2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国艺术研究院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号42

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国艺术研究院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

HewasazealoussupporterofourplanandcleanedupthehallfortheChristmasparty.

问题1选项

A.enthusiastic

B.concerted

C.gigantic

D.dedicated

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。根据句意：他是我们计划的……支持者，并且为圣诞晚会把大厅打扫干净了。zealous意为“热情的，积极的”。A选项enthusiastic“热情的”；B选项concerted“协调的”；C选项gigantic“巨大的，庞大的”；D选项dedicated“专注的，献身的”。选项A符合语境。

2.单选题

ItisunderstoodthatthefilmingofLegendsisalmostcompleteandthefilmisnot（）tobedelayed.

问题1选项

A.easy

B.available

C.possible

D.likely

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。根据句意：据了解，《传奇》的拍摄工作已经基本完成，不可能会推迟。benotlikelyto是固定用法，意为“不可能”，所以选项D正确。

3.单选题

Adversecircumstancescompelledhimtoclosehisbusiness.

问题1选项

A.unfamiliar

B.local

C.unfavorable

D.good

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。句意：……环境迫使他关闭了生意。A选项unfamiliar“不熟悉的，没有经验的”；B选项local“当地的，局部的”；C选项unfavorable“不利的，不宜的”；D选项good“好的”。根据下文的“closehisbusiness”可知，肯定是不好的环境导致他停业，adverse意为“不利的”，选项C与之意思相近。

4.单选题

AlandingonMarsiswithinthe（）ofcurrentphysicaltheory.

问题1选项

A.scheme

B.scope

C.scrap

D.scale

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项scheme“计划，诡计”；B选项scope“范围，视野”；C选项scrap“碎片，残余物”；D选项scale“规模，比例”。句意：在火星上着陆在目前物理理论的范围之内。选项B符合语境。

5.单选题

Itispossiblethatnature,likesomemastermusician,（）onoccasion,departingfromtheexpectedorpredictable.

问题1选项

A.repeats

B.improvises

C.ornaments

D.harmonizes

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项repeat“重复”；B选项improvise“即兴创作”；C选项ornament“装饰，修饰”；D选项harmonize“协调，使和谐”。句意：有可能，大自然就像一些音乐大师，有时会即兴发挥，偏离预期或预测。结合上下文可知，选项B符合语境。

6.单选题

Therehavebeenseveralattemptstointroducegayercolorsandstylesinmen’sclothing,butnoneofthem（）.

问题1选项

A.hascaughton

B.hascaughthimout

C.hascaughtup

D.takeroots

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项原形是catchon“理解，明白，变得流行”；B选项原形是catchout“发现……有错误”；C选项原形是catchup“赶上”；D选项takeroots“生根，扎根”。句意“曾有几次尝试在男装中引入更鲜艳的颜色和风格，但都没有流行起来”。选项A符合语境。

7.单选题

Nopoemshouldeverbediscussedor“analyzed”,untilithasbeenreadaloudbysomeone,teacherorstudent.Betterstill,perhaps,isthepracticeofreadingittwice,onceatthebeginningofthediscussionandonceattheend,sothesoundofthepoemisthelastthingonehearsofit.

Alldiscussionsofpoetryare,infact,preparationsforreadingitaloud,andthereadingofthepoemis,finally,themosttelling“interpretation”ofit,suggestingtone,rhythm,andmeaningallatonce.Hearingapoetreadtheworkinhisorherownvoice,onrecordsoronfilms,isobviouslyaspecialreward.Buteventhoseaidstoteachingcannotreplacethestudentandteacherreadingitor,bestofall,recitingit.

Ihavecometothink,infact,thattimespentreadingapoemaloudismuchmoreimportantthan“analyzing”it,ifthereisn’ttimeforboth.IthinkoneofourgoalsasteachersofEnglishistohavestudentslovepoetry.Poetryis“acriticismoflife”,and“aheighteningoflife”.Itis“anapproachtothetruthoffeeling”,andit“cansaveyourlife”.Italsodeservesaplaceintheteachingoflanguageandliteraturemorecentralthanitpresentlyoccupies.

IamnotsayingthateveryEnglishteachermustteachpoetry.Thosewhodon’tlikeitshouldnotbeforcedtoputthatdislikeonanyoneelse.Butthosewhodoteachpoetrymustkeepinmindafewthingsaboutitsessentialnature,aboutitssoundaswellasitssense,andtheymustmakeroomintheclassroomforhearingpoetryaswellasthinkingaboutit.

1.Tohaveabetterunderstandingofapoem,oneshould（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasafunctionofpoetry?

3.Accordingtothewriter,oneofthepurposesofteachingEnglishistogetstudents（）.

4.Whatdoesthelastsentenceinthethirdparagraphimply?

5.Thephrase“makeroom”inthelastparagraphcouldbebestreplacedby（）.

问题1选项

A.discussitwithothers

B.analyzeitbyoneself

C.copyitdowninanotebook

D.practicereadingitaloud

问题2选项

A.Extendingyourlife

B.Savingyourlife

C.Criticizinglife

D.Heighteninglife

问题3选项

A.tounderstandlife

B.toenjoypoetry

C.tobecometeachers

D.tobecomepoets

问题4选项

A.Morestressshouldbelaidontheteachingofpoetry.

B.Poetryismoreimportantthananyothersubject.

C.Onecannotenjoylifefullywithoutanunderstandingofpoetry.

D.Poetryisthefoundationofalllanguageandliteraturecourses.

问题5选项

A.“buildabooth”

B.“provideequipment”

C.“leaveacertainamountoftime”

D.“setasideenoughspace”

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文第一段的第一句“Nopoemshouldeverbediscussedor‘analyzed’,untilithasbeenreadaloudbysomeone,teacherorstudent.任何诗歌都应该先由某人，老师或学生大声朗读，再来进行讨论或‘分析’。”所以选项D符合原文。

2.细节事实题。根据第三段的倒数第二句“Poetryis‘acriticismoflife’,and‘aheighteningoflife’.Itis‘anapproachtothetruthoffeeling’,andit‘cansaveyourlife’.诗歌是‘对生活的批评’，也是‘对生活的升华’。它是‘一种接近真实感受的方法’，它‘可以拯救你的生命’。”由此可知，只有选项A在原文没有提及。

3.细节事实题。根据第三段的第二句“IthinkoneofourgoalsasteachersofEnglishistohavestudentslovepoetry.我认为我们作为英语教师的目标之一就是让学生热爱诗歌。”由此可知，选项B符合原文。

4.语义推断题。原文第三段的最后一句提及“Italsodeservesaplaceintheteachingoflanguageandliteraturemorecentralthanitpresentlyoccupies.它（诗歌）也应该在语言和文学教学中占有比现在更重要的地位。”也就是说，应该要更加重视诗歌的教学，所以选项A符合原文。

5.词义推断题。根据关键词所在原文的句意“但那些教授诗歌的老师必须牢记诗歌的本质、诗歌的声音和诗歌的意义。他们必须在教室里留出时间让学生思考诗歌，同时也让学生听诗。”由此可推断，这里的“makeroom”指的是留出时间，所以选项C符合原文。

8.单选题

Manyartistslateinthelastcenturywereinsearchofameanstoexpresstheirindividuality.Moderndancewasoneofthewayssomeofthesepeoplesoughttofreetheircreativespirit.Atthebeginningtherewasnoexactingtechnique,nofoundationfromwhichtobuild.Inlateryears,trial,errorandgeniusfoundedthetechniquesandtheprinciplesofthemovement.Eventually,innovatorsevendrewfromwhattheyconsideredthedreadballet,butfirsttheyhadtoabandonallthatwasacademicsothatthenewcouldbediscovered.ThebeginningsofmoderndancewerehappeningbeforeIsadoraDuncan,butshewasthefirstpersontobringthenewdancetogeneralaudiencesandseeitacceptedandacclaimed.

Hersearchforanaturalmovementformsenthertonature.Shebelievedmovementshouldbeasnaturalastheswayingofthetreesandtherollingwavesofthesea,andshouldbeinharmonywiththemovementoftheEarth.Hergreatcontributionsareinthreeareas.

First,shebegantheexpansionofthekindsofmovementthatcouldbeusedindance.BeforeDuncandanced,balletwastheonlytypeofdanceperformedinconcert.Intheballetthefeetandlegswereemphasized,withvirtuosityshownbycomplex,codifiedpositionsandmovements.Duncanperformeddancebyusingallherbodyinthefreestpossibleway.Herdancestemmedfromhersoulandspirit.Shewasoneofthepioneerswhobroketraditionsoothersmightbeabletodeveloptheart.

Hersecondcontributionliesindancecostume.Sherejectedballetshoesandstiffcostumes.ThesewerereplacedwithflowingGreciantunes,barefeet,andunboundhair.Shebelievedinthenaturalbodybeingallowedtomovefreely,andherdressdisplayedthisideal.

Herthirdcontributionwasintheuseofmusic.InherperformancessheusedthesymphoniesofgreatmastersincludingBeethovenandWagner,whichwasnottheusualcustom.

Shewasasexcitingandeccentricinherpersonallifeasinherdance.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whatdidnaturerepresenttoIsadoraDuncan?

2.Comparedtothoseoftheballet,IsadoraDuncan’scostumeswereless（）.

3.WhichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasanareaofdancethatDuncanworkedtochange?

4.Wecaninferfromthepassagethattheauthor（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Somethingtoconquer.

B.Amodelformovement.

C.Aplacetofindpeace.

D.Asymbolofdisorder.

问题2选项

A.costly

B.colorful

C.graceful

D.restrictive

问题3选项

A.Thestageset.

B.Themusic.

C.Costumes.

D.Movements.

问题4选项

A.appreciatesmoderndanceverymuch

B.dislikesIsadoraDuncan’sdance

C.thinkshighlyofindividuality

D.knowsalotaboutmodernarts

问题5选项

A.ArtistsoftheLastCentury

B.EvolutionofDanceinthe20thCentury

C.NaturalMovementinDance

D.APioneerinModernDance

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.判断推理题。题干问的是“对IsadoraDuncan来说，大自然代表了什么？”根据第二段的一、二句“她对自然运动形式的探索使她进入了自然。她认为运动应该像树木的摇摆和大海的波涛一样自然，应该与大地的运动协调一致。”也就是说，IsadoraDuncan把大自然当作舞蹈运动的模型，将舞蹈和自然相结合。所以选项B正确。

2.判断推理题。根据原文第四段的内容“她摒弃了紫色内衣，芭蕾舞鞋和具有限制性的服装，取而代之的是飘逸的希腊宽松外衣、光着脚和披散着的头发。”由此可知，Duncan的服装是轻松自由的，相对于芭蕾服装来说，没有那么多的限制性，所以选项D正确。

3.细节事实题。原文第三段主要讲述的是Duncan对舞蹈动作的改变；第四段主要讲述的是对舞蹈服装的改变；第五段主要讲述的是对音乐运用的改变。所以只有选项A“舞台”的改变在原文中没有提及。

4.判断推理题。原文首段的一二句提及“上世纪晚期，许多艺术家都在寻找一种表达自己个性的方法。现代舞是其中一些人寻求释放他们创造精神的方式之一。”接下来的内容主要是围绕着现代舞的先驱IsadoraDuncan展开，讲述了她在舞蹈上的一些创新，由此可推断，作者非常注重个性。所以选项C正确。

5.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，本文是一篇传记，主要讲述的是现代舞的先驱——IsadoraDuncan对舞蹈的巨大贡献。所以选项D正确。

9.单选题

Thepaintingwasavaluablefamilypossession,whichhadbeen（）fromgenerationtogeneration.

问题1选项

A.handedover

B.handedout

C.handeddown

D.handedacross

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项handover“交出，移交”；B选项handout“分发，施舍”；C选项handdown“宣传，流传下去”；D选项handacross无此搭配。句意：这幅画是一件珍贵的家财，一直代代相传。选项C符合语境。

10.单选题

Withtheconstantchangeoftheconditions,theoutcomeisnotalways（）.

问题1选项

A.favorable

B.predictable

C.dependable

D.reasonable

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项favorable“有利的，良好的”；B选项predictable“可预测的”；C选项dependable“可靠的，可信赖的”；D选项reasonable“合理的”。句意：随着环境的不断变化，结果并不总是可以预测的。选项B符合语境。

11.单选题

Havinggonethroughallkindsofhardshipsinlife,hebecameafamousclownwithastrong（）.

问题1选项

A.philosophy

B.manner

C.personality

D.idealism

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项philosophy“哲学，哲理”；B选项manner“方式，习惯”；C选项personality“个性，品格”；D选项idealism“唯心主义”。句意：经历了生活中的种种艰辛，他成为了一个著名的有着明显个性的小丑。选项C符合语境。

12.单选题

Cultureisthetotalsumofallthetraditions,customs,beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,howeversavage,undeveloped,oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.

Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.

Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavage,undevelopedformsofspeech,consistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward”languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyfullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflectstheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisdepartment,however,twothingsaretobenoted:1.Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2.Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesanddistinctionsin“backward”languages,whiledifferentfromours,areoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.Anaccidentallanguagedistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness(“this”and“that”);somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeaker,ortothepersonaddressed,orremovedfromboth,oroutofsight,orinthepast,orinthefuture.

Thisstudyoflanguage,inturn,castsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturearetobeviewedindependently,andwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy.

1.ThelanguageofuncivilizedgroupsascomparedtoWesternlanguagesarelimitedin（）.

2.Theauthorsaysthatprofessionallinguistsrecognizethat（）.

3.Thearticlestatesthatgrunt-and-groanformsofspeecharefound（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,languages,whethercivilizedornot,have（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedbutnotarticulatedinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.soundpatterns

B.vocabularies

C.grammaticalstructures

D.bothAandB

问题2选项

A.WesternlanguagesaresuperiortoEasternlanguages

B.Alllanguagescamefromgruntsandgroans

C.Thehierarchyoflanguagesisdifficulttounderstand

D.Thereisnohierarchyoflanguages

问题3选项

A.nowheretoday

B.amongtheAustralianaborigines

C.amongEasterncultures

D.amongpeoplespeaking“backward”languages

问题4选项

A.thepotentialforexpandingvocabulary

B.theirownsoundpatterns

C.anabilitytotransferideas

D.grammaticalstructures

问题5选项

A.Thestudyoflanguageshasdiscreditedanthropologicalstudies.

B.Thestudyoflanguagehasreinforcedanthropologistsintheirviewthatthereisnohierarchyamongcultures.

C.Thestudyoflanguageisthesameasthestudyofanthropologists.

D.Thestudyoflanguagescastsanewlightupontheclaimofanthropologists.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第三段的第四句“TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyfullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflectstheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.它们（不文明群体的语言）落后于我们的西方语言，通常不是在完全满足所有语言所需要的声音模式或语法结构上，而只是在反映说话者所知道的对象和活动的词汇上。”由此可知，与西方语言相比，不文明群体的语言在词汇方面受到限制，所以选项B正确。

2.细节事实题。根据原文第二段的内容“对于专业的人类学家来说，文化之间没有本质上的优越，正如对于专业的语言学家来说，语言之间也没有本质上的等级关系。”由此可知，选项D符合原文。

3.判断推理题。根据第三段一、二句的内容“人们曾经认为落后群体的语言是野蛮的、不发达的语言形式，主要由咕哝和呻吟组成。虽然语言可能是从一系列的咕哝和呻吟开始的，但对‘落后’语言的研究证实，现在的口语语言都不符合这一描述。”也就是说，咕哝和呻吟的语言形式现在已经不存在了，所以选项A正确。

4.细节事实题。第三段提及“Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.所有的语言似乎都有扩充词汇的机制，它们可以把已经存在的词汇组合在一起，也可以从其他语言中借用词汇并使其适应自己的系统。”由此可知，作者认为语言无论文明与否，都有扩大词汇量的潜力，选项A符合原文。

5.判断推理题。根据原文最后一段的内容“这种对语言的研究，反过来又为人类学家的主张提供了新的线索，即所有的文化都应该被独立地看待，没有等级或层级的观念。”选项A和选项C在文中没有信息体现；D选项是原文明确提出的观点，不符合题干的意思。B选项“对语言的研究强化了人类学家的观点，即文化之间没有等级之分”与最后一段表达的意思一致，所以正确。

13.单选题

Itishardtogetanyagreementontheprecisemeaningoftheterm‘socialclass’.Ineverydaylife,peopletendtohaveadifferentapproachtothosetheyconsidertheirequalsfromthatwhichtheyassumewithpeopletheyconsiderhigherorlowerthanthemselvesinthesocialscale.Thecriteriaweusetoplaceanewacquaintance,however,areacomplexmixtureoffactors.Dress,wayofspeaking,areaofresidenceinagivencityorprovince,educationandmannersallplayapart.

Intheeighteenth-centuryoneofthefirstmoderneconomists,AdamSmith,thoughtthatthe‘wholeannualproduceofthelandandlaborofeverycountry’providedrevenueto“threedifferentordersofpeople:Thosewholivebyrent,thosewholivebywages,thosewholivebyprofit’.Eachsuccessivestageoftheindustrialrevolution,however,madethesocialstructuremorecomplicated.

Manyintermediategroupsgrewupduringthenineteenth-centurybetweentheuppermiddleclassandtheworkingclass.Thereweresmall-scaleindustrialistsaswellaslargeones,smallshopkeepersandtradesmen,officialsandsalariedemployees,skilledandunskilledworkers,andprofessionalmensuchasdoctorsandteachers.Farmersandpeasantscontinuedinallcountriesasindependentgroups.

Duringthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturiesthepossessionofwealthinevitablyaffectedaperson'ssocialposition.Intelligentindustrialistswithinitiativemadefortunesbytheirwitswhichliftedthemintoaneconomicgroupfarhigherthantheirworking-classparents.Buttheylackedthesocialtrainingoftheupperclass,whodespisedthemasthe‘newrich’.

Theyoftensenttheirsonsanddaughterstospecialschoolstoacquiresocialtraining.Heretheirchildrenmixedwiththechildrenoftheupperclasseswereacceptedbythem,andveryoftenfoundmarriagepartnersfromamongthem.Inthesameway,athrifty,hard-workinglabourer,thoughnotcleverenoughhimself,mightsaveforhissonenoughtopayforanextendedsecondaryschooleducationinthehopethathewouldmoveintoa‘white-collar'occupation,carryingwithitahighersalaryandmoveupinthesocialscale.

Inthetwentiethcenturytheincreasedtaxationofhigherincomes,thegrowthofthesocialservices,andthewiderdevelopmentofeducationalopportunityhaveconsiderablyalteredthesocialoutlook.Theupperclassesnolongerarethesole,oreventhemainpossessorsofwealth,powerandeducation,thoughinheritedsocialpositionstillcarriesconsiderableprestige.

Manypeopletodayarehostiletowardsclassdistinctionsandprivilegesandhopetoachieveaclasslesssociety.Thetroubleisthatasoneinequalityisremoved,anothertendstotakeitsplace,andthebestthathasasfarbeenattemptedisasocietyinwhichdistinctionsareelasticandinwhicheverymemberhasfairopportunitiesformakingthebestofhisabilities.

1.Howdoweplacepeopleinsocietyinrelationtoourselves,accordingtothetext?

2.AdamSmith'ssocialmake-upwasinvalidatedby（）.

3.Whichclassdosmallshopkeepersandtradesmenbelongto?

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsdoesNOTtrulydescribethenewrich?

5.Whathappenedtotheclassdifferencesinthetwentiethcentury?

问题1选项

A.Mainlybytheirwayofspeaking.

B.Accordingtotheplacewheretheywereborn.

C.Accordingtoacomplexmixtureoffactors.

D.Byregardingtheminferiortoourselves.

问题2选项

A.thegrowing-upofuppermiddleclass

B.thesuccessivestagesoftheindustrialrevolution

C.theinfluenceoftheworkingclass

D.theinheritanceofsocialpositions

问题3选项

A.workingclass

B.middleclass

C.upperclass

D.uppermiddleclass

问题4选项

A.Theysenttheirchildrentospecialschoolstoreceiveeducation.

B.Theywerelackofsocialtrainingofthearistocracy.

C.Theywereoftenmenofinitiativeandintelligence.

D.Theydidnotallowtheirchildrentomarrytheupperclass.

问题5选项

A.Theyhavebeenpartlysmoothedout.

B.Theyincreasedtaxationofhigherincomes.

C.Theyhavemadethesocialservicesgrow.

D.Theywidelyenhancedtheeducationdevelopment.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段的倒数第二句“Thecriteriaweusetoplaceanewacquaintance,however,areacomplexmixtureoffactors.然而，我们用来评价一个新认识的人的标准是一个复杂的混合因素。”由此可知，选项C符合原文。

2.细节事实题。根据关键信息“AdamSmith”定位到原文第二段的内容。本段最后一句指出“Eachsuccessivestageoftheindustrialrevolution,however,madethesocialstructuremorecomplicated.然而，工业革命的每一个连续阶段都使社会结构更加复杂。”也就是说，会让AdamSmith提出的社会结构失效，所以选项B正确。

3.细节事实题。根据关键信息“smallshopkeepersandtradesmen”定位到原文第三段的内容“许多中间群体在19世纪成长起来，介于上层中产阶级和工人阶级之间。小型实业家，也有大型实业家，有小店主和商人……”由此可知，选项B正确。

4.判断推理题。根据关键信息“newrich”定位到原文第四段的内容。第四段最后一句提及“Intelligentindustrialistswithinitiativemadefortunesbytheirwitswhichliftedthemintoaneconomicgroupfarhigherthantheirworking-classparents.Buttheylackedthesocialtrainingoftheupperclass,whodespisedthemasthe‘newrich’.聪明的工业家凭借自己的智慧发了财，这使他们的经济地位远远高于他们的工薪阶层父母。但是他们缺乏上流社会的社会修养，而上流社会则视他们为‘新贵’”，由此可知，选项B和选项C均符合原文；第五段第一句提及“Theyoftensenttheirsonsanddaughterstospecialschoolstoacquiresocialtraining.他们经常把儿女送到特殊学校接受社会培训。”由此可知，选项A也符合原文；只有选项D与原文恰好是相反的情况，所以本题选D。

5.判断推理题。根据原文倒数第二段的内容“在20世纪，对高收入增加的税收，社会服务的增长，以及教育机会的广泛发展，极大地改变了社会的前景。上层阶级不再是唯一的，甚至不再是财富、权力和教育的主要拥有者，尽管继承下来的社会地位仍然具有相当大的威望。”由此可知，到20世纪等级差异已经部分消除，所以选项A正确。

14.单选题

Wecanbeginourdiscussionof“populationasaglobalissue”withwhatmostpersonmeanwhentheydiscuss“thepopulationproblem”:toomanypeopleonearthandatoorapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.Thefactsarenotindispute.Itwasquiterighttoemployasimilarmatterthatlinkeddemographic(人口统计学)growthto“along,thinpowerfusethatburnssteadilyfromtimetotimeuntilitfinallyreachesthelimit,andexplodes”.

Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichischaracterizedbyrapidincreasesinpopulation,itisnecessarytounderstandthehistoryofpopulationtrends.Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.Lookingbackatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory.Wefindthatpopulationhavebeenreallystableorgrowingveryslightlyformostofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,lifewashard,oftennasty,andveryshort.Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whereinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates.Thus,thepopulationproblemthroughoutmostofhistorywashowtopreventextinctionofthehumanrace.

Thispatternisimportanttoknow.Notonlydoesitputthecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowthintoahistoricalperspective,butitsuggeststhatthecauseofrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmformorechildren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionallyhavecausedhighrateofdeath.

Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods:atimeoflong,slowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout8000B.C.tillapproximately1650A.D.Andaperiodofrapidgrowthsince1650.Inthefirstperiodofsome9,600years,thepopulationincreasedformsome8millionto500millionin1650.Between1650andthepresent,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2020therewillbe8billionpeoplethroughouttheworld.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifferenceinsuchabstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframetosomethingthatismoremanageable.Between8000B.C.and1650,anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld’spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.

1.Accordingtothepassage,“populationasaglobalissue”（）.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromtheexampleofapowerfusethat（）.

3.Whatleadstoastablegrowthofpopulationformostofhumanhistory?

4.Thereasonforarapidgrowthofpopulationliesinthefactthat（）.

5.Howmanypeopleareborneverysixhoursatpresent,accordingtotheauthor?

问题1选项

A.isquiteunlikethepopulationproblemandthusdoesn’tneedourconcern

B.focusesontrackingdownthereasonofrapidpopulationgrowth

C.dealswiththesameproblemarousedbythepopulationproblem

D.willmanagethepopulationgrowthproblemfromglobalperspectives

问题2选项

A.toomuchpopulationwillonedayleadtothedoomofhumanbeings

B.thetrendofpopulationgrowthwillkeepunsteadyuntilthedestructionofEarth

C.demographicgrowthwillfollowacertainpatternofupsanddowns

D.itislikelyinthenearfuturethatpopulationwillreducegradually

问题3选项

A.Speciescompetition

B.Lowfertility

C.Tribalfights

D.Highrateofdeath

问题4选项

A.peoplearepermittedtohavemorechildren

B.peoplecanlivebetterthanbefore

C.newbornbabiesdielessthanbefore

D.wehavefoundthesecretoflongevity

问题5选项

A.Eightymillion.

B.Eightthousand

C.Fiftythousand

D.Fivemillion

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.判断推理题。原文首段第一句提及“Wecanbeginourdiscussionof‘populationasaglobalissue’withwhatmostpersonmeanwhentheydiscuss‘thepopulationproblem’…当大多数人在讨论‘人口问题’的时候，我们也可以开始‘人口作为一个全球问题’的讨论。”由此可知，这两个问题是一样的，都是由人口问题引发的，所以选项C正确。

2.判断推理题。根据关键词“powerfuse”定位到第一段最后一句“Itwasquiterighttoemployasimilarmatterthatlinkeddemographicgrowthto‘along,thinpowerfusethatburnssteadilyfromtimetotimeuntilitfinallyreachesthelimit,andexplodes’.它很正确地使用了一个类似的问题，即把人口增长与‘一根又长又细的电源保险丝，它不时地稳定燃烧，直到最终达到极限并爆炸’联系起来。”由此可知，作者是想通过电源保险丝的例子告诉我们，人口过多总有一天会导致人类的灭亡，所以选项A正确。

3.细节事实题。根据第二段的倒数第三句“Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whereinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.在人类历史的大部分时间里，很少会有十分之一的人活过四十岁，而在这个时期，婴儿期和儿童期是特别危险的。”也就是说，导致人口稳定增长的原因是高死亡率，选项D符合原文。

4.细节事实题。根据第三段的内容：它不仅从历史的角度看待目前的人口增长问题，它表明了近年来人口快速增长的原因不是人们突然想要生更多的孩子，而是因为改善了传统上造成高死亡率的状况。由此可知，人口快速增长的真正原因在于死亡率的改善，所以选项B符合题意。

5.细节事实题。题干问的是“目前每六小时有多少人出生?”根据最后一段的最后三句“Between8000B.C.and1650,anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld’spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.公元前8000年—1650年间，世界人口平均每年只增加5万人。目前，这个数字每六小时增加一次。每年大约增加8000万人。”由此可知，现在每六个小时有5万人出生，所以选项C正确。

15.单选题

Thecentury-oldhostilitiesbetweenthetwotribeseventuallyterminatedthroughthepersistenteffortsofthelocalgovernment.

问题1选项

A.diminished

B.shrunk

C.vanished

D.worsened

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。句意：经过当地政府的不懈努力，两个部落之间长达一个世纪的敌对关系终于结束了。A选项diminish“减少，缩小”；B选项shrink“收缩，回避”；C选项vanish“消失”；D选项worsen“恶化”。根据句意可知，这里指敌意消失了，terminate意为“终止，结束”，所以选项C与之意思相近，代入符合语境。

16.单选题

Theauthorofthebookhasshownhisremarkablykeen（）intohumannature.

问题1选项

A.intellect

B.insight

C.perception

D.understanding

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项intellect“智力，理解力”；B选项insight“洞察力，洞悉”；C选项perception“知觉，感觉”；D选项understanding“理解”。句意：这本书的作者对人性有非常敏锐的洞察力。选项B符合语境。

17.单选题

Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnature,rulesthatsummarizeconveniently—（1）qualitativelybutquantitatively—howtheworldworks.Wemight（2）auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlaws,inwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat（3）auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain（4）asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems（5）thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligence,becausebeingandbrains（6）somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But（7）inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch（8）thanourown,therecouldnotbemuchknowledge,passionorjoy.

（9）forus,weliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave（10）ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealms,however,commonsenseandordinaryintuition（11）highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass（12）indefinitely,weshrinktowardzerothickness（13）thedirectionofmotion,andtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissilly,andeveryweek（14）Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s（15）analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot（16）thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities.

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