ABC of English Poetry (英文诗歌知识入门)课件

ABCofEnglishPoetryABCofEnglishPoetryjohnfangSchoolofForeignLanguages,JiaxingCollege,PRCABCofEnglishPoetryClassificationsofPoetry

elegyLyricpoetryodesonnetPoetryballadfolkNarrativepoetryepicartBlankverseFreeverse(poetryinaformthatdoesnotfollowanyregularpattern)ClassificationsofPoetryABCofEnglishPoetry

Definition:“Poetryisthespontaneousoverflowofstrongfeelings:ittakesitsoriginfromemotionrecollectedintranquility.”(WilliamWordsworth)

TermsofPoetry(诗歌术语）metrics(诗的格律)、

rhyme(诗的押韵)、variety、forms(诗的体式)etc.诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的feelings，用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术。ABCofEnglishPoetryDefinit1.Metrics(诗的格律)“Metrics(格律)是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”，是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式，也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬（重），在音节上用“ˊ”标示，非重读音节为抑（轻），在音节上用“o”标示，音步之间可用“／”隔开。以下是五种常见格式。

1.Metrics(诗的格律)“Metrics(格律)是指FootFoot:thebasicunitusedinthescansionormeasurementofverse.Afootusuallycontainsoneaccentedsyllableandoneortwounaccentedsyllables,butthemonosyllabicfoot,thesponaicfoot(spondee)andthedipodicfootareallmodificationsofthisprinciple.（音步）FootFoot:thebasicunitusedClassificationsofFootMonometer一音步DimeterTrimetertetrameterPentameter:lineoffivefeetHetameterHeptameterOctameterNotes:seeasfollows.meter:(Gk‘measure’)referstothepatternofstressedandunstressedsyllablesinverse.InEnglishverse,meterisbasedonstressratherthanquantity.Alinemayhaveafixednumberofsyllablesandyethaveavaryingnumberofstresses.ClassificationsofFootMonometMetermeter:(Gk‘measure’)referstothepatternofstressedandunstressedsyllablesinverse.InEnglishverse,meterisbasedonstressratherthanquantity.Alinemayhaveafixednumberofsyllablesandyethaveavaryingnumberofstresses.Metermeter:(Gk‘measure’)refClassificationsofmeterTrochaic╲

〇Iambic〇╲Dactylic╲〇〇Anapaestic〇〇╲Amphibrach

〇╲〇Classificationsofmeter1.1iambus1.1

iambus（抑扬格、轻重格）：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。

O/O/O/O/

Asfair/artthou/mybon/nielass,

Sodeep/inluve/amI:

AndI/willluve/theestill,/mydear,

Tilla`/theseas/gangdry:

RobertBurns(1759-1796):MyLuveIslikeaRed,RedRose

注:art=areluve=lovebonnie=beautifula`=allgang=go

上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：

O/O/O/(O/)1.1iambus1.1iambus（抑扬格、轻重格）：1.2Trochee1.2

Trochee（扬抑格、重轻格）：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。

下例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为：

/O/O/O/OTyger!/Tyger!/burning/bright

Inthe/forests/ofthe/night

WilliamBlake:TheTyger

1.2Trochee1.2Trochee（扬抑格、重轻格1.3Anapaestic1.3Anapaestic（抑抑扬格、轻轻重格）:每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如：三音步抑抑扬格OO/OO/Likeachild/fromthewomb,

Likeaghost/fromthetomb,

Iarise/andunbuild/itagain.

1.3Anapaestic1.3Anapaestic（1.4Dactylic1.4Dactylic（扬抑抑格、重轻轻格）:每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如：两音步扬抑抑格/OO/OOˊTouchhernot/ˊscornfully,

ˊThinkofher/ˊmournfully.

--ThomasHood

1.4Dactylic1.4Dactylic（扬抑抑1.5Amphibrach1.5Amphibrach（抑扬抑格、轻重轻格）：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如：三音步抑扬抑格。下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。

O/OO/OO/OO/Ohushthee/mybabie/thysirewas/aknight.

Notes:Sire:(oldEnglish)King1.5Amphibrach1.5Amphibrach（抑2.

Rhyme

(诗的押韵)Rhymeisapatternofwordsthatcontainsimilarsounds.

Thereare3mainrhymes,endrhyme,alliteration(headrhyme)andinternalrhyme.cf.rhythm押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。2.Rhyme(诗的押韵)Rhymeisapat2.1EndRhyme(尾韵)尾韵是最常见，最重要的押韵方式。

Endrhymeoccursattheendofeachverse.2.1EndRhyme(尾韵)尾韵是最常见，最重2.1.1AABB型（联韵）2.1.1aabb型(联韵,eg.theherocouplet)

Ishotanarrowintotheair,

Itfelltoearth,Iknewnotwhere;

For,soswiftlyitflew,thesight

Couldnotfollowitinitsflight.---HenryWadsworthLongfellow:TheArrowandtheSong2.1.1AABB型（联韵）2.1.1aabb型(联韵2.1.2ABAB型（交叉韵）2.1.2abab型(交叉韵),常见于(Ballad)民谣和哀歌(elegy,dirge)中。

Sunsetandeveningstar,aAndoneclearcallforme!bAndmaytherebenomoaningofthebar,aWhenIputouttosea,b

---AlfredTennyson(1809-1892):CrossingtheBar

2.1.2ABAB型（交叉韵）2.1.2abab型(交Ballad:TheBabesintheWoodSoresickhewas,andliketodie,ANohelphislifecouldsave;BHiswifebyhimassickdidlie,AAndbothpossestonegrave.BNolovebetweenthesetwowaslost,Eachwastootherkind,Inlovetheyliv’d,inlovetheydied,Andlefttwobabesbehind.AFrenchballadverseformconsistingmostoftenofthreeeight-linestanzashavingthesamerhymepattern.Ballad:TheBabesintheWoodS2.1.3AAAA(同韵)2.1.3aaaa(同韵):押韵为一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。(q.v.)TheRubaiyat如下例就共用／i:p／为韵脚。Thewoodsarelovely,darkanddeep,ButIhavepromisestokeep,AndmilestogobeforeIsleep,AndmilestogobeforeIsleep.RobertFrost(1874-1963):StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening

2.1.3AAAA(同韵)2.1.3aaaa(同韵):TheEagle

AlfredTennysonHeclaspsthecragwithcrookedhands;Closetothesuninlonelylands,Ringedwiththeazureworld,hestands.Thewrinkledseabeneathhimcrawls;Hewatchesfromhismountainwalls,Andlikeathunderbolthefalls.c.1851Notes:crag:cliff;azure:deepblueTheEagle

2.2Alliteration(头韵)2.2Alliteration(头韵)：是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。首见于古诗Beowulf中.Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,Thefurrowfollowedfree,WewerethefirstthateverburstIntothatsilentsea.

T.S.Coleridge:RimeoftheAncientMariner2.2Alliteration(头韵)2.2Allite2.3Internalrhyme(中间韵\内韵）2.3Internalrhyme(中间韵\内韵，即同元音）：指词与词之间訽因的重复形成的内部押韵，呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。Spring,thesweetspring,istheyear’spleasantking;Thenbloomseachthing,thenmaidsdanceinaring,Colddothnotsting,theprettybirdsdosing:Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!

ThomasNash(1567-1601):Spring,thesweetspring2.3Internalrhyme(中间韵\内韵）2.32.4OtherkindsofclassificationOtherkindsofclassification:eyerhyme,MasculineRhyme,femininerhyme,triplerhyme2.4Otherkindsofclassificat2.4.1Eye

RhymeDefinition:Somethingthatlookslikearhymebutisn‘t.眼韵Examples:cough("kof"),enough("enuf"),bough("bow")2.4.1EyeRhymeDefinition:Som2.4.2MasculineRhymeDefinition:Akindofrhymewheretwo(ormore)wordswithdifferingconsonantsoundsendinidenticalstressedsyllables.Examples:support,retort,exhort2.4.2MasculineRhyme2.4.3FeminineRhymeDefinition:Arhymeinwhichthedifferingsoundsintwo(ormore)wordsarefollowedbystressedrhymingsyllablesandthenbyunstressedrhymingsyllables.Avariantoffemininerhymeistriplerhyme.AlsoKnownAs:doublerhymeExamples:revival,arrival,survival

2.4.3FeminineRhymeDefinit2.4.4TripleRhymeDefinition:Avariantoffemininerhyme,wheretwo(ormore)wordshavedifferentconsonantsoundsfollowedbyidenticalstressedvowelsoundsandthentwoidenticalunstressedsyllables.“differentconsonantsounds+identicalstressedvowelsounds+twoidenticalunstressedsyllables”Examples:greenery,machinery,scenery2.4.4TripleRhyme3.Variety(诗的体式)有的诗分成几节（stanza），每节由若干诗行组成（每行诗均以大写字母开头）；有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有：sonnet,limerick,blankverse,freeverse.3.Variety(诗的体式)有的诗分成几节（stanza3.1Sonnet1．Sonnet(十四行诗、商籁体)，源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特繽克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abbaabbacdcdcd(cdecde)。前八行提问，后六行回答。3.1Sonnet1．Sonnet(十四行诗、商籁体)continued之后，ThomasWyatt（怀亚特,1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问，后二句结论。EdmundSpenser（斯宾塞,1552-1599）用韵脚ababbcbccdcdee。莎士比亚（WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616）用韵脚ababcdcdefefgg，最后两行通常是一个警句（epigram）。十四行诗以莎士比亚所作的最为出名，故称英国体或莎士比亚体。continued之后，ThomasWyatt（怀亚特

Sonnet18

WilliamShakespeareShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate:Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimesdeclines,Bychance,ornature’schangingcourse,untrimmed;Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowest,Norshalldeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrowest;Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.Sonnet13.2Limericks（打油诗）

Limericks（打油诗）：afive-linepoemwrittenwithonecoupletandonetriplet.Ifacoupletisatwo-linerhymedpoem,thenatripletwouldbeathree-linerhymedpoem.Therhymepatternisaabbawithlines1,2and5containing3beatsandrhyming,andlines3and4havingtwobeatsandrhyming.SomepeoplesaythatthelimerickwasinventedbysoldiersreturningfromFrancetotheIrishtownofLimerickinthe1700's.3.2Limericks（打油诗）Limericks（打Example

1)AfleaandaflyinaflueWerecaught,sowhatcouldtheydo?Saidthefly,"Letusflee."“Letusfly,”saidtheflea.Sotheyflewthroughaflawintheflue.2)TherewasayoungladyofNiggerWhosmiledassherodeonatiger;TheyreturnedfromtherideWiththeladyinside,Andthesmileonthefaceofthetiger.Example1)Afleaandaflyin3.3BlankVerse3．BlankVerse（无韵体）：五音步抑扬格，不押韵诗体。eg.JohnMilton’spoemsAcrossthewaterybale,andshoutagain,Responsivetohiscall,--withquiveringpeals,Andlonghalloos,andscreams,andechoesloud.Redoubledandredoubled:concoursewildOfjocunddin!

WilliamWordsworth:ThereWasaBoy3.3BlankVerse3．BlankVerseBreak,Break,Break

AlfredTennysonBreak,break,break,Onthycoldgraystones,Osea!AndIwouldthatmytonguecouldutterThethoughtsthatariseinme.Owellforfisherman’sboy,Thatheshoutswithhissisteratplay!Owellforthesailorlad,Thathesingsinhisboatonthebay!Break,Break,Break

AndthestatelyshipsgoonTotheirhavenunderthehill;ButOforthetouchofavanishedhand,Andthesoundofavoicethatisstill!Break,break,break,Atthefootofthycrags,Osea!ButthetendergraceofadaythatisdeadWillnevercomebacktome.18341842Notes:haven:restingplace;crag:cliffAndthestatelyshipsgoon3.4FreeVerse（自由诗）FreeVerse（自由诗）:现代诗中常见的体式，长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人WaltWhitman和Longfellow的诗歌。

3.4FreeVerse（自由诗）FreeVerse（APsalmof

Life

HenryW.LongfellowTellmenotinmournfulnumbers,

Lifeisbutanemptydream!

Forthesoulisdeadthatslumbers,

Andthingsarenotwhattheyseem.

Lifeisreal!Lifeisearnest!

Andthegraveisnotitsgoal;

Dustthouare,todustthoureturnest,

Wasnotspokenofthesoul.APsalmofLife

Notenjoyment,andnotsorrow,

Isourdestinedendorway;

Buttoact,thateachtomorrow

Findusfartherthantoday.

Artislong,andTimeisfleeting,

Andourhearts,thoughstoutandbrave,

Still,likemuffleddrums,arebeating

Funeralmarchestothegrave.

Intheworld'sbroadfieldofbattle,

InthebivouacofLife,

Benotlikedumb,drivencattle!

Beaherointhestrife!

Notenjoyment,andnotsorrow,TrustnoFuture,howe'erpleasant!

LetthedeadPastburyitsdead!

Act,actinthelivingPresent!

Heartwithin,andGodo'erhead!

Livesofgreatmenallremindus

Wecanmakeourlivessublime,

And,departing,leavebehindus

Footprintsonthesandoftime;

Footprints,thatperhapsanother,

Sailingo'erlife'ssolenmmain,

Aforlornandshipwreckedbrother,

Seeing,shalltakeheartagain.

Letusthenbeupanddoing,

Withaheartforanyfate;

Stillachieving,stillpursuing,

Learntolaborandtowait.TrustnoFuture,howe'erpleasItisnotmeters,butameter---makingargument,thatmakesapoem.

RalphW.EmersonAppreciationofSelectedPoemsItisnotmeters,butameter-

TheDaffodils

WilliamWordsworthIwanderedlonelyasacloudThatfloatsonhigho’ervalesandhills,WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,Ahostofgoldendaffodils;Besidethelake,beneaththetrees,Flutteringanddancinginthebreeze.ContinuousasthestarsthatshineAndtwinkleontheMilkyWay,Theystretchedinnever-endinglineAlongthemarginofabay:TenthousandsawIataglance,Tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance.TheDaffodilsThewavesbesidethemdanced;buttheyOutdidthesparklingwavesinglee:Apoetcouldnotbutbegay,Insuchajocundcompany:Igazed---andgazed---butlittlethoughtWhatwealththeshowtomehadbrought:Foroft,whenonmycouchIlieInvacantorinpensivemood,TheyflashuponthatinwardeyeWhichistheblissofsolitude;Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,Anddanceswiththedaffodils.Notes:acrowd,ahostof:manysprightly:happyglee:joyjocund:happybliss:completehappinesspensive:sadlythoughtfulThewavesbesidethemdanced;WilliamWordsworth（华兹华斯，1770-1850），受教于剑桥大学，于1843年被封为桂冠诗人（PoetLaureate）.十九世纪初英格兰北部湖区三大“湖畔派诗人”（Coleridge,Southey浪漫主义）之一。此诗描绘了一幅美好的自然景象，同时抒发作者对自然美景的喜悦之情。全诗语言精炼但通俗易懂,为iambictetrameter，分四节（stanza），每节6行，每节押韵均为ababcc。第1节写诗人孤寂时外出散步，偶遇水仙；第2节写水仙争相开放，千姿百态，生机盎然；第3节，诗人看到这景象欣喜万分；第4节写诗人设想在日后忧郁时，回想当时情景，又让他心中充满了欢乐，心就随着水仙翩翩起舞，与莎士比亚的“Partingissuch

sweetsorrow.”有异曲同工之妙。WilliamWordsworth（华兹华斯，1770-1

SongofMyself

WaltWhitmanIcelebratemyself,andsingmyself,AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume,Foreveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou.Iloafeandinvitemysoul,Ilearnandloafeatmyeaseobservingaspearofsummergrass.Mytongue,everyatomofmyblood,form’dfromthissoil,thisair,Bornhereofparentsbornherefromparentsthesame,andtheirparentsthesame,I,nowthirtysevenyearsoldinperfecthealthbegin,Hopingtoceasenottilldeath.Creedsandschoolsinabeyance,Retiringbackawhilesufficedatwhattheyare,butneverforgotten.Iharborforgoodorbad,Ipermittospeakateveryhazard.Naturewithoutcheckwithoriginalenergy.Notes:aspearof:apieceofschool:学说，流派hazard:chanceabeyance:theconditionofnotbeinginuseforacertaintimeSongoWaltWhitman（惠特曼,

1819-1892），美国诗人。此自由诗选自其诗集《草叶集》。本文是SongofMyself诗的第一部分，语言与当时的美国口语接近。诗中作者采用第一人称的叙述手法。I指作者，you指读者，这种写法使读者身临其境，进入作者描写的世界。作者在文中表明人的价值是平等的，同时他把自己融入到自然带给他的启发思考中。诗歌的欣赏关键要抓住诗中的意象，了解其语义，以便把握诗的大意。读者在阅读过程中才能感受到诗歌带来的美，获取精神上的共鸣。WaltWhitman（惠特曼,1819-1ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLovebyChristopherMarlowe

(1363-1593)

FromFrancisT.Palgrave,ed.(1824–1897).TheGoldenTreasury.

1875.COMElivewithmeandbemyLove,

Andwewillallthepleasuresprove

Thathillsandvalleys,daleandfield,valley

Andallthecraggymountainsyield.ThePassionateShepherdtoHisTobecontinued

Therewillwesitupontherocks5Andseetheshepherdsfeedtheirflocks,Byshallowrivers,towhosefallsMelodiousbirdssingmadrigals.lovesongs

TherewillImaketheebedsofroses

Andathousandfragrantposies,束10Acapofflowers,andakirtle

garmentEmbroider‘dallwithleavesofmyrtle.

桃金娘科植物Tobecontinued

continuedAgownmadeofthefinestwool

garment

Whichfromourprettylambswepull,

Fairlinèdslippersforthecold,

15Withbucklesofthepurestgold.(带子上)

搭扣

Abeltofstrawandivybuds

Withcoralclaspsandamberstuds:琥珀色Andifthesepleasuresmaytheemove,ComelivewithmeandbemyLove.

20

continuedAgownmadeofthefcontinuedThysilverdishesforthymeat

Aspreciousasthegodsdoeat,

ShallonanivorytablebePreparedeachdayfortheeandme.

Theshepherdswainsshalldanceandsingpursuer

25ForthydelighteachMay-morning:Ifthesedelightsthymindmaymove,ThenlivewithmeandbemyLove.continuedThysilverdishesforSpring,theSweetSpring

ThomasNashe(1567-1601/England)

Spring,thesweetspring,istheyear'spleasantking,

Thenbloomseachthing,thenmaidsdanceinaring,

Colddothnotsting,theprettybirdsdosing:

Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!

Spring,theSweetSpringThepalmandmaymakecountryhousesgay,

Lambsfriskandplay,theshepherdspipeallday,

Andwehearayebirdstunethismerrylay:

Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!

palm棕榈

ayeoftenmay

n.1.山楂属植物；英国山楂；山楂花2.(春天开花的)绣线菊属植物3.(五朔节装饰用的)绿枝花枝4.[May]五月ThepalmandmaymakecountryThefieldsbreathesweet,thedaisieskissourfeet,

Youngloversmeet,oldwivesa-sunningsit,

Ineverystreetthesetunesourearsdogreet:

Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,towitta-woo!

Thefieldsbreathesweet,the译文一（郭沫若译）

郊原荡漾香风，雏菊吻人脚踵，

情侣作对成双，老妪（音玉）坐晒阳光，

走向任何通衢，都有歌声悦耳，

啁啁(音昭)、啾啾（音纠）、哥哥、割麦，插一禾！

译文三（曾冲明译）

田野草木飘香，雏菊吻我双脚；

青年情侣幽会，老妇坐晒阳光。

无论大街小巷，都有鸟声悦耳：

“布谷！布谷谷！啾啾！求求哥！”

此诗比较难译而又值得探讨的是几个模仿鸟叫的象声词。

按词典，Cuckoo是“布谷鸟叫声”,jug-jug是“夜莺的叫声”,词典未见象声词pu或pu-we，,词典也未见象声词to—witta--woo!，当然并不排斥诗人可以自造象声词。但诗人用了现成的词汇we（我们）和woo（求爱，求婚），看来不是无意的吧？！因此我把Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu---we,to---witta---woo!译成六个一语双关的象声词：“布谷！呱呱！谷谷！啾啾！求求！哥哥！”。为了诗句整齐，修改为“布谷！布呱谷！啾啾！求求哥！”，后来修改成“布谷！快布谷！啾啾！求求哥！”最后修改成“布谷！布谷谷！啾啾！求求哥！”这样就兼顾了两方面：既保持象声词的特点，又表示了“播种”与“求爱”两层意思。这良苦用心，不知读者以为如何？译文一（郭沫若译）

TheRubaiyat“柔巴依体”“柔巴依/鲁拜体”这个名称源自阿拉伯语，意为“四行诗”，是一种存世已久的古典抒情诗形式。它初现于9、10世纪，并在11世纪中叶达到繁盛。格律独特，适于吟咏。其最基本的特征是：每首四行，独立成篇；押韵方式与中国绝句相似，为AABA或AAAA；每个诗行由五个音韵构成；而诗的内容则往往涉及哲理。参见欧玛尔·海亚姆的《柔巴依集》（TheRubaiyat）。TheRubaiyat“柔巴依体”“柔巴依/鲁拜体”这个TheRubaiyat8WhetherINNaishapurorBabylon,aWhethertheCupwithsweetorbitterrun,aTheWineofLifekeepsoozingdropbydrop,bTheLeaveofLifekeepsfallingonebyone.aThisisthe8thofTheRubaiyat,EnglishversionpublishedbyEdwardFitzgeraldin1859.TheRubaiyat8BalladBallad,thewordderivesfromthelateLatinandItalianballare‘todance’.Fundamentallyaballadisasongthattellsastoryandoriginallywasamusicalaccompanimenttoadance.TheRobinhoodandBorderBalladsareRobinHoodandtheMonk,ChevyChase,JohnnieArmstrong,CaptainCaretc.Basiccharacteristics:(a)thebeginningisoftenabrupt;(b)thelanguageissimple,(c)thestoryistoldthroughdialogueandaction,(d)thethemeisoftentragic(thoughthereareanumberofcomicballads)(e)thereisoftenarefrain.(f)therhymeschemeisusuallyabcb;sometimesabab.(g)the1stand3rdlinesarefourfeet,2ndand4thlines3feet.BalladBallad,thewordderivescontinuedRiseup,riseup,mysevenbravesons,aAnddressinyourarmoursobright;bEarlDouglaswillhaeLadyMargaretawacBeforethatitbelight.bNotes:ItisfromEarlBrandthebitsofScottishdialectinphrasessuchas"hae"forhaveand"awa"foraway.continuedRiseup,riseup,myElegyTheelegy,atypeoflyricpoem,isusuallyaformallamentforsomeone'sdeath.Thetermelegyissometimesusedmorewidely.Inantiquityitreferredtoanythingwritteninelegiacmeter,whichconsistedofalternatinglinesofpentameterandhexameter.Thecategorycanincludethethrenody,themonody,thedirge,andthepastoralelegy.Thelastofthese,animportantRenaissanceform,combineselementsoftheversepastoralwiththeelegiacsubject.ElegyTheelegy,atypeoflyriInMemoriam

AlfredTennysonOldyew,whichgraspestatthestones,aThatnametheunder-lyingdead.bThyfibresnetthedreamlesshead,bThyrootsarewraptaboutthebones.aInMemoriamofA.H.HallamNotes:OctosyllabicquatrainInMemoriamELEGYWRITTENIN

ACOUNTRYCHURCH-YARD

ThomasGray(1716-71)Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday,

Thelowingherdwindsslowlyo'erthelea,

Theploughmanhomewardplodshiswearyway,

Andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome.

Nowfadestheglimmeringlandscapeonthesight,

Andalltheairasolemnstillnessholds,

Savewherethebeetlewheelshisdroningflight,

Anddrowsytinklingslullthedistantfolds:Notes:curfew:宵禁；tinkle叮当声ELEGYWRITTENIN

ACOUNTRYCHAftertheApple-pickingMylongtwo-pointedladder'sstickingthroughatree

Towardheavenstill,

Andthere'sabarrelthatIdidn'tfill

Besideit,andtheremaybetwoorthree

ApplesIdidn'tpickuponsomebough.

ButIamdonewithapple-pickingnow.

Essenceofwintersleepisonthenight,

Thescentofapples:Iamdrowsingoff.

Icannotrubthestrangenessfrommysight

Igotfromlookingthroughapaneofglass

Iskimmedthismorningfromthedrinkingtrough

AftertheApple-pickingMylongAndheldagainsttheworldofhoarygrass.

Itmelted,andIletitfallandbreak.

ButIwaswell

Uponmywaytosleepbeforeitfell,

AndIcouldtell

Whatformmydreamingwasabouttotake.

Magnifiedapplesappearanddisappear,

Stemendandblossomend,

Andeveryfleckofrussetshowingclear.

Myinsteparchnotonlykeepstheache,

Itkeepsthepressureofaladder-round.

Ifeeltheladderswayastheboughsbend.

AndheldagainsttheworldofAndIkeephearingfromthecellarbin

Therumblingsound

Ofloadonloadofapplescomingin.

ForIhavehadtoomuch

Ofapple-picking:Iamovertired

OfthegreatharvestImyselfdesired.

Thereweretenthousandthousandfruittotouch,

Cherishinhand,liftdown,andnotletfall.

ForallAndIkeephearingfromtheceThatstrucktheearth,

Nomatterifnotbruisedorspikedwithstubble,

Wentsurelytothecider-appleheap

Asofnoworth.

Onecanseewhatwilltrouble

Thissleepofmine,whateversleepitis.

Werehenotgone,

Thewoodchuckcouldsaywhetherit'slikehis

Longsleep,asIdescribeitscomingon,

Orjustsomehumansleep.

Thatstrucktheearth,

NomattRhythmRhythmis"amovementwithuniformrecurrenceofabeatoraccent."Initscrudestformrhythmhasabeatwithlittleornomeaning.Savagesrepeatstronglymarkedsyllablestoevokeacharmormagic-spell;childrenusethemingamesandcounting-outrhymes.Inpoetry,rhythm,broadlyspeaking,isarecognizablepulse,or"recurrence,"whichgivesadistinctbeattoalineandalsogivesitashape.

One,two,Bucklemyshoe.Three,four,Shutthedoor.RhythmRhythmis"amovementwicoupletCouplet:twosuccessivelinesofverse;equalinlengthandwithrhythm.对句coupletCouplet:twosuccessiveQuatrainQuatrain:verseoffourlines.QuatrainQuatrain:verseoffouRefrainRefrain:arepeatedword,phrase,lineorgroupoflinesnormallyatsomefixedpositioninapoemwritteninstanzaicform.RefrainRefrain:arepeatedworStanzaStanza:groupofrhymedlinesformingadivisioninsomeformofpoem.StanzaStanza:groupofrhymedPoetryAvant-GardeAvant-GardeModernTrends’influence,esp.Imagism’sEg.

JohnHollander(b.1929)

SwanandShadow(c.1969)

PoetryAvant-GardeAvant-GardeJoyceKilmer

ttttrrrrrrrrrreeeeeeeee???JoyceKilmereeCummingsl(aleaffalls)onelinesseeCummingsl(aSiestaofaHungarianSnakesszszSZszSZszSZzsSZzszszC.1968EdwinMorgan(b.1920)SiestaofaHungarianSnakeABCofEnglishPoetryABCofEnglishPoetryjohnfangSchoolofForeignLanguages,JiaxingCollege,PRCABCofEnglishPoetryClassificationsofPoetry

elegyLyricpoetryodesonnetPoetryballadfolkNarrativepoetryepicartBlankverseFreeverse(poetryinaformthatdoesnotfollowanyregularpattern)ClassificationsofPoetryABCofEnglishPoetry

Definition:“Poetryisthespontaneousoverflowofstrongfeelings:ittakesitsoriginfromemotionrecollectedintranquility.”(WilliamWordsworth)

TermsofPoetry(诗歌术语）metrics(诗的格律)、

rhyme(诗的押韵)、variety、forms(诗的体式)etc.诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的feelings，用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术。ABCofEnglishPoetryDefinit1.Metrics(诗的格律)“Metrics(格律)是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”，是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式，也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬（重），在音节上用“ˊ”标示，非重读音节为抑（轻），在音节上用“o”标示，音步之间可用“／”隔开。以下是五种常见格式。

1.Metrics(诗的格律)“Metrics(格律)是指FootFoot:thebasicunitusedinthescansionormeasurementofverse.Afootusuallycontainsoneaccentedsyllableandoneortwounaccentedsyllables,butthem