08人机工程学中英文资料外文翻译文献

1、08 人机工程学中英文资料外文翻译文献人机工程学中英文资料外文翻译文献外文文献翻译译稿 1可用性和期望值来自WillliamS.Green,PatrickW.Jorda.品的愉悦：超越可用性根据人机工程学会（HFES）的观点，人机工程学着眼于“发现和共享可用 力学和人体测量所关注的内容，实际上它是从更广泛的意义上的一种对人（产品用户）的全面和综合的理解。HFES是人体测量、复杂信息的解释和管理，以及在部队和装备调配中应用的系统分析。系统分析在尺度和复杂性方面跨度很大，大的系统分析有类似于诺曼底登陆准备的大型系统规划，小到去理解如何从合理性和规模的角度才最佳的布置20在战后，随着公司及其产品在尺

2、度、领域和复杂性方面的增长，很多系统1957工程协会（HFES）的建立，但人机研究的起源可以追溯到大批量生产方式的成型阶段，是当时提高生产效率的要求。随着工作方式从手工生产和农业生产中的转移，新的工厂工作的概念逐步发展起来。福特的流水生产线和泰勒的效率理论开始对生产的规划和教育产生影响。即使在家庭生活中，妇女们也开始接20并探索人的情感和认知因素。HFES现在已经有很多新的趋势，开始改变公司试图了解他们用户的需求、要求和愿望的方式。很多公司使用群体文化学方法作为在产品开发的早期阶段的一种研究工具。群体文化学的方法出自于文化人类学，是应用在产品研究领域的一种定型研究的方法。事实证明这些方法在市场

3、调研的早期阶段和帮助产品开发团队发展可以进一步将其转化为人们所追求的造型和功能特征的可执行性见解等方面都十分有效。人机工程学发生变化的第二个原因是对于品牌管理的关注。很多公司认识到赋予产品一个很强的品牌形象是一种很明显的竞争优势。SchmittSimonson价值，以及为什么产品的各个方面清晰的、始终如一的传达给用户。一个成功的品牌有一系列不同因素构成，能创造出市场中的完整形象，包裹外观和产品功能、名称、广告、价格和用户感知的价值。通过从更广的角度透视有关人的特性的因素，这种人及研究的新方向探讨了一个公司的核心价值如何能与其用户的生活方式目标联系在一起。比如，哈雷戴维森已经是一个世界上最强有力

4、的品牌形象之一，他将标识、核心产品（摩托车）和补充性的生活方式产品（服饰和装饰品）与他们用户的生活方式融合在一起。甚至连哈雷摩托车所发出的声音也是他们品牌形象的一部分。人机工程研究发生变化的另一个原因是交互设计发展的结果。交互设计基于人机交互（HumanComputerInteraction， HCI，是人机工程研究的一个新领域，人们认识到有必要跨越软件和硬件的界 限创造新的人性化的互动产品。而且，很明显，完全量化的研究方法不足以解决问题。群体文化学的研究已经成为人与计算机交互（HCI）研究的一部分，研究人员可以更好的了解人们在工作和娱乐中如何需要和使用计算机（以及计算机如何结合工作和娱乐。尽

5、管人机工程专业研究人员主要来自于系统工程、生理学、认知心理学的专业人士和教师构成，但这个领域的起源和表现形式都很广泛。在近一个世纪的时间里，广告、市场、工业设计、视觉传达设计、建筑和娱乐产业都应用不同的人机工程来帮助他们定义相关的参数，评估产品成功与否。虽然这些领域的研究不可能不够正规，并且缺乏传播和交流的研究方法的专业杂志和论坛等渠道，但近年来提取用户行为模式和喜好的方法被认为是对工业和研究领域息息相关，而且是至关重要的。这些领域的关于人机工程的新观点触及界定人的特性2001效的人机因素”作为主题。会议得到了国际人机工程协会的支持，并且尝试把产品的可用性和被渴求性（用户的期望值）两方面结合起

6、来。1Usability and DesirabilityFrom: Willliam S.Green, Patrick W.Jordan. Pleasure With Products: Beyond UsabilityAccordingtofileHumanFactorsErgonomicsSociety(HFES),thedisciplineof human factors focuses on the “discovery and exchange of knowledge concerning the characteristics of human beings that are

7、applicable to the design of systems and devices of all kinds.” What is often thought of as a focused approach in biomechanicsandanthropometricsisactuallyamuchbroaderunderstandingof whoandwhatapersonis.Asyouwilllearninthissection,therearemanyother members of the product development team, beyond human

8、 factors specialists, whoareinterestedinthecharacteristicsofhumanbeingsandtheirrelationship to systems and devices.TheHFESevolvedfromthesystemsanalysisconductedbythemilitaryduring WWII.Thethreemaintypesofresearchwereand managingcomplexinformation,andsystemsanalysisinthedeploymentof troops and equipm

9、ent. The systems analysis varied in scale andcomplexity, rangingfromthelarge-scalesystemsplanningusedinpreparingtheinvasionof Normandytotheunderstandingofhowtobestplaceandequippersonnelfroman aptitude and size point of view. The D-Day invasion is one of the complex events of the 20th century. It req

10、uired a scale of logistical organization ofmenandmaterialthatwasunknownpriortothebeginningofthewar.Ata smallerscale,therangeofequipmentandmilitaryassignmentsmeant understandinghowtoorganize,train,andassignmilitarypersonneltomakethe most of their aptitude and body type. Soldiers had to be trained qui

11、ckly and effectively to use and maintain the vast array of war technology developed during WWII. There were size limitations for pilots, submariners，anddrivers.Thedevelopmentofcomplexnewequipmentrequired finding the best personnelwiththerighttrainingfornavigators,cryptographers,codebreakers, radar a

12、nd sonar operators, and bomber pilots andcrew.Afterthewar,aspost-warcompaniesandtheproductstheyproducedgrewin size,scope,andcomplexity,manyofthesystemsanalystsfoundopportunitiesin thecommercialsector.Whilethispost-warfocusgaverisetotheformationof HFES in 1957, the early origins of human factors can

13、be traced back to the developmentofmassproductionandtheneedtoimproveefficiencyin production. As the nature of work shifted away from craft production and agrarianlabor,newconceptsforworkinginfactoriesevolved.TheFord assembly 1ine and Taylors theories of efficiency started to have an effect on the pl

14、anning of the nature of work and education, and even in home economics, wherewomenwereinstructedtoorganizeandplantheirhomesaroundmodem principlesofdomesticmanagement.Attheendofthe20thcentury,thereisa much broader concept of human factors emergingThis new version is in responsetotherecognizedneedfora

15、deeper insight into customers patterns of behavior.Itisstartingtoinvolvequalitativeresearchmethodsandtoexplore emotionalaswellascognitiveissuesinhumanfactors.TheHFEShasavarietyof technical groups, including aging cognitive engineering and decision making, environmentaldesign,individualdifferences,in

16、dustrialergonomics,medical systemsandrehab,macroeconomics,safety,andvisualperformance.Currently, however, most research in the discipline of human factors focuses on usability, not on desire.There are anumberofnewtrends thatare beginningtochangethecompaniesattempttoknowtheircustomersandtheirneeds,wa

17、nts,anddesires.Many companies are using ethnography as a research tool in early stages of productdevelopment.Ethnographictechniquesarequalitativeprocessesthat takemethodsfromculturalanthropologyandapplythemtothefieldofproduct research. Thesetechniquesare proving tobevaluablein early phasesmarketinga

18、ndinhelpingproductteamsdeveloptheactionableinsightsneedtotranslateintothestyleandfeaturesthatpeoplearelookingfor.Asecond reason this is changing is the result of the new locus on brand management. Manycompaniesrealizethatgivingaproductastrongbrandidentityisaclear competitive advantage. The book Mark

19、etingAesthetiy Schmitt and Simonson describesthevalueofavisualidentitysystemandhowallaspectsofaproduct must communicate clearly and consistently withcustomers.A successful brand createsaGestaltimageinthemarketformedfromavarietyoffactors,which includethelookandfeaturesoftheproduct,thename,theadvertis

20、ing,theprice, and the perceived value to the customer, By taking a broader view of whatit means to factor the characterization of humans, this new category of humanfactors explores how a companys core values call connect with the lifestylegoalsofitscustomers.HarleyDavidsonhascreatedoneofthemost powe

21、rful brand identifiesintheworld,whichmergesthelogo,coreproduct(motorcycle),and complementarylifestyleproducts(clothingandgear)withthewaytheir customerswanttolivetheirlives.EventhenoiseaHarleymakesispartofthe brand.Anotherreasonthestudyofhumanfactorsischangingisasaresultofemergence of interaction des

22、ign. Interaction design is a new area in human factorsresearchandisbasedonhuman-computerinteraction(HCI).Thisgroup recognizesthatthereisaneedtocreatemorehumaneinteractiveproductsthat cross hardware and software boundaries. It is also clear that quantitative research is not enough to solve these prob

23、lems alone. Ethnographic research has becomeapartofHCIresearchsothat researcherscanbetterunderstandhow people use and need computing in work and play (and how computers are integrating work andplay).While the human factors discipline is comprised primarily of professionals and faculty from thefields

24、of systems engineering，physiology，and cognitive psychology, both the origins and current manifestations of the field are far broader.Fornearlyacenturyadvertising,marketing,industrialdesign, communicationdesign,architecture,andtheentertainmentindustryhaveallused a variation of human factors to help t

25、o define the parameters and evaluate thesuccessoftheirproducts.Althoughtheseotherfieldsmayhavelackedthe formalresearchandforumfordisseminationoftheirmethodsthroughacademic journals，recentlytheirmethodsforabstractingbehavioralmodelsandlikesand dislikes of their customers have found important relevanc

26、e in industry and research.Thenewerviewofhumanfactorsbythoseinthefieldreachesoutto this view of what it means to characterize and interface with the human. A humanfactors/ergonomicsconferenceheldinSingaporeintheSummerof2001 used the term “Affective Human Factors” as the theme. The conference was end

27、orsedbytheInternationalErgonomicsSocietyandwasanattempttobridge the two schools of thought about usability anddesirability.外文文献翻译译稿设计困难与乐趣来 自 Pierre-Henridejean简介市场运作的也验证这个理论。在本文中，我们讨论的一些情况下设计的易用性和使用乐趣。目的是要表明的其重要性，以使用乐趣作为出发点，而不是仅仅为了使用，同时最大限度地提高产品的可用性。基于一些实际的例子，分析问题之间的联系，探究可用性和使用乐趣。事实上，这种现象存在一定的矛盾，其中

28、一个明确的关系是可用性和使用的困难。困难和乐趣的关系朴素和简单的快乐我们一些通过法国工业部进行了的试验研究表明，经验往往是在一定程度上困扰的整个概念的发展。事实上，这误导甚至包括最人们日常让简单法语。（简单的想法（简单的快乐）并不是非常讨人喜欢的。最后，聪明的人们找到简单的解决办法，但条件是他们要客服困难或复杂的问题。这同样是非常宝贵的，一个人能够选择最有效的产品或最简单而有效的方法。另一方面是质量，谁会在选择产品的时候忽略这些呢。所有的是从设计出发，而不是用户：这点就忽视可用性。困难和快乐比赛往往根据其激烈程度决定其而受到欢迎。你甚至可以谈论兴奋度来如果的困难是寻求在游戏本身所提供的服务项目

29、，以某种方式，简化和设施的赞赏中获得的服务;这就是说，设立游戏在指示开始了游戏技术方面的运作，正在尽可能容易寻求后，才达到实现这一目的而获得一种快感。以同样的方式， 在许多活动中，增加知识，技能或灵巧是首选的其难度。据分析有两种快乐： 学习，只有结果和在过程中，但更重要的是结果。对于业余厨师，获取诀窍可能是首选的结果。研究人员的难题，寻找适用的办法是，或所需的设备建立自己的实验，同样如果不是更多的乐趣，获得的结果，他已经或多或少的预期。力量和优越性基本思路。压缩困难也没有时间限制。信息安全，例如适用于这种态度。在这里阐述的一个程序是 首选的方法过于简单。不可理解的诊断，而是一个长期的基础上的解

30、释，成为 放心就麻烦担心。对于一些人是医学太愉快会导致怀疑上升到其效率。认真和 严谨方面成为一个因素的信誉，因此非常高兴。在布局招待会银行的代理人是 非常敏感的话题，将给予客户一个严重的印象，它甚至可能会走得那样远，造他的客户更加放心，从而使他工作更容易。我们注意认识到可用性的重要性，如果造成社会问题，如失业率增加目前的生态问题表现出的倾向这个方向，甚至可能导致积极的，图清洗和打捞废品本身并不愉快的活动，即使感觉有尊重自然和生态方面的问题，既是一个基本的趋势和解决一个的方案，赚钱对股市可能会阻碍他的不道德方面的资金使用情况，从而获得这种思维方式，在美国建立道德基金使投资者放心，他的储蓄不放置在

31、支持的项目，他认为是.While而技术进步摧毁一些灾难性的后果，很高兴这些，低热量的健康食品有助于赞赏良好的食物，同时又不造成的健康问题。意义的药物导致高兴而可能被认为是效率低下。处理乐趣和产品设计的困难我们已经看到，乐趣在使用并不总是与可用性联系在一起.那是在困难的情况下使用可提高趣味性的互动，例如通过提高用户的自尊，显然，文化层面应该在这里表达的，以及在其他部分产品（ Dejean1999）文化方面遇到困难和乐趣不同的探索应该是取得了文化价值的一定的困难;文化态度与 与“黑匣子”的产品可能是非常简单的，因为用户并不需要弄懂如何在实际工作，怎样解决产品出现问题，那么用户可能根本不知道如何正确

32、的，这是他或她将不会了解这一过程背后的方式，该产品适用于其他手握玻璃瓶装产品。凡用户更多地参与这一进程可能需要更多的努力去学习。一旦解决了这些用户将能够理解运作的产品和可以拿出一些创新性的解决办法应该发生的问题，他们从某种意义上说，已授权通过后作出的额外努力学习如何使用产品放在首位。在科学的方法，从而在非常接近的问题，其复杂性增加了其学习的乐趣！外文文献翻译原稿Difficulties and Pleasure？From:PIERRE-HENRIDEJEANINTRODUCTIONThereisageneraltendencytobelievethatdifficultiespreventpl

33、easure.For all work carried out on usability, marketing pleads implicitly for thisthesis, without, however, defending it. In this paper we shall discuss a number of contextsofuseinwhichusabilityandpleasureareinoppositiontoeachother.Theaimistoshowtheimportanceofpleasure-basedasopposedusability-baseda

34、pproachestoproductdesign,inordertomaximizethequalityofuser experience.Thestartingpointisbasedonsomepracticalexamples,wherecontextcircumstancesthrowintoquestionthelinkbetweenusabilityandpleasureinuse. Indeed,caseswillbehighlightedinwhichthereisaclearlinkbetweenusability and difficulty inuse.RELATIONS

35、HIP BETWEEN DIFFICULTIES AND PLEASURESimplicity and simple pleasureSome of our research, carried out for French Ministry of Industry, has shownthatthereisoftenadegreeofstigmaattachedtothewholeconceptof simplicity.Indeed,thisstigmatizationofsimplicityiseveninherentintheFrench language. The meaning of

36、 the words easy-comfortable and easy-going are associated with the concept without merit, and the expressions simple dispirit (simple minded) and plaisir facile (simple pleasure) are not very flattering for the people they referto.Finally, and more concretely, there is genius in the ability to find

37、simplesolutions,ontheconditionthattheydonotdevaluedifficultorcomplexproblems. Itislikewiseveryvaluablethatapersonisabletoselecteitherthemostefficient productorthemostsimpleandefficientmethod.Ontheotherhand,thequality ofthepersonwhochoosesthisproductormethodwillbedisregarded.Allthe honourgoestothedes

38、ignerandnottotheuser:thefirstambiguityofusability.Difficulty and pleasureGamesareoftenappreciatedaccordingtotheirdegreeofdifficulty.mighteventalkaboutanincreasingpleasureparalleltothelevelofdifficulty. Thereare,however,somenuancestobetakenintoconsideration.Inthecaseof electronicgamesforinstance,ifth

39、edifficultyissoughtafterinthegameitself-the serviceprovidedbytheprojectinsomeway-simplicityandfacilityare appreciatedintheaccesstotheservice;thatistosay,thesettingupofthegame.Whereasintheinstructionsforstartingupthegame-thetechnicalsideofthe operation-beingaseasyaspossibleissoughtafter.Theinterfaces

40、,thedirections for use, are developed for thispurpose.Inthesameway,inmanyactivities,theincreaseinknowledge,skillsdexterityispreferredforthelevelofdifficultytheiracquisitionrepresents.By analysisthereare towkindsofpleasure:learningwhereonly theresultcountsand acquisition where the process is more imp

41、ortant than the result.Fortheamateurcook,acquiringtheknackmightbepreferredtotheresult. For theresearcherthepuzzlethatthesearch fortheapplicablerepresents,ortheequipmentneededforsettinguphisexperiments,isequallyif not more pleasurable that obtaining the result that he had already more or less anticip

42、ated.Power and superiorityDifficulty is accepted in the case where the effort provides a power or a superioritycomparedtooneselforothers.Forinstanceifitisdifficulttolearn howtohandleanancientinstrumentlikeasextant,aviolin,on celearntitisa greatpleasuretopractice.Theideaofthebenefitoftheeffortmade,th

43、efeeling of qualitative differentiation, must be linked to thisfact.The phenomena is already possible to observe in games or activities for amateurs, but takes on a very different dimension in professional life.The monopoly on know-howor ability constitutes a power that creates difficulties for many

44、 people. On another level but in the same vein, cultural enrichmentcanbeexperiencedasbeingapleasure.Thefeelingofcompetenceis valorizing. In studies of usability we have noted two attitudes this fact. The refusal or distrust in relation to systems which are too simple or too automatic, causepeopletob

45、eafraidoflosingtheircompetence.Theimmediateconsequence inthecontextofacountryverysimplifiedkindofjobmightbedonebyanyone.Indeed, was this not one of Taylors fundamental thoughts?Reassuring difficultiesIncertaincircumstances,simplicitycancreatefear.Thisisthecasewhen forinstanceactionsinvolvehighstakes

46、andthereisnotimelimit.Thesecurityof information,forexample,appliestothisattitude.Hereanelaboratedprocedure is preferred to an approach which is too simple.Acomprehensiblediagnosis,butonebasedonlongexplanations,becomes reassuringinrelationtoatroublesomeworry.Forsomepeoplemedicinewhichis too pleasant

47、will cause doubts to rise as to itsefficiency.Theseriousandrigorousaspectbecomesafactorofcredibilityandhenceof pleasure. Inthelayout ofbankreceptionstheagents are verysensitiveaestheticsthatwillgivethecustomersaseriousimpression;itmightevengoasfarascausinganimpressionofausterity.Withsuchadecoration,

48、thebankerworkwithgreaterpleasurefeelingmorecredibleinrelationtohis/hercustomers thusmoreatease,whichwillinturnmakehis/her,workeasier.Fatigue and pleasureTiredbuthappy!Thisistheexpressioncorrespondingtoasatisfactionwhich hasdemandedquitedealofphysicalorintellectualeffort.Hereaswell,personal investmen

49、tandpleasureareharmoniouslyunited.Topreventpleasurebeing replacedbystress,itis,however, mostimportantthatthedemandsavailabilityoftimeandmindarestrong.Thefeelingofsatisfactioninrelationto theresultobtainedmightberelatedtotheeffortmadetoobtainthisresult.For manypeoplesportsgivesatisfactionbythephysica

50、leffortmadetoobtainresult.Formanypeoplesportsgivesatisfactionbythephysicaleffortmorethan thelevelofperformanceinitself,theimportantaspectistoMarathonswhichhaveincreasedinnumberincitiesallovertheworldisagood example ofthis.Ethics and pleasureWe have placed religious as well as non-religious considera

51、tions in category,theseconcernsystemsofvalueacceptedbythesocialgroupswhich have multiplied across the modernworld.We have observed that usability was badly regarded if it caused social problemssuchasincreasingunemploymentThecurrentecologicalproblemsare showingtendenciesinthis directionandcanevenlead

52、toactiveintervention Cleaningandthesalvageofwasteproductsarenotinthemselvespleasurable activitieseventhoughthefeelingofhavingrespectednaturecanexist Progress inecologicalproblemsinethicaltermsisbothabasictendencyandanelementof solutionThepleasureofearningmoneyonthestockmarketmighthethwartedby the im

53、moral aspect of the utilization of the funds thus gained This way of thinkinghasleadtothecreationofethicalfundsinthetheinvestorassuredthathissavingsarenotplacedinthesupportofprojectsthatinhisview areimmoralOnthecontraryWhilegainingcapitalhewillfeelapleasurein contributing to stocks that support sust

54、ainable development Different religions havedecreedrulesforbiddingcertainpleasureslikegreedandlust，whereastechnologicalprogresshasdestroyedsomeofthedisastrousconsequencesof these pleasure. The specializedlow-caloriehealth foodProducts contribute to theappreciationofgoodfoodwithoutcreatinghealthproblems.SomepeoplefeelacertainpleasureinthepunishmentsafflictedtoMorecommonlyandInaratherlaysenseamedicationthatleadstopleasure could be suspected of beingine