2022年考研考博-考博英语-暨南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号20

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-暨南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.不定项选择题

ThedevelopmentofjazzcanbeseenaspartofthelargercontinuumofAmericanpopularmusic,especiallydancemusic.Inthetwenties,jazzbecamethehottestnewthingindancemusic,muchasragtimehadattheturnofthecentury,andaswouldrhythmandbluesinthefifties,rockinthefifties,anddiscointheseventies.Buttwocharacteristicsdistinguishjazzfromotherdancemusic.Thefirstisimprovisation,thechangingofamusicalphraseaccordingtotheplayer’sinspiration.Likeallartists,jazzmusiciansstriveforanindividualstyle,andtheimprovisedorparaphrasedisajazzmusician’smainopportunitytodisplayhisorherindividuality.Inearlyjazz,musiciansoftenimprovisedmelodiescollectively,thuscreatingakindofpolyphony.Therewaslittlesoloingassuch,althoughsomeNewOrleansplayers,particularlycometplayerBuddyBolden,achievedlocalfamefortheirabilitytoimproviseasolo.Latertheideaofthechorus-longormulticoursesolotookhold.LouisArmstrong’sinstrumentalbrilliance,demonstratedthroughextendedsolos,wasamajorinfluenceinthisdevelopment.

Evenintheearlytwenties,however,somejazzbandshadfeaturedsoloists.Similarly,showorchestrasandcarnivalbandsoftenincludedoneortwosuch“get-off”musicians.Unimproved,completelystructuredjazzdoesexist,buttheabilityofthebestjazzmusicianstocreatemusicofgreatcohesionandbeautyduringperformancehasbeenahallmarkofthemusicanditsmajorsourceofinspirationandchange.Theseconddistinguishingcharacteristicofjazzisarhythmicdrivethatwasinitiallycalled“hot”andlater“swing”.Inplayinghot,amusicianconsciouslydepartsfromstrictmetertocreatearelaxedsenseofphrasingthatalsoemphasizestheunderlyingrhythms.(“Rough”toneanduseofmoderatevibratoalsocontributedtoahotsound.)Notalljazzishot,however,manyearlybandsplayedunadornedpublishedarrangementsofpopularsongs.Still,theproclivitytoplayhotdistinguishedthejazzmusicianfromotherinstrumentalists.

1.Thepassageanswerswhichofthefollowingquestions?

2.Accordingtothepassage,jazzmusiciansareabletodemonstratetheirindividualartistrymainlyby?

3.Whichofthefollowingwasthefunctionof“get-off”musicians?

4.Theword“unadorned”isclosestinmeaningto（）.

5.Thetopicofthepassageisdevelopedprimarilybymeansof（）.

问题1选项

A.Whichearlyjazzmusiciansmostinfluencedrhythmandbluesmusic?

B.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenjazzandotherformsofmusic?

C.WhyisdancingcloselyrelatedtopopularmusicintheUnitedStates?

D.Whatinstrumentscomprisedatypicaljazzbandofthe1920’s?

问题2选项

A.creatingmusicalvariationswhileperforming

B.preparingmusicalarrangements

C.readingmusicwithgreatskill

D.beingabletoplayalltypesofpopularmusic

问题3选项

A.Assisttheotherbandmembersinpackingupafteraperformance.

B.Teachdanceroutinescreatedfornewmusic.

C.Leadtheband.

D.Providesoloperformancesinabandororchestra.

问题4选项

A.lovely

B.plain

C.disorganized

D.inexpensive

问题5选项

A.dividingthediscussionintotwomajorareas

B.presentingcontrastingpointsofview

C.providingbiographiesoffamousmusician

D.describinghistoricaleventsinsequence

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。文中讨论了爵士乐和其他形式的音乐，文章第一段提到Buttwocharacteristicsdistinguishjazzfromotherdancemusic.Thefirstis…“有两个特点将爵士乐和其他形式的音乐区分开来”，之后的段落就一直围绕着这两个特点展开，由此可知B选项“爵士音乐与其他形式的音乐最大的区别是什么”符合文章大意，A选项“哪位早期的爵士乐手对节奏和蓝调音乐影响最大”，并没有谈论很多乐手；C选项“为什么美国的舞蹈和音乐的联系那么密切”，文章没有谈及美国的舞蹈，只开始一句带过；D选项“什么乐器组成了19世纪20年代最典型的爵士乐队”，乐器方面也并未过多说明。因此B选项正确。

第2题:事实细节题。文章第一段提到Likeallartists,jazzmusiciansstriveforanindividualstyle,andtheimprovisedorparaphrasedisajazzmusician’smainopportunitytodisplayhisorherindividuality.和所有的艺术家一样，爵士音乐家追求自己独特的风格，即兴创作或意译是爵士音乐家展示自己个性的主要机会。A选项“在表演时创造音乐的变化”与原文意思相同；B选项“准备音乐改编”，不是准备好的音乐，而是即兴的；C选项“有技巧的阅读音乐”并未提及；选项D“能够演奏所有类型的流行音乐”也不对。因此A选项正确。

第3题:判断推理题。结合文章第二段Evenintheearlytwenties,however,somejazzbandshadfeaturedsoloists.Similarly,showorchestrasandcarnivalbandsoftenincludedoneortwosuch“get-off”musicians.“即使在二十世纪初，一些爵士乐队也有独唱的特色。类似地，表演乐团和嘉年华乐队通常也会有一两个这样的“get-off”音乐家。”可知，“get-off”音乐家的功能是独唱。A选项“演出结束后，协助其他乐队成员收拾行装”并未涉及；B选项“教新音乐的舞蹈动作”，文中只提到独唱并没有说舞蹈动作；C选项“领导乐队”与原文不符；D选项“在乐队或管弦乐队中提供独奏表演”与原文提到的独唱特色相对应。因此D选项正确。

第4题:词义推测题。由unadorned这个词定位到文章第二段倒数第二句话Notalljazzishot,however,manyearlybandsplayedunadornedpublishedarrangementsofpopularsongs.“然而，并不是所有的爵士乐都是热门的，许多早期的乐队演奏的是未经修饰的已出版的流行歌曲。”由此可知，unadorned的意思为“未经修饰的，朴素的”。A选项“可爱的”意思不同；B选项“平的，普通的，朴素的”与之意思一致；C选项“紊乱的”错误；D选项“便宜的”可排除。因此B选项符合题意。

第5题:主旨大意题。结合51题内容，文中讨论了爵士乐和其他形式的音乐，文章第一段提到Buttwocharacteristicsdistinguishjazzfromotherdancemusic.Thefirstis…“有两个特点将爵士乐和其他形式的音乐区分开来”，之后的段落就一直围绕着这两个特点展开叙述，所以这篇文章的主题主要是通过分开表述爵士乐区分其他音乐的两个特点展开的。A选项“把讨论分成两个主要部分”符合题意；B选项“提出相反的观点”，原文没有提出其他相反观点，B错误；C选项“提供著名音乐家的传记”，文中没有涉及音乐人物传记；D选项“按顺序描述历史事件”文章并未叙述历史事件，可以排除。因此A选项符合题意。

2.单选题

Heseemedreluctanttosendhistroopsinanefforttodiscouragethe（）peasants.

问题1选项

A.animated

B.rebellious

C.creased

D.impassive

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。animated“活生生的；活泼的”；rebellious“反抗的；造反的”；creased“有折痕的”；impassive“冷漠的；无感觉的”，根据troops“军队”一词可知此处的peasant“农民”是需要被镇压的，分析四个选项可知此处填rebellious这个形容词符合句意。句意：他好像不愿意派他的军队去镇压……农民。由此得知B选项正确。

3.单选题

Marriageinhasteusuallyleadsto（）atleisure.

问题1选项

A.resentment

B.reluctance

C.repentance

D.fantasy

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项resentment“愤恨，怨恨”；B选项reluctance“勉强”；C选项repentance“悔改，后悔”；D选项fantasy“幻想”。句意：草率结婚通常容易导致将来后悔。根据句意，此处选择C选项repentance“悔改，后悔”。因此C选项符合题意。

4.单选题

Wehadamarvelousholiday;onlythelasttwodayswasslightly（）byweather.

问题1选项

A.damaged

B.enhanced

C.spoiled

D.diminished

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。damaged“破坏”；enhanced“提高；加强”；spoiled“溺爱；糟蹋；破坏”；diminished“减少；缩小”，根据句子前后的转折可知此处想表达的是最后两天受到了天气的不好影响，被破坏了，所以此处应该从damaged与spoiled两个中间选择，damage主要是指事物的价值或功能部分受损，spoil除了有溺爱、宠坏、破坏的意思外，还指事物完整性、完美性或者整体感受的破坏，此处表达的是最后两天由于坏的天气的影响，使其完美性遭到破坏，所以应该用spoil。句意：我们度过了一个十分愉快的假期，只有最后两天稍微被天气……了。故正确答案为选项C。

5.单选题

Mostmenholdastereotypedconceptionofwomenthatthefemalearebornwithfrailconstitutionsaswellasa（）mind.

问题1选项

A.compassionate

B.fragile

C.stubborn

D.fatal

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项compassionate“慈悲的，富于同情心的”；B选项fragile“脆的，易碎的”；C选项stubborn“固执的”；D选项fatal“致命的，重大的”。句意：大部分男人对于女人都有一个刻板的观念，那就是女人天生体格方面弱，思想方面（固执）。句中…mind与frailconstitutions相对应，根据句意，stubborn“固执的”用来修饰题中女人的思想正确。因此C选项符合题意。

6.单选题

Duetorapidgrowthofpopulationandlongperiodofdrought,someAfricancountriesoftensufferfrom（）.

问题1选项

A.feminism

B.famine

C.fatigue

D.fantasy

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项feminism“女权主义”；B选项famine“饥荒”；C选项fatigue“疲劳”；D选项fantasy“幻想”。句意：由于人口的快速增长和长期的干旱，一些非洲国家经常遭受饥荒。根据前半句表述的因为人口快速增长和长期干旱，可知后半句中不好的结果合适的是饥荒。因此B选项符合题意。

7.填空题

YourSmartphoneMayBeHurtingYourSleepA)Youloveyoursmartphone,butitmayberuiningyourZZZ’s.Useofthesedevices,especiallynearbedtime,isassociatedwithworsequalityofsleep,accordingtoanewstudy.“Whenwelookedatsmartphoneusearoundthetimewhenparticipantsreportedtheywenttobed,moresmartphoneusearoundthattimeinparticularwasassociatedwithalongertimetofallasleepandworsesleepqualityduringthenight,”saidDr.GregoryMarcus,authorofthestudyandanassociateprofessorofmedicineattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco.HisresearchwaspublishedWednesdayinthejournalPLOSOne.

B)Theword“crack-berry”becamepopularroughlyadecadeagotodescribetheaddictivequalityofBlackBerrydevices—arguablythefirstreallysuccessfulsmartphones.Today,almosteveryoneisasmartphonejunkie,standingwithheadbowedwhilewaitingforatrainorinlineatthepostoffice.

C)Knowingthatsmartphoneusehasincreasedtogetherwithsleepdeprivationrates,Marcusandhiscolleaguesdecidedtoinvestigatewhetherthetwomightberelated.Toanswerthisquestion,heusedexitinginformationcollectedbyanInternet-basedstudyhestartedinMarch2016.

D)“HealthE-Heart,”whichwasfundedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthisdesignedtostudycardiovascularhealth.Anyone18yearsofageoroldercanenrollinHealthE-Heart,co-foundedbyDrs.MarkPletcherandJeffreyOlgin,professorsatUCSF.Aftersigningaconsentform,enrolledparticipantsself-reporttheirhealthdataviaaseriesofonlinequestionnaires.Theinformationisgathered,analyzedandusedtoresearchanddevelopstrategiestopreventandtreatallaspectsofheartdisease.

E)About80,000participantshaveenrolledinHealthE-Heart,Marcussaid.“We’vehadpeoplefromeverystateintheUS,lotsofpeoplefromeverystate,andweactuallyhavepeoplefrom50countries.”Marcusandhisco-foundersalsomakethedataavailabletootherscientistsconductingunrelatedstudies.Forthenewsmartphonestudy,Marcusmadeuseofthiswealthofinformationtoconducthisown“sub-study”.

F)OfthetotalHealthE-Heartenrollees,653peoplechosetoparticipateinandcompletethenewsmartphone-sleepstudy.Participantsinstalledanappontheirphonestoautomaticallyrecordthetotalnumberofminutesineachhourthescreenwasturnedon(totalscreentime)duringa30-dayperiod.TheseparticipantshadalreadyreportedtheirsleephoursandsleepqualityusingavalidatedquestionnaireaspartofthegeneralHealthE-Heartexperience,Marcusexplained.So,whenansweringthesleepassessmentquestions,participantsalsoentereddemographicdataplusinformationabouttheiralcoholuse,physicalactivity,smokinghabitsandotherhealthissues.Byansweringsomanyquestions,participantswereunawareofwhattheresearcherswerestudying,explainedMarcus:“Wewouldn’texpectanybias.”

G)Analyzingthedata,theresearchersdiscoveredthat,onaverage,participantsusedtheirsmartphonesforatotalof38.4hoursovera30-dayperiod.Individualswithalongeraveragescreentimeweremorelikelytohavepoorersleepqualityandlesssleepoverall:About35%ofthosewhousedtheirsmartphonesforshorteramountsoftimethanaveragehadsleepdifficulties,comparedwith42%ofthosewithaverageorgreaterthanaverageuse.Andpoorqualitysleepwasmorelikelyforparticipantswhousedtheirsmartphonesnearbedtime.

H)Theresearchersdiscoveredthatscreen-timevariesthroughouta24-hourperiod,butmostoccursduringtheday.Yetforsomeparticipants,smartphoneusepeakedduringthenight.“Wecan’texcludethepossibilitythatsomepeoplecan’tsleepforsomecompletelyunrelatedreason,andbecausetheycan’tsleep,they’reusingtheirsmartphone,justtopassthetime,”Marcussaid.

I)Despitepotentialshortcomings,Marcusresearchisinlinewithotherstudiesshowingthattheuseoftechnologynearbedtimeisassociatedwithdifficultysleeping,suchasthe2015NationalSleepFoundationpoll.Otherresearchhasshownthatthebluelightemittedbysmartphones(andotherdigitaldevices)mightsuppressourbody’sproductionofmelatonin,ahormonethatinducestirednessandcontributestothetimingofsleep-wakecycles.“Sothere’ssomebiologicalplausibilitysupportingtheideathatthereisacausalrelationship,butweweren’tabletoidentifythat,”Marcusnoted.

J)“Itisbelievedthatsleepisarestorativeprocessandabasicbiologicneed,”saidDr.NeilKline,asleepphysician,internistandrepresentativeoftheAmericanSleepAssociation.“Whenanimals,includinghumans,aredeprivedofsleep,therearemanybodysystemsthatfail.Notonlydoesourperformance,memoryandattentionspansuffer,ourimmunesystemandendocrinesystemisalsoimpaired.”

K)Thoughmostofthesenegativeeffectshavebeenstudiedexclusivelyinadults,children’ssleepisalsoaffectedbytechnology,accordingtoanunrelatedstudy.LeadauthorBenCarter,aseniorlecturerinbiostatisticsatKing’sCollegeLondon,andhiscolleaguesdiscoveredthatforteensandchildren,theuseofcellphones,tabletsandcomputersisassociatedwithlosingsleeptimeandsleepquality.

L)Marcussaidhesuspectsthatsomepeoplemaybeaffectedmorethanothersandoveruseofasmartphoneimpactstheirsleepmorethanitwouldforotherpeople.Hehopestoinvestigatethisquestioninthefuture.Basedonhisresults,hesuggestedthatinsomniacsandothertroubledsleepersshouldavoidlookingattheirscreensforhalfanhourorsobeforegoingtobedtoseewhetherthatmightenhancethequalityoftheirslumber.Headded,“There’salmostcertainlynoharmingivingthatagoodtry.”

11.Ouraddictiontosmartphonesdatesbacktoabouttenyearsago.

_________

12.DatafromHealthE-Heartarecollectedandusedforresearchersintoheartdiseases.

_________

13.ThefindingsofDr.Marcus’sstudyappearedinPLOSOne._________

14.Badsleepersareadvisednottousetheirsmartphoneshalfanhourorsobeforetheygotobed._________

15.Marcusstartedhisresearchbecausehesuspectedtheremightbesomecorrelationbetweensleeplossandsmartphoneuse._________

16.Theuseofdigitaldevicesaffectschildren’ssleeptoo.

_________

17.Tomakesurehisstudywasobjective,Marcusrequiredhissubjectstoprovidemanymoreoftheirlifedetailsthanjustsleephoursandsleepquality.

_________

18.Researchersfoundthosewhospendlongertimeplayingwiththeirsmartphonesaremorelikelytosleepbadly.

_________

19.Marcusconcededthatsomepeopleweresleeplessatnightforreasonsunrelatedtomobilephoneuse.

_________

20.Sleepisourbasicbiologicalneedandlackofitmaycauseourbodyfunctionstodecline._________

【答案】11.B

12.D

13.A

14.L

15.C

16.K

17.F

18.G

19.H

20.J

【解析】11.主旨大意题。题干意思为“我们对智能手机的上瘾可以追溯到大约十年前。”文章第二段主要讲了自十年前黑莓手机被生产出来之后，人们开始对智能手机上瘾，由此可推断出人们对智能手机的上瘾可追溯到大约十年前。因此段落B正确。

12.主旨大意题。题干意思为“来自健康E-Heart的数据被收集并用于研究心脏病。”文章段落D说到“Theinformationisgathered,analyzedandusedtoresearchanddevelopstrategiestopreventandtreatallaspectsofheartdisease.（这些信息被收集、分析并用于研究和制定预防和治疗心脏病各个方面的策略。）”，其中“这些信息”指来自健康E-Heart的数据，因此段落D正确。

13.主旨大意题。题干意思为“马库斯博士的研究结果发表在《公共科学图书馆（综合）》杂志上。”文章段落A说到“HisresearchwaspublishedWednesdayinthejournalPLOSOne.（他的研究发表在周三的《公共科学图书馆（综合）》杂志上。）”，该句与题干意思匹配，因此段落A正确。

14.主旨大意题。题干意思为“建议睡眠不好的人不要在睡前半小时左右使用智能手机。”文章段落L说到“Basedonhisresults,hesuggestedthatinsomniacsandothertroubledsleepersshouldavoidlookingattheirscreensforhalfanhourorsobeforegoingtobedtoseewhetherthatmightenhancethequalityoftheirslumber.（根据他的研究结果，他建议失眠症患者和其他睡眠有问题的人应该避免在上床前半小时左右看屏幕，看看这是否能提高他们的睡眠质量。）”，该句与题干意思相匹配，因此段落L正确。

15.主旨大意题。题干意思为“马库斯开始这项研究是因为他怀疑睡眠不足和使用智能手机之间可能存在某种关联。”文章段落C说到“Knowingthatsmartphoneusehasincreasedtogetherwithsleepdeprivationrates,Marcusandhiscolleaguesdecidedtoinvestigatewhetherthetwomightberelated.（了解到智能手机的使用和睡眠不足的比例一起增加，马库斯和他的同事们决定调查这两者是否有关联。）”，该句与题干意思相匹配，因此段落C正确。

16.主旨大意题。题干意思为“数字设备的使用也会影响儿童的睡眠。”文章段落K说到“Thoughmostofthesenegativeeffectshavebeenstudiedexclusivelyinadults,children’ssleepisalsoaffectedbytechnology,accordingtoanunrelatedstudy.（尽管大多数这些负面影响只在成年人身上进行了研究，但另一项不相关的研究表明，儿童的睡眠也受到科技产品的影响。）”，该句与题干意思相匹配，因此段落K正确。

17.主旨大意题。题干意思为“为了确保他的研究是客观的，马库斯要求他的研究对象提供更多的生活细节，而不仅仅是睡眠时间和睡眠质量。”段落F说到“So,whenansweringthesleepassessmentquestions,participantsalsoentereddemographicdataplusinformationabouttheiralcoholuse,physicalactivity,smokinghabitsandotherhealthissues.（因此，在回答睡眠评估问题时，参与者还输入了人口统计数据，以及有关他们的酒精使用、体育活动、吸烟习惯和其他健康问题的信息。）”，该句与题干意思相匹配，因此段落F正确。

18.主旨大意题。题干意思为“研究人员发现，花更长的时间玩智能手机的人更有可能睡眠不好。”文章段落G说到“Andpoorqualitysleepwasmorelikelyforparticipantswhousedtheirsmartphonesnearbedtime.（睡眠质量差的人更有可能在睡前使用智能手机。）”，该句与题干意思相匹配，因此段落G正确。

19.主旨大意题。题干意思为“马库斯承认，有些人晚上睡不着觉的原因与使用手机无关。”文章段落H说到“Wecan’texcludethepossibilitythatsomepeoplecan’tsleepforsomecompletelyunrelatedreason,andbecausetheycan’tsleep,they’reusingtheirsmartphone,justtopassthetime.（我们不能排除一些人因为完全无关的原因无法入睡的可能性，因为他们无法入睡，所以他们使用智能手机，只是为了打发时间。）”，该句与题干意思相匹配，因此段落H正确。

20.主旨大意题。题干意思为“睡眠是我们的基本生理需要，缺乏睡眠可能会导致我们的身体功能下降。”文章段落J说到“Whenanimals,includinghumans,aredeprivedofsleep,therearemanybodysystemsthatfail.（当动物，包括人类，被剥夺睡眠时，许多身体系统会失效。）”，该句与题干意思相匹配，因此段落J正确。

8.单选题

Foryearsthetwinbrothershavebeen（）watches,rings,anddiamondsintheneighboringcountries.

问题1选项

A.sheltering

B.smuggling

C.supervising

D.speculating

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项sheltering“保护，掩蔽”；B选项smuggling“走私”；C选项supervising“监督，管理，指导”；D选项speculating“投机，猜测”。句意：多年来，这对孪生兄弟一直在邻国走私手表、戒指和钻石。空格后提到的watches,rings,anddiamonds手表、戒指和钻石以及毒品等是走私的一般物品，还涉及了neighboringcountries邻国，B选项smuggling“走私”最恰当。因此B选项符合题意。

9.不定项选择题

Themostvaluablediamondsarelarge,individualcrystalsofpurecrystallintcarbon.Lessperfectforms,knownas“boars”and“carbonado”areclustersoftinycrystals.Untildiamondsarecutandpolished,theydonotsparklelikethoseyouseeonaring—theyjustlooklikesmall,blue-greystones.

InarathercrudeformthecuttingandpolishingofpreciousstoneswasanartknowntotheAncientEgyptians,andinthemiddleAgesitbecamewidespreadinnorth-westEurope.However,arevolutionarychangeinthemethodsofcuttingandpolishingwasmadein1476whenLudwigVanBerquenofBrugesinBelgiuminventedtheuseofaswiftlyrevolvingwheelwithitsedgefacedwithfinediamondpowder.Thename“boast”isgiventothisfinepowderaswellasthenaturalcrystallinematerialalreadymentioned.Itisalsogimptobadlyflawedorbrokendiamondcrystals,uselessasjewelsthatarebrokenintopowderforgrindingpurposes,theso-called“industrial”diamonds.

Diamonditselfistheonlymaterialhardenoughtocutandpolishdiamonds—thoughrecently,high-intensitylightbeamscalledlasershavebeendevelopedwhichcanboreholesinthem.Itmaybenecessarytosplitorcleavethelargestonesbeforetheyarecutandpolished.

Everydiamondhasanaturallineofcleavage,alongwhichitmaybesplitbyasharpblowwithacuttingedge.Afullycut“brilliant”diamondhas58facets,orfaces,regularlyarranged.Forcuttingorfaceting,thestonesarefixedintocopperholdersandheldagainstawheel,edgedwithamixtureofOilandfinediamonddust,whichisrevolvedatabout2,500revolutionsaminute.AmsterdamandAntwerp,inHollandandBelgiumrespectively,havebeenthecentreofthediamondcuttingandpolishingindustryforoversevencenturies.

Thejewelvalueofbrilliantdiamondsdependsgreatlyontheircolors,or“water”asitiscalled.Theusualcoolersofdiamondsarewhite,yellow,brown,greenorblue.Surroundingrocksandtakeontheircolor,thusblack,redandevenbrightpinkdiamondshaveoccasionallybeenfound.

Thetradeindiamondsisnotonlyinthevaluablegemstonesbutalsointheindustrialdiamondsmentionedabove.Zaireproduces70%ofsuchstones.Theyarefixedintotherockdrillsusedinminingandcivilengineering,alsoforedgingbandsawsforcuttingstone.Diamond-facedtoolsareusedforcuttinganddrillingglassandfineporcelainandfordentists’drills.Theyareusedasbearingsinwatchesandotherfinelybalancedinstruments.Perhapsyouownsomediamondswithoutknowingit—inyourwristwatch!

1.“Carbonado”isthenamegivento（）.

2.Theartofcuttingandpolishingpreciousstonesremainedcrudeuntil（）.

3.Duringfaceting,diamondsareheldincopperholders（）.

4.Thevalueorderofwaterindiamond（）.

5.Industrialdiamondsareused（）.

问题1选项

A.onlytheverybestdiamonds

B.lumpsofpurecarbon

C.Spanishdiamonds

D.diamondsmadeupofmanysmallcrystals

问题2选项

A.thefourteenthcentury

B.thefifteenthcentury

C.thesixteenthcentury

D.theseventeenthcentury

问题3选项

A.tofacilitateaccuratecutting

B.tomakethemshinemorebrilliantly

C.sothattheycanrevolvemoreeasily

D.asasteelholdermightdamagethediamond

问题4选项

A.ismoreimportantthantheircolor

B.rangesfromblue-whiteupwards

C.rangesfrombluewhitedownwards

D.hasneverbeenreliablyestablished

问题5选项

A.forawiderangeofpurposes

B.mainlyfordentists’drills

C.fordecorationinringsandwatches

D.principallyinmass-producedjewellery

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。“黑金刚石”是用来称呼什么的？选项A“仅仅是最好的钻石”；选项B“纯碳团”；选项C“西班牙钻石”；选项D“由小水晶组成的钻石”，根据第一段中“Lessperfectforms,knownas‘boars’and‘carbonado’areclustersoftinycrystals.”不那么完美的形式，被称为“野猪”或者“黑金刚钻”，是一簇小水晶组成的，所以“黑金刚钻”指的是小水晶组成的钻石，故正确答案为选项D。

第2题:细节事实题。切割和打磨宝石的工艺保持着粗糙直到，选项A“十四世纪”；选项B“十五世纪”；选项C“十六世纪”；选项D“十七世纪”，第二段首先说了粗糙的切割和打磨钻石的工艺开始于古埃及，然后“However,arevolutionarychangeinthemethodsofcuttingandpolishingwasmadein1476when...然而切割和打磨钻石的工艺在1476年发生了革命性的变化”，所以直到15世纪这种粗糙的工艺才被革新，故正确答案为选项B。

第3题:推理判断题。在切磨刻面的时候，钻石用铜架固定，选项A“使切割更精确”；选项B“让它们发出更璀璨的光”；选项C“为了让它们更容易旋转”；选项D“因为铁架会损坏钻石”，选项B和D表达的内容文章没有提到，且也没有任何表述暗示，故可以排除；根据文章第四段中“fixedintocopperholders固定在铜架上”中fixed一词可知将钻石固定在铜架上是为了让其固定，选项C中revolve一词明显与此目的不符，所以可以排除；故正确答案为选项A，为了让其更好的被打磨，从而提高打磨与切割的精确度。

第4题:推理判断题。钻石的“水度”价值排序，选项A“比他们的颜色更重要”；选项B“由蓝到白递增”；选项C“由蓝到白递减”；选项D“没有被确定地建立”，文章倒数第二段中在讲述钻石的颜色的时候并没有对其价值做出比较与说明，所以可以排除选项B和C；根据“dependsgreatlyontheircolor,or‘water’asitiscalled…很大程度上取决于它们的颜色，或者所谓的‘水度’”，可以知道颜色和水度其实是表示的同一种东西，所以它们之间不存在比较，所以选项A错误；故正确答案为选项D，并没有明确的标准来鉴定这种价值排序。

第5题:推理判断题。工业钻石被用来，选项A“在很多用途上”；选项B“主要作为牙医的钻子”；选项C“作为戒指和手表的装饰物”；选项D“主要在大量生产的宝石上”，根据最后一段中的内容“它们被镶在矿业和土木工程所用的凿石器上，也被用在用来切石头的锯子边缘上。钻石做成的工具被用来切割或者打孔玻璃，细瓷器，或者用作牙医的钻子。它们被用做手表或者精密仪器的轴承。”这些内容讲述的是钻石的工业用途，根据此段内容我们可以推断钻石的工业用途有很多，选项B、C和D表达的内容明显太过局限，故正确答案为选项A。

10.不定项选择题

AndresearcherssaythatlikethoseliteraryromanticsRomeoandJuliet,theymaybeblindtotheconsequencesoftheirquestsforanidealizedmatewhoservestheireveryphysicalandemotionalneed.Nearly19in20never-marriedrespondentstoanationalsurveyagreethatwhenyoumarryyouwantspousetobeyoursoulmate,firstandforemostaccordingtotheStateofourUnions:2001studyreleasedWednesdaybyRutgersUniversity.

DavidPopenoe,aRutgerssociologistandoneofthestudy’sauthors,saidthatviewmightspelldoomformarriages.“Itreallyprovidesaveryunrealisticviewofwhatmarriagereallyis,”Popenoesaid.“Thestandardbecomessohigh,it’snoteasytobailoutifyoudidn’tfindasoulmate.”

Thesurveypointstoafundamentaldilemmainwhichyoungerpeoplewantmorefromtheinstitutionofmarriagewhiletheyseeminglyareunwillingtomakethenecessarycommitments.

Thesurveyalsosuggeststhatsomerespondentsexpecttoomuchfromaspouse,includingthekindofemotionalsupportrenderedbysamesexfriends.Theauthorsofthestudysuggestthatthegenerationthatwaspolledmaymorequicklyleaveamarriagebecauseofinfidelitythanpastgenerations.

Popenoesaidthepoll,conductedbytheGallupOrganization,isthefirstofitskindtoconcentrateonpeopleintheir20s.Atotalof1,003marriedandsingleyoungadultsnationwidewereinterviewedbytelephonebetweenJanuaryandMarch.Themarginoferrorwasplusorminusfourpercentagepoints.

Respondentssaidtheyeventuallywanttogetmarried,realizeit’salotofworkandthinktherearetoomanydivorces.Theybelievethereisonerightpersonforthemouttheresomewhereandthinktheirownmarriageswon’tendindivorce.

Sincethepollisthefirstofitskind,researcherssayitisimpossibletosayifexpectationsaboutmarriagearechangingorstatic.

Butscholarssaythesearchforsoulmateshasincreasedoverthelastgeneration—andthelastcentury—asmarriagehasbecomeaninstitutioncenteringonromanceratherthanutility.“Onehundredyearsago,peoplemarriedforfinancialreasons,fortyingfamiliestogether,theymarriedforpoliticalreasons,”SaidJohnDeLamater,asociologistattheUniversityofWisconsin.“Andmostpeoplehadchildren.”

ThoseconditionsarenolongerthecaseforyoungadultslikeDavidAsher,a24-yearwaiterinaTrentoncafewhohasbeeninarelationshipforabouttwoyears.Hewantstowaittomakesurehe’sreadytochangevows“Iknowalotofithastodowithfinancialreasons,”hesaid.“Maybeifyou’regoingtohavechildren,marriageisthebestbet.”Butthemainreasonformatrimony.“Ifyou’reinlovewithsomeone,it’ssortoflikepromisingtothemyouareinlove.”

That’sallwellandgood,saidHeatherHelms-Erikson,anassistantprofessorofhumandevelopmentandfamilystudiesattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatGreensboro,butpassionpartlyinendorphin—causedphysiologicalphenomenon—hasbeenknowntodiminishintime.

1.What’sthebesttitleofthispassage?

2.Thenewstudyinthispassageshowsthat（）.

3.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingmarriage?

4.Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthedifferencesbetweenthisgenerationandthepastgenerationsasfarasmarriageisconcerned?

5.WhichofthefollowingsentenceswillHeatherHelms-Eriksonusetoillustrateherownargument?

问题1选项

A.MarriageScholarsWorrySearchfor“SoulMates”isunrealistic

B.PeopleShouldSeekforRomanticLovelikeRomeoandJuliet

C.MarriageShouldHappenbetweenSoulMates

D.Searchfor“SoulMates”ShouldbesupersededbyReality

问题2选项

A.manyAmericanareverypracticalwhentheysearchforaspouse

B.American20-somethingshavealargelyromanticviewofmarriage

C.Romanticviewofmarriagemightleadmarriagetoahappyending

D.Americansarefondofmarriagelifesotheywillnotcarecohabitation

问题3选项

A.Itusuallyinvolvesidealizedmateswhocanservetheireveryphysicalandemotionalneed.

B.Itmaynotberealizedunlessthecoupleconsidercarefullyabouttheirresponsibilityandcommitment.

C.Itbecomesmoreunrealisticnowadaysthaninthepastbecausemostpeoplecenteronromanceinsteadofutility.

D.Itresultsfrommanyreasonssuchasfinancialreasons,familyreunion,apoliticalreasons.

问题4选项

A.Theyoungpeoplenowadaysrequiremorefrommarriagebuttheyseemnottobewillingtomakenecessarycommitments.

B.Thisgenerationexpectstoomuchfromtheirspouseandtheycannotkeeptobefaithfullytotheirhusbandsorwives.

C.Theyoungpeopleatpresentpaymoreattentiontolookforsoulmatesthanthepastgenerationswhentheysearchofpartners.

D.Nowsomeyoungpeopleusuallymarryforthesamereasonsastheoldergenerationssuchasfinancialonesandchildren.

问题5选项

A.Tenyearsintoamarriage,youwillstillhavegreatpassionandyounoticesometoneelseandsay,“Onlymywifeorhusbandismysoulmate.”

B.“Theromanticpartofmarriagewhileitcanbethere—shouldnotbesubstitutedbyotherthingssuchassharedvaluesandsocialstatus.”

C.“Thecouple