改为“I am sure/guess+that从句”,反意疑问部分的动词形式根据be sure/guess后的宾语从句的谓语动词形式确定。如:You must/may(might)be hungry now,?I am sure/guess that you are hungry now,arent you?You must/may(might)be hungry now,arent you?你现在一定/可能饿了,是吗?You must have heard about it,?I am sure that you have heard about it,ha

35、vent you?You must have heard about it,havent you?你一定听说过这件事了,是吗?You must have watched that football match last night,?I am sure that you watched that football match last night,didnt you?You must have watched that football match last night,didnt you?你昨晚一定看那场足球赛了,是吗?(陈述部分有表示过去的时间状语last night)(二)陈述部分含有u

36、sed to 的反意疑问句其反意疑问部分用 usednt或didnt均可。如:You used to sleep with the windows open,usednt/didnt you?你过去经常开着窗户睡觉,是吗?(三)陈述部分含有ought to的反意疑问句其反意疑问部分用oughtnt或shouldnt均可。如:He ought to attend the lecture,oughtnt/shouldnt he?他应该去听这个演讲,是吗?(四)陈述部分含有否定词或半否定词的反意疑问句当陈述部分带有seldom,hardly,scarcely,never,few,little,not

37、hing,nobody等否定词或半否定词时,反意疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。如:He could hardly walk without a stick,could he?没有拐杖他几乎不能走路,是吗?(五)如果陈述部分含有由表示“否定”意义的前缀构成的词,其反意疑问部分一般用否定形式。如:Tom dislikes playing tennis,doesnt he?汤姆不喜欢打网球,是吗?Its unfair,isnt it?那不公平,不是吗?(六)陈述部分含有宾语从句的反意疑问句1.当陈述部分带有宾语从句时,反意疑问部分常和主句的主谓保持一致。如:He said that he would c

38、ome to my birthday party,didnt he?他说他要来参加我的生日聚会,是吗?Tom doesnt believe Jane will succeed,does he?汤姆认为简不会成功,是吗?2.陈述部分的谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,guess,expect,imagine,且主句主语为第一人称时,反意疑问部分与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致。若主句为否定句,则将否定转移到宾语从句中。如:I dont believe he will succeed,will he?我认为他不会成功,会吗?(七)陈述部分为祈使句的反意疑问句祈使句后的反意疑问部分

39、不表示反意,而表示一种语气。其结构为:1.否定祈使句,+will you?2.肯定祈使句,+will/wont you?3.Lets.,+shall we?4.Let us.,+will you?5.Let+第三人称.,+will you?如:Open the door,will/wont you?打开门,好吗?Lets go out for a walk,shall we?我们出去散步,好吗?Let us go home now,will you?现在,(您)让我们回家,好吗?(八)there be句型的反意疑问句其反意疑问部分用be/情态动词/助动词+there。如:There will

40、be rain tomorrow,wont there?明天要下雨,是吗?There should be no problem,should there?应该没什么问题,是吗?(九)回答反意疑问句时应遵循的原则1.不管是陈述部分为否定,还是反意疑问部分为否定,回答时只看所提到的事情是否已/会发生。如果发生了,用肯定回答,否则用否定回答。如当对方问你You arent a teacher,are you?或You are a teacher,arent you?时,你只要听懂you和teacher两个单词即可,如果你是老师,回答Yes,I am.否则,回答No,I am not.2.要么肯定到底

41、,要么否定到底,不会出现类似于Yes,I dont.或No,I do.的形式。陈述部分主语反意疑问部分主语例句one(指人)one 或he, she One cant be careful enough,can she/he/one?一个人再小心也不为过,是吗?this,that或these,those it 或theyThis isnt a fast train,is it?这不是列快车,对吗?everything,anything,something,nothing it Nothing happened to him,did it?他没发生什么事,是吗?everyone,everybod

42、y,someone,somebody,no one,nobody,anyone,anybodyshe, he 或they(更常见)Nobody likes to be laughed at,没人愿意被嘲笑,是吗?(十)反意疑问部分的主语和陈述部分的主语在人称、数上保持一致的几种情况陈述部分主语反意疑问部分主语例句不定式、动名词、其他短语it Learning English well takes us a lot of time,doesnt it?学好英语要花费我们很多时间,对吗?续表题组训练完成下列句子You havent been here long,have you?No,I have

43、nt.I am a newcomer here.Neither you nor I have done such silly things,have we?What a long time weve been waiting,isnt it?Mrs.Black doesnt believe her son is able to design a digital camera,does she?It must have rained last night,didnt it?John told you that there wasnt anyone in the room at that time

44、,didnt heJohn,you mop the floor,will/wont you?Lets have a break,shall we?Mr.Smith,let us have a break,will you?There is no doubt about it,is there?考点三祈使句、感叹句和省略句一、祈使句(一)否定式和强调式Dont be so sure.别那么有把握。(否定式)Please dont forget to take your medicine.请不要忘了吃药。(否定式)Do come on time this evening.今晚务必准时到。(强调式)

45、Do be careful!千万要小心!(强调式)(二)带主语的祈使句1.为了加强语气或要特别指明向谁提出命令或要求时,需加主语“you”,有时还可同时加称呼语。如:Tom,you water the flowers!汤姆,你去浇花!2.命令或吩咐几个人分头做几件事情时,祈使句需带主语“you”,还可同时带称呼语。如:You,girls,clean the desks;you,boys,sweep the floor.你们,女生,擦桌子。你们,男生,打扫地板。3.在表达“不高兴,厌烦”等情绪时,可带主语“you”。如: You mind your own business!你少管闲事!4.祈使

46、句的主语除了用“you”外,还可用“everybody,everyone,somebody,someone”等,它们可以放在句末。如:Be quiet,everyone!大家静下来!(三)祈使句+and+陈述句=If.,+主句祈使句+or+陈述句=If.not.,+主句如:Work hard and you will succeed.(=If you work hard,you will succeed.)努力学习,你就会成功。Hurry up or we will be late.(=If we dont hurry up,we will be late.)快点儿,否则我们就迟到了。题组训练

47、句型转换Work hard and you will be admitted to a key university.If you work hard,you will be admitted to a key university.If you dont hurry up,you will be late for the bus.Hurry up or you will be late for the bus.二、感叹句(一)基本构成形式1.What(+a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!2.How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!3.How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!What

48、 a clever boy he is!=How clever the boy is!多聪明的男孩啊!What beautiful flowers these are!=How beautiful these flowers are!这些花多美啊!What sweet water it is!这水可真甜呀!How high the mountain is!这山真高呀!How fast he is running!他跑得真快!(二)省略形式的感叹句1.how直接修饰谓语动词:How+主语+谓语!如:How(much)we love our motherland!我们多么热爱我们的祖国呀!2.省略

49、主语和谓语。如:How wonderful(it is)!真棒!(三)其他形式的感叹句。如:How can you be so silly!你怎么这么傻!The design and the colours!多美的图案和色彩啊!To sell such a suit as that to a millionaire!竟然要把这样一套衣服卖给一个百万富翁!题组训练用what或how填空What an interesting book it is!Howinteresting a book it is!What interesting books they are!Whatdelicious fo

50、od I had!Howkind of you to help!HowI wish I were a bird!三、省略句(一)定语从句中的省略现象限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略。如:Where is the book(which)I bought this morning?我今天上午买的那本书在哪里?(二)状语从句中的省略现象1.当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致,且从句中含be动词时,可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词,这时从句中可出现如下结构:(1)连词(as)+名词As(he was)a student,he worked very hard.当

51、他是学生的时候,他学习非常努力。(2)连词(though,if,when)+形容词Work hard when(you are)young,or youll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。(3)连词(as if,while)+介词短语He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他四处张望,好像在找什么东西。(4)连词(when,while,though)+现在分词While(I was)walking along the street,I heard my name called.走在街上的时候,我听见有人叫我的名字。(5)连词(when,if,even if,unless,once,until,than,as)+过去分词The exhibition is more inte