Chapter-5-Verbal-Intercultural-Communication大学英语跨文化交际-教学课件

1、大学英语跨文化交际Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication大学英语跨文化交际 教学课件 黑龙江大学外语部大学英语跨文化交际Chapter 5 An idiom The sum of human wisdom is not contained in any one language, and no single language is capable of expressing all forms and degrees of human comprehension. Ezra PoundAn idiom The sum of human wiLe

2、arning ObjectivesIn this chapter, students will learn how to:Understand the definition of verbal communication; Describe the relation between language and culture;Summarize the verbal communication styles;Understand the meaning of language diversity;Relate language variation to language use and lang

3、uage user;Distinguish dialects, sociolects, pidgin, lingua franca, taboo, euphemism and jargon;Compare written communication patterns.Learning ObjectivesIn this chaChapter-5-Verbal-Intercultural-Communication大学英语跨文化交际-教学课件Chapter-5-Verbal-Intercultural-Communication大学英语跨文化交际-教学课件CASE 25Success Story

4、This case can reflect different communication stylesdirect and indirect styles. The direct and indirect styles differ in the extent to which communicators reveal their intentions through their tone of voice and the straightforwardness of their message. In the direct verbal style, statements clearly

5、reveal the speakers intentions. In the indirect verbal style, verbal statements tend to hide the speakers actual intention. The speakers verbal style reflects his or her cultural and personal value. In this case, Mary and Ms. Goshima had very different communication styles. Marys tended to be direct

6、 while Ms Goshima tended to be indirect. Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question. Ms. Goshima, however, was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question. Thus c

7、ame the communicative problem.CASE 25Success StoryThis caseText A Significance of Verbal CommunicationWhat is verbal intercultural communication?verbal “consisting of words”verbal communication using language, spoken or writtenVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cul

8、tural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language. Text A Significance of VerbaWe use words tocommunicate with the outside world.share the past.exercise some control over the present.form images of the future. We use words to persuade, to exchange ideas, to express views, to seek infor

9、mation, and to express feelings.Language is important; it has the singnificant influence on human behaviors. By words the mind winged.We use words to By words thText B Language and CultureIn Chinese 房子In English houseIn Spanish case In Thai ban We name the same object differently and words are diffe

10、rent in various languages. Text B Language and CultureInHere we should know:The relation between word and its meaning is arbitrary.Words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context. Translate the next sentence, please. One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boy

11、s no boy. 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。 Here we should know:1.Sapir-Whorf HypothesisThe theory holds that the structure of a language affects the perceptions of reality of its speakers and thus influences their thought patterns and worldviews.Later, the hypothesis was divided into two parts. 1.Sapir-Whor

12、f HypothesisThe thlinguistic determinist interpretationLanguage structure controls thoughts and cultural norms. linguistic relativity interpretationCulture is controlled by and controls language. E.g. In Arabic, the camel plays significant roles in peoples life, so there are more than 40 words for “

13、camel”. Nothing is more important than rice to the Chinese, so we have expressions like “人是铁，饭是钢” and “铁饭碗”. linguistic determinist interpr2. Language as a Reflection of the Environment Language reflects the environment in which we live and we label the things that are around us. E.g., people in the

14、 Amazon area do not have a word for snow. Most Americans use terms such as snow, powder snow, sleet, slush, blizzard, and ice. The environment influences the development of technology, produces and the appropriate vocabulary. E.g., cultures in tropical climates will not develop heating systems.2. La

15、nguage as a Reflection of3. Language as a Reflection of ValuesLanguage reflects cultural values. E.g. Time does not play a role in Navajo life. As a result, the Navajos do not have the differentiated vocabulary connected with time and clocks. Time and the passing of time are things one cant control;

16、 therefore, one should not worry about wasting time and setting schedules.3. Language as a Reflection of Here, we should pay attention to one problem in dealing with people from other cultures is that we translate concepts from a foreign language and culture with words that fit our expectations.E.g.

17、, businessmen in the United States are typically frustrated with the maana mentality of Spanish speaking countries: They said tomorrow, but they did not mean it.” For Americans “tomorrow” means midnight to midnight, a very precise time period. To Mexicans, in contrast, maana means in the future, soo

18、n. Translate the next sentence, please. The cattle go to the river to drink in the red blood period. 日出时，牛儿到河边喝水. Here, we should pay attenti4. The Meaning of Words Sometimes different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings. The results can be humorous, annoying, or costly,

19、 depending on the circumstances.Eg. For the American, “administration” in the university context means department chair or dean. For the French, “administration” means upper-level clerical staff.4. The Meaning of Words SomeText C Verbal Communication Styles Culture influences the style of communicat

20、ion at great levelandthe communication style is concerned with the use of language.1. Direct and Indirect Styles2. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement Styles3. Elaborate, Exacting and Succinct Styles4. Personal and Contextual Styles5. Instrumental and Affective StylesText C Verbal Communication 1.D

21、irect and Indirect Styles In the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speakers intentions. E.g., U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request. In the indirect verbal style, verbal statements tend to hide the speakers actual intentions. E.g., Chinese tend to ask for a fa

22、vor in a more roundabout and implicit way. 1.Direct and Indirect Styles 2. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement Verbal Styles The self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about ones accomplishments and abilities. The self-effacement verbal style, on the other hand, emphasi

23、zes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints, hesitations and modest talk. Eg. In the classified ads, American ad might begin with, “A handsome, athletic male with a good sense of humor seeks a fun-loving partner” While, Japanese ad might read, “Although I am not very good-looking, I

24、m willing to try my best.”2. Self-Enhancement and Self-Comparing the differences in the pictureComparing the differences in t3. Elaborate, Exacting and Succinct StylesAn elaborate style emphasizes flashy and embellished language. This style of communication can be seen in many Arab, Middle Eastern,

25、and Afro-American cultures. An exacting style, where persons say no more or less than is needed, is used by Americans. They tend to prefer an exacting style of interactions consistent with a “Just the facts” mentality. A succinct style is characterized by the use of concise statements, understatemen

26、ts, and even silence. A succinct style can be found in Japan, China, and some Native American cultures.3. Elaborate, Exacting and Suc4. Personal and Contextual StyleThe personal communication style emphasizes the individual identity of the speaker. It stresses “personhood” and relies on the use of p

27、ronouns in sentence construction. Eg. English has only one form for the second person, that is, you. The contextual style highlights ones role identity and status. In such cultures, the social context dictates word choice, especially personal pronouns. Eg. Chinese, German and French, for example, ha

28、ve informal and formal forms of the pronoun you (你/您; du/Sie; tu/vous). 4. Personal and Contextual Sty5. Instrumental and Affective StyleAn instrumental verbal style is sender-based and goal-outcome based. The instrumental speaker uses communication to achieve some goal or outcome. Instrumental mess

29、ages often are constructed to persuade and influence others and to maintain ones face. The burden of understanding often rests with the speaker. The speaker carefully chooses and organizes his or her messages in order to be understood by the audience. 5. Instrumental and Affective An affective commu

30、nication style is receiver and process oriented. The affective speaker is concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication, but with the process. The responsibility of understanding rests with both the speaker and the listener. Affective speakers carefully watch for the reactions of their

31、 listener.5. Instrumental and Affective StyleAn affective communication styText D Language Diversity SOCIOLINGUISTICS DEALS WITH THE INTER-RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY.Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the u

32、ses and users of language and the social structures.Text D Language Diversity LANGUAGE VARIATION1. VARIATION ACCORDING TO THE LANGUAGE USERDialects geographical originSociolects social status 2. VARIATION ACCORDING TO THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF COMMUNICATION (USE)Pidgin / Lingua Franca political statusTab

33、oo / Euphemism social acceptanceJargon technical vocabularyLANGUAGE VARIATION1. VARIATION1 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USER(1) Dialects A dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people.GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONNATIONAL DIALECTS (A

34、mE, BrE, AusE);REGIONAL DIALECTS (IrishE, ScottishE);LOCAL DIALECTS (London; Boston).WHAT ARE DIALECTS?DIALECTS1 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USERHere are some examples Take the lift to the first floor. Stop by the gas station.DIALECTS REFER TO DIFFERENCES IN VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR ACCENTS REFER TO PHONOL

35、OGICAL AND PHONETIC DISTINCTIONSHere are some examples Take t1 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USER（2）Socialects Some people consider a social dialect referring to a particular social class. THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND OF SPEAKERS IS IMPORTANT.VARIATION ACCORDING TO CLASS, EDUCATION, AGE, SEX.ACCENT IS AN IMPORTAN

36、T MARKER OF SOCIOLECT.WHAT ARE SOCIOLECTS?“Received Pronunciation”1 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USERHere are some examplesShut up / please be quietGet out / please leave the roomDEGREES OR LEVELS OF FORMALITY:FROZEN, FORMAL, CONSULTATIVE, CASUAL, INTIMATE (Martin Joos)Here are some examplesShut up2 VARIA

37、TION ACCORDING TO USE(1) Pidgin and Lingua Franca A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages for restricted purposes. First, they have no native speakers. Second, the linguistic and grammatical structure of pidgin languages is always simple and based on one or two other la

38、nguages.WHAT IS A PIDGIN?TradingColonializationTWO CHARACTERISTICS OF PIDGIN2 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE(When a pidgin language begins to acquire native speakers and becomes the permanent language of a region, it is called a Creole.FEATURES lack cultural potential; undervalved; inadequately understo

39、od. A Lingua Franca is used for communication purposes between different groups of people, each speaking a different language. It is highly valued, compared with a pidgin.WHAT IS A CREOLE?WHAT IS A LINGUA FRANCA?2 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE(2) Creole and Lingua FrancaWhen a pidgin language begins WH

40、AT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PIDGIN AND LINGUA FRANCA?INTERNATIONALMEANS OFCOMMUNICATIONLOCAL MEANS OFCOMMUNICATION;MIXED LANGUAGELong time no seeEmailWHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE INTERNA2 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE(3) Taboo and EuphemismTaboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avo

41、ided because they are often offensive and impolite.Euphemism is its linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the offensive and disturbing vocabulary.WHAT IS TABOO?WHAT IS EUPHEMIS?2 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE(Sth that is prohibited by the “polite” society. Obscene, profane, and swear words. Lin

42、guistic taboo originates from social taboo. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TABOO AND EUPHEMISM?The existence of taboo words generates the creation of euphemisms. These expressions are intended to avoid unpleasant or offensive words. Sth that is prohibited by the 2 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE(4) Jargo

43、n It refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law.WHAT IS JARGON?MEDIA JARGONreporter; journalist; proofreader; editor; typesetters; printers; script; headline; publish; title; letter; column; articleLEGAL JARGONcounsel; plaintiff; lawyer; evidence; defence; accusation; judge; criminal; lawsuit; interrogation; sentence; deeds; alibi2 VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE(Text E Cultural Influence on Written Communication Culture has some unavoidable impact on written communication. Its important for i