武汉大学考博英语真题

武汉大学2015年博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题一、阅读理解Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneform.ofequality,wefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheOldTestamentistheexpression"aneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth." Thatis,theindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenceagainstsociety. Tomakeupforhisoffence,societymustgeteven.Thiscanbedoneonlybydoinganequalinjurytohim.Thisconceptionofretributivejusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegaldocumentsandproceduresofmoderntimes.Itisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegel.Hebelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltogiveapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwillcounteractthisdenialandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphisownwillpayhisdebt.Thedemandofthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimhisdue.Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplaceretributivejusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.Thecriminalisregardedasbeingsociallyillandinneedoftreatmentthatwillenablehimtobecomeanormalmemberofsociety.Beforeatreatmentcanbeadministered,thecauseofhisantisocialbehavior.mustbefound.Ifthecause canberemoved,provisionsmustbemadetohavethisdone.Onlythosecriminalswhoareincurableshouldbepermanentlyseparatedfronttherestofthesociety.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividual,notsimplytogetevenwithhim.Ifseverepunishmentsistheonlyadequatemeansforaccompanyingthis,itshouldbeadministered.However,theindividualshouldbegiveneveryopportunitytoassumeanormalplaceinsociety.Hisconvictionofcrimemustnotdeprivehimoftheopportunitytomakehiswayinthesocietyofwhichheisapart.Thebesttitleforthisselectionis（ ）A.FittingPunishmenttotheCrimeB.ApproachestoJustPunishmentImprovementin Legal JusticeAttaining Justicein theCourtspassageimpliesthatthebasicdifferencebetweenretributivejusticeandcorrective justiceis the （） .typeofcrime that wasprovenseverityforthepunishmentreasonfor the sentenceoutcomeof the trialThepunishmentthatwouldbemostinconsistentwiththeviewsofcorrectivejusticewouldbe（ ）.forcedbrainsurgerywhippingsolitaryconfinementtheelectricchairTheBiblicalexpression"aneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth”waspresentedinorderto（）.prove，thatequalitydemandsjustpunishmentjustifytheneedforpunishmentasapartoflawgivemoralbackingtoretributivejusticeprovethatmanhaslongbeeninterestedinjustice"Ineveryknownhumansocietythemale'sneedsforachievementcanberecognized... Inagreatnumberofhumansocietiesmen'ssurenessoftheirsexroleistied upwiththeir right, orability,topracticesomeactivitythatwomenarenotallowedtopractice. Theirmalenessinfacthastobeunderwrittenbypreventingwomenfromenteringsomefieldorperformingsomefeat."Thisis theconclusion oftheanthropologist Margaret Mead aboutthe wayin whichtherolesofmenandwomenin society shouldbe distinguished.Iftalk andprintare considereditwould seemthat the formalemancipationofwomen isfar fromcomplete.Thereisa flowof publications aboutthe continuingdomesticbondageofwomenandaboutthecomplicatedsystemofdefenceswhichmenhavethrownuparoundtheirhithertoacceptedadvantages,takingsometimestheobviousformofexclusionfromtypesofoccupationandsociablegroupings,andsometimesthemoresubtleformofautomatic doubtoftheseriousnessofwomen'spretensionstothelevelofintellectandresolution that men,itissupposed,bringtothebusinessofrunningtheworld.Thereareagoodmanyobjectivepiecesofevidencefortheerosionofmen'sstatus.Inthefirstplace,thereisthewidespreadpostwarphenomenonofthewomanPrimeMinister,inIndia,SriLankaandIsrael.Secondly,thereistheverylargeincreaseinthenumberofwomenwhowork,especially marriedwomenandmothersofchildren.Morediffuselytherearetheincreasinglynumerousconvergencesbetweenmaleandfemalebehaviour:theapproximationtoidenticalstylesindressandcoiffure,thesharingofdomestictasks,andtheadmissionofwomentoallsortsofhithertoexclusivelymaleleisure-timeactivities.Everyonecarriesroundwithhimafairlydefiniteideaoftheprimitiveornaturalconditionsofhumanlife.Itisacquiredmorebythestudyofhumorouscartoonsthanofarchaeology,butthatdoesnotmattersinceitisnotsignificantastheorybutonlyasanexpressionofinwardlyfeltexpectationsofpeople'ssenseofwhatisfundamentallyproperinthedifferentiationbetweentherolesofthetwosexes.Inthisrudimentarynaturalsocietymengoouttohuntandfishandtofightoffthetribenextdoorwhilewomenkeepthefiregoing.Amorousinitiativeisfirmlyreservedtotheman,whosetsaboutcourtshipwithaclub.Thephrase"men'ssurenessoftheirsexrole"inthefirstparagraphsuggeststhatthey（）areconfidentintheirabilitytocharmwomen.taketheinitiativeincourtship.

C.haveaclearideaofwhatisconsidered"manly".D.tendtobemoreimmoralthanwomenare.C.haveaclearideaofwhatisconsidered"manly".D.tendtobemoreimmoralthanwomenare.Thethirdparagraph（）generallyagreeswiththefirstparagraphhasnoconnectionwiththefirstparagraphrepeatstheargumentofthesecondparagraphD.contradictsthelastparagraphD.contradictsthelastparagraph7.Theusual7.Theusualideaofthecavemaninthelastparagraph（）A.isbasedonthestudyofarchaeologyB.illustrateshowpeopleexpectmentobehaveA.isbasedonthestudyofarchaeologyB.illustrateshowpeopleexpectmentobehaveC.isdismissedbyD.provesthatthetheauthorasanirrelevantjokeC.isdismissedbyD.provesthattheman,notwoman,shouldbethewooer8.Theopeningquotation8.Theopeningquotationbetweenmanandwomanwhichtheauthor（ ）approvesofarguesis naturalcompletely rejectsexpectstogoonchangingFarmersinthedevelopingworldhatepricefluctuations.Itmakesithardtoplanahead.Butmostofthemhavelittlechoice:theysellatthepricethemarketsets.FarmersinEurope,the.andJapanareluckier:theyreceivemassivegovernmentsubsidiesintheformofguaranteedpricesordirecthandouts.Lastmonth.PresidentBushsignedanewfarmbillthatgivesAmericanfarmers$190billionoverthenext10years,or$83billionmorethantheyhadbeenscheduledtoget,andpushes.agriculturalsupportclosetocrazyEuropeanlevels.Bushsaidthestepwasnecessaryto"promotefarmerindependenceandpreservethefarmwayoflifeforgenerations".ItisalsodesignedtohelptheRepublicanPartywincontroloftheSenateinNovember'smidtermelections.Agriculturalproductioninmostpoorcountriesaccountsforupto50%ofGDP,comparedtoonly3%inrichcountries.Butmostfarmersinpoorcountriesgrowjustenoughforthemselvesandtheirfamilies.ThosewhotryexportingtotheWestfindtheirgoodswhackedwithhugetariffsorcompetingagainstcheapersubsidizedgoods.In1999theUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopmentconcludedthatforeachdollardevelopingcountriesreceiveinaidtheyloseupto$14justbecauseoftradebarriersimposedontheexportoftheirmanufacturedgoods.It'snotasifthedevelopingworldwantsanyfavours,saysGeraldSsendwula,Uganda'sMinisterofFinance."Whatwewantisfortherichcountriestoletuscompete."AgricultureisoneofthefewareasinwhichtheThirdWorldcancompete.Land

andlabourarecheap,andasfarmingmethodsdevelop,newtechnologiesshouldimproveoutput.Thisisnopieintheskyspeculation.ThebiggestsuccessinKenya'seconomyoverthepastdecadehasbeentheboominexportsofcutflowersandvegetablestoEurope.Butthatmayallchangein2008,whenKenyawillbeslightlytoorichtoqualifyforthe"leastdevelopedcountry"statusthatallowsAfricanproducerstoavoidpayingstiffEuropeanimportdutiesonselectedagriculturalproducts.Withtradebarriersinplace,thehorticulture industryinKenyawillshrivel asquicklyasadiscardedrose.Andwhileagricultureexportsremainthegreathopeforpoorcountries,reducingtradebarriersinothersectorsalsoworks:AmericasAfricanGrowthandOpportunityAct,whichcutsdutiesonexportsofeverythingfromhandicraftstoshoes,hasprovedaboontoAfrica'smanufacturers.Thelesson:theThirdWorldcanprosperiftherichworldgivesitafairgo.ThisiswhatmakesBush'sdecisiontoincreasefarmsubsidieslastmonthallthemoredepressing.Poorcountrieshavelongsuspectedthattherichworldurgestradeliberalizationonlysoitcanwangleitswayintonewmarkets.SuchsuspicionscausedtheSeattletradetalkstobreakdownthreeyearsago.ButlastNovembermembersoftheWorldTradeOrganization,meetinginDoha,Qatar,finallyagreedtoanewroundoftalksdesignedtoopenupglobaltradeinagricultureandtextiles.Richcountriesassuredpoorcountries,thattheirconcernswerefinallybeingaddressed.Bush'shandoutlastmonthmakesalieofAmerica'scommitmenttothosetalksandhispersonaldevotiontofreetrade.receivemoregovernmentsubsidiesthanotcomparison,farmers（ ）receivemoregovernmentsubsidiesthanothers.thedevelopingworldJapanEuropeAmericaadditiontotheeconomicconsiderations,thereismotivebehind Bush’ssigningofthenewfarmadditiontotheeconomicconsiderations,thereismotivebehind Bush’ssigningofthenewfarmbill.messagethewriterattemptstoconveythroughoutthepassageisthat（ ）countriesshouldbegivenequalopportunitiesintradeB.“theleastdevelopedcountry”statusbenefitsagriculturalcountriescountriesshouldremovetheirsuspicionsabouttradeliberalizationinpoorcountriesshouldalsoreceivethebenefitofsubsidiesis（）writer’sis（）RogerRosenblatt ’sbook Black Fiction, inattempting toapplyliteraryratherthansociopolitical criteria toits subject, successfully alterstheapproachtakenbymostpreviousstudies.AsRosenblattnotes,criticismofBlackwritinghasoftenservedasapretextforexpoundingonBlackhistory.AddisonGayle’srecentwork,forexample,judgesthevalueofBlackfictionbyovertlypolitical standards,ratingeachworkaccordingtothenotionsofBlackidentitywhichitpropounds.Althoughfictionassuredlyspringsfrompoliticalcircumstances,itsauthorsreacttothosecircumstancesinwaysotherthanideological,andtalkingaboutnovelsandstoriesprimarilyasinstrumentsofideologycircumventsmuchofthefictionalenterprise.Rosenblatt’sliteraryanalysisdisclosesaffinitiesandconnectionsamongworksofBlackfictionwhichsolelypoliticalstudieshaveoverlookedorignored.WritingacceptablecriticismofBlackfiction,however,presupposesgivingsatisfactoryanswerstoanumberofquestions.Firstofall,isthereasufficientreason,otherthantheracialidentityoftheauthors,togrouptogetherworksbyBlackauthorsSecond,howdoesBlackfictionmakeitselfdistinctfromothermodernfictionwithwhichitislargelycontemporaneousRosenblattshowsthatBlackfictionconstitutes adistinctbodyofwritingthathasanidentifiable,coherentliterarytradition.LookingatnovelswrittenbyBlacksoverthelasteightyyears,hediscoversrecurringconcernsanddesignsindependentofchronology.Thesestructuresarethematic,andtheyspring,notsurprisingly,fromthecentralfactthattheBlackcharactersinthesenovelsexistinapredominantlyWhiteculture,whethertheytrytoconformtothatcultureorrebelagainstit.BlackFictiondoesleavesomeaesthetic questionsopen.Rosenblatt’sthematicanalysispermitsconsiderableobjectivity; heevenexplicitlystatesthatitisnothisintentiontojudgethemeritofthevariousworksyethisreluctanceseemsmisplaced,especiallysinceanattempttoappraisemighthaveledtointerestingresults.Forinstance,someofthenovelsappeartobestructurallydiffuse.Isthisadefect,oraretheauthorsworkingoutof,ortryingtoforge,adifferentkindofaestheticInaddition,thestyleofsomeBlacknovels,likeJeanToomer’sCane,vergesonexpressionismorsurrealism;doesthistechniqueprovideacounterpointtotheprevalentthemethatportraysthefateagainstwhichBlackheroesarepitted,athemeusuallyconveyedbymorenaturalisticmodesofexpressionInspiteofsuchomissions,whatRosenblattdoesincludeinhisdiscussionmakes

foranastuteandworthwhilestudy.BlackFictionsurveysawidevarietyofnovels,bringingtoourattentionintheprocesssomefascinatingandlittle-knownworkslikeJamesWeldonJohnson’sAutobiographyofanEx-ColoredMan.Itsargumentistightlyconstructed,anditsforthright,lucidstyleexemplifieslevelheadedandpenetratingcriticism.13TheauthorddisonGayleobjectsbecausetoit(A.B.emphasizesmisinterpretspurely

thecriticism).ofBlackfictionlikethatbyAC.misunderstandstheliteraryideologicalnotionsaspectsofsuchfictioncontentofsuchofBlackidentitytionD.substitutespoliticalforliterarycriteriainion14.TheauthorofthepassageisprimarilyA.B.C.D.evaluatingcomparingdiscussingsummarizingthesoundnessvariouscriticalthethefictioncontainedinevaluatingconcernedwithofaworkofcriticismlimitationsmajorpointsapproachestoofaparticularmadeina15.Theauthor'sdiscussionofBlackFictionas).A.B.pedanticcriticalandbutC.ironicandcontentiousadmiringdeprecatingD.argumentativebutunfocused16.Itcanbeinferredthatthesuchficsuchfict).pproveA.AnofwhichanalysisideologyofB.AcriticalofofBlackstudythethefollowinginfluencewritersthatappliesphiesC.byBlackliteraryauthorsemsaccordingstudytotheD.Anexaminationofonwithinthecontext"asubjectkindofcriticismwor