学术英语社科听力原文和翻译

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Unit1Businessesarestructuredindifferentwaystomeetdifferentneeds.Thesimplestformofbusinessiscalledanindividualorsoleproprietorship.Theproprietor<经营者>ownsallofthepropertyofthebusinessandisresponsibleforeverything.Forlegalpurposes,withthiskindofbusiness,theownerandthecompanyarethesame.Thismeansthattheproprietorgetstokeepalloftheprofitsofthebusiness,butalsomustpayanydebts.Anotherkindofbusinessisthepartnership.Twoormorepeoplegointobusinesstogether.Anagreementisusuallyneededtodecidehowmuchofthepartnershipeachpersoncontrols.Onekindofpartnershipiscalledalimitedliabilitypartnership.Thesehavefullpartnersandlimitedpartners.Limitedpartnersmaynotshareasmuchintheprofits,buttheyalsohavelessresponsibilitiesforthebusiness.Doctors,lawyersandaccountantsoftenformpartnershipstosharetheirrisksandprofits.Ahusbandandwifecanformabusinesspartnershiptogether.Partnershipsexistonlyforaslongastheownersremainalive.Thesameistrueofindividualproprietorships.Butcorporationsaredesignedtohaveanunlimitedlifetime.Acorporationisthemostcomplexkindofbusinessorganization.Corporationscansellstockasawaytoraisemoney.Stockrepresentssharesofownershipinacompany.Investorswhobuystockcantradetheirsharesorkeepthemaslongasthecompanyisinbusiness.Acompanymightusesomeofitsearningstopaydividends<红利>asarewardtoshareholders.Orthecompanymightreinvestthemoneyintothebusiness.Ifshareslosevalue,investorscanloseallofthemoneytheypaidfortheirstock.Butshareholdersarenotresponsibleforthedebtsofthecorporation.Acorporationisrecognizedasanentity<实体>——itsownlegalbeing,separatefromitsowners.Aboardofdirectorscontrolcorporatepolicies.Thedirectorsappointtopcompanyofficers.Thedirectorsmightormightnotholdsharesinthecorporation.Ifshareslosevalue,investorscanloseallofthemoneytheypaidfortheirstock.Butnotallcorporationsaretraditionalbusinessesthatsellstock.Somenonprofitgroupsarealsoorganizedascorporations.2. Unit2InthepastthreeweekIhaveintroducedyoutotheideasandmethodsofeconomics.Inthenextweek,wewillstartlearningmore,inmoredetailtheprinciplesofeconomicbehaviorandeconomicpolicy.Asyouproceedthroughthewholesemester,youwillbeaskedtodrawonmanyofyourintellectualskills.在过去的三周里,我向你介绍了经济学的思想和方法。在接下来的一周内,我们将开始学习更多的,更详细的经济行为和经济政策的原则。当你进行整个学期,你会被要求画上许多你的知识技能。YoumightfindithelpfultokeepinmindsomeadvicefromthegreateconomistJohnMaynardKeynes:你可能会发现它很有帮助,以保持在一些意见,从伟大的经济学家凯因斯梅纳德：Thestudyofeconomicsdoesnotseemtorequireanyspecializedgiftsofanunusuallyhighorder.Isitnotaveryeasysubjectcomparedwiththehigherbranchesofphilosophyorpurescience?经济学的研究似乎并不需要任何特殊的高阶的特殊的礼物。它不是一个很容易的学科相比,更高的分支机构的哲学或纯科学？Aneasysubject,atwhichveryfewexcel!Theparadoxfindsitsexplanation,perhapsinthatthemaster-economistmustpossessararecombinationofgifts.Hemustbemathematician,historian,statesman,philosopher-insomedegree.Hemustunderstandsymbolsandspeakinwords.Hemustcontemplatetheparticularintermsofthegeneral,andtouchabstractandconcreteinthesameflightofthought.Hemuststudythepresentinthelightofthepastforthepurposesofthefuture.Nopartofman`snatureorhisinstitutionsmustlieentirelyoutsidehisregard.Hemustbepurposefulanddisinterestedinasimultaneousmoodasaloofandincorruptibleasanartistyetsometimesasneartheearthasapolitician.一个简单的主题,在其中非常少！悖论找到了它的解释,或许在那个大师的经济学家必须拥有一个罕见的组合的礼物。他一定是数学家、历史学家、政治家、哲学家--在某种程度上。他必须理解符号和用词说话。他必须考虑到这一特殊的方面,在同一飞行中的抽象和具体的思考。为了将来的目的,他必须根据过去,学习现在。任何人的本性或机构的一部分,都必须完全在他的考虑之外。他必须在同时情绪冷漠和廉洁是有目的和公正作为一个艺术家,但有时像政治家一样脚踏实地。Itisatallorder.Butwithpractice,youwillbecomemoreandmoreaccustomedtothinkinglikeaneconomist.这是一个高阶。但在实践中,你会变得越来越习惯于像经济学家一样思考。3. Unit3Peopledifferinmanyways.Onedifferenceisinhowattractivetheyare.TheactorBradPitt,forinstance,isahandsomeman.Inpartforthisreason,hismoviesattractlargeaudiences.Notsurprisingly,thelargeaudiencesmeanalargeincomeforMr.Pitt.人们有许多不同的方式。一个区别是如何吸引人。例如,演员布拉德皮特是个英俊的男人。为了这个原因,他的电影吸引了大量的观众。毫不奇怪,大的观众意味着一个巨大的收入为皮特先生。Howprevalentaretheeconomicbenefitsofbeauty?LaboreconomistsDanielHamermeshandJeffBiddletriedtoanswerthisquestioninastudypublishedintheDecember1994issueofTheAmericanEconomicReview.美容的经济效益有多普遍？劳动经济学家哈莫米斯丹尼尔和比德尔杰夫试图在十二月1994期美国经济评论中发表的一项研究中回答这个问题。HammerersandBiddleexamineddatafromsurveysofindividualsintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Theinterviewerswhoconductedthesurveywereaskedtorateeachrespondent’sphysicalappearance.Hammerers和比德尔研究的数据来自美国和加拿大的个人调查。进行调查的面试官被要求对每个答辩人的外貌进行评价。HamermeshandBiddlethenexaminedhowmuchthewagesoftherespondentsdependedonthestandarddeterminantseducation,experience,andsoonandhowmuchtheydependedonphysicalappearance.哈莫米斯和比德尔然后检查了多少的受访者的工资取决于标准的决定因素教育,经验,等等和多少取决于物理外观。HamermeshandBiddlefoundthatbeautypays.Peoplewhoaredeemedtobemoreattractivethanaverageearnfivepercentmorethanpeopleofaveragelooks.哈莫米斯和比德尔发现,美的付出。被认为是更具吸引力的人比一般人平均收入高百分之五。Peopleofaveragelooksearn5to10percentmorethanpeopleconsideredlessattractivethanaverage.Similarresultswerefoundformenandwomen.长相一般的人平均收入比人们认为吸引力低的人多五到百分之十。男性和女性都有类似的结果。Whatexplainsthesedifferencesinwages?Thereareseveralwaystointerpretthe"beautypremium".什么解释了这些差异的工资？有几个方法来解释"美容费"。Oneinterpretationisthatgoodlooksarethemselvesatypeofinnateabilitydeterminingproductivityandwages.Somepeoplearebornwiththeattributesofamoviestar;otherpeoplearenot.一种解释是,良好的外表本身是一种天生的能力,决定着生产力和工资。有些人是天生的明星的属性,其他人不是。Goodlooksareusefulinanyjobinwhichworkerspresentthemselvestothepublicsuchasacting,sales,andwaitingontables.Inthiscase,anattractiveworkerismorevaluabletothefirmthananunattractiveworker.在任何工人们向公众展示自己的工作,好的外表都是有用的。例如：在演员、销售员和服务员等。在这种情况下,一个有吸引力的工人比一个没有吸引力的工人更有价值。Thefirm’swillingnesstopaymoretoattractiveworkersreflectsitscustomers’preferences.该公司愿意支付更多给吸引力的员工,反映出其客户的偏好。Asecondinterpretationisthatreportedbeautyisanindirectmeasureofothertypesofability.另一种解释是,美是一种间接衡量其他类型的能力。Howattractiveapersonappearsdependsonmorethanjustheredity.Italsodependsondress,hairstyle,personaldemeanor,andotherattributesthatapersoncancontrol.一个人的吸引力不只是取决于遗传。它还取决于着装、发型、个人举止和其他个人可以控制的因素。Perhapsapersonwhosuccessfullyprojectsanattractiveimageinasurveyinterviewismorelikelytobeanintelligentpersonwhosucceedsatothertasksaswell.也许一个人在调查面试中成功地表现出一个有吸引力的形象,他更可能是一个聪明的人,他在其他工作中也会成功。Athirdinterpretationisthatthebeautypremiumisatypeofdiscrimination,atopictowhichwereturnlater.第三种解释是,美的溢价是一种区别,我们稍后返回这个主题。4. Unit4Thescientificstudyofpopulationisknownasdemography.ThewordcomesfromtheGreekfor"measuringpeople".Butcountingheadsisonlyasmallpartofwhatdemographersdo.人口的科学研究被称为人口统计学。这个词来源于希腊的"测量人"。但统计数量只有人口统计学家做的一小部分。Theyalsoattempttocalculatethegrowthrateofapopulationandtoassesstheimpactofsuchthingsasthemarriagerateandlifeexpectancy,thesexratio,theagestructureonhumanbehaviorandthestructureofsociety.他们还试图计算人口的增长率,并评估如婚姻率和预期寿命,性别比例,年龄结构对人类行为和社会结构这些事物的影响,。Theyareinterestedinthedistributionofpopulationandinmovementsofpeople.Putanotherway,demographersstudytheeffectsofsuchnumbersonsocialtrends.他们感兴趣的是人口分布和人口流动。另一方面,人口学家研究的这样的数字对于社会趋势的影响。Demographersuseanumberofstandardmeasuresintranslatingalocality’srawtotalsbirths,deaths,andthenumberofthosemovinginandoutintogeneralstatisticsthatallowthemtoidentifytrends.人口统计学家使用一些标准的措施在翻译当地的原料总量,出生,死亡,和一些迁入和输出一般统计让他们以确定趋势。Thebirthrateisthenumberofbirthsper1000peopleinagivenyears.Supposetherewere900birthsinacityof50000inaspecificyear.出生率是每一年的出生人数1000人。假设有900个出生在一个有50000人城市的在特定的一年。Demographerscalculatethebirthrateforthecitybydividingthenumberofbirths<900>bythepopulation<50000>andmultiplyingtheresult<0.018>by1000toget18.Thebirthrateindevelopedcountriesis1.6;inlessdevelopedcountriesitis4.0.人口统计学家计算城市人口出生率以出生人数〔900的除以总人口〔50000的结果〔0.018相乘1000得到18。发达国家的生育率为1.6；不发达国家是4。Thedeathrateisthenumberofdeathsper1000peopleinagivenyear.Thefertilityrateisthenumberoflivebirthsper1000womenoftheworld.死亡人数为每1000人死亡人数一年。生育率是世界上每1000名妇女的活产数。Asmentionedearlier,populationandpopulationgrowthratesarehighestindevelopingnationsandlowerinWesternnations.Theseratesarealsocomplicatedbymassmovementsofrefugeestoandfromcertaincountries.如前所述,发展中国家和西方国家的人口增长率是最高的。这些比率也很复杂,某些国家的难民群众运动也很复杂。By1994thepopulationofrefugeeswasover23million,upfromabout10millionrefugeesworldwidein1983.MassmovementsofpeopleintoandoutofAfghanistan,SomaliaandMozambiquehavecontributedtothissharpincrease.Famineandpoliticalupheavalareusuallybehindthesemassexoduses.1994的难民人数超过2300万,由在1983约1000万难民增长。从阿富汗、索马里和莫桑比克的群众运动对这一急剧增加做出了贡献。饥荒和政治动荡通常在这些群众大规模流亡后发生。5. Unit5One’sculturalidentityisanimportantaspectofbeinghuman.Culturalidentityevolvesfromthesharedbeliefs,values,andattitudesofagroupofpeople.人的文化身份是人的一个重要方面。文化认同是一些人类从共同的信仰、价值观和态度发展演变而来的。Itembodiesstandardsofbehaviorandthewaysinwhichbeliefs,values,andattitudesaretransmittedtotheyoungergeneration.它体现了行为准则和信仰,价值观和态度的方式被传递给年轻一代。Culturalidentityalsoentailsthewaysinwhichkinshiprelationshipsandmaritalandsexualrelationshipsarestructured.文化认同还包括亲属关系、婚姻和性关系的方式。ExamplesofthevastarrayofculturalidentitiesintheUnitedStatesincludeAngloAmerican,ItalianAmerican,AfricanAmerican,andAsianAmerican–tonamejustafew.在美国,大量的文化身份的例子包括英美,意大利,美国,非洲裔美国人和亚裔美国人的名字只是少数。Culturalidentitytranscendsethnicidentity,orethnicity,whichreferstothegeographicoriginofaminoritygroupwithinacountryorculture.文化身份是超越种族身份的,或是种族,是指一个国家或文化中的少数群体的地理起源。Whereasmanypeoplelearnabouttheirspecificethnicidentitiesfromtheirparents,manymorechildrenarebornwithparentsfromseveralethnicgroups.虽然许多人都了解他们的特殊的民族身份,从他们的父母,有更多的孩子是与父母来自几个民族。AsthisincreasesintheUnitedStates,moreyoungpeopleareunclearabouttheirethnicidentityandaresimplycallingthemselvesAmerican.随着美国的这一增长,越来越多的年轻人对自己的民族身份不清楚,他们只不过是自己的美国人。Aculturalgroupisasetofpeoplewhoembracecorebeliefs,behaviors,values,andnormsandtransmitthemfromgenerationtogeneration.文化群体是一组人,他们信奉核心信念、行为、价值观和规范,并将其传递给一代又一代。Mostculturescontainsubgroupscalledco-cultures,distinctculturalofsocialgroupslivingwithinthelesbians.大多数文化包含子群称为共同的文化,社会群体生活在女同性恋者不同的文化。AnEthnicgroupisasetofpeoplewhoareembeddedwithinalargerculturalgrouporsocietyandwhosharebeliefs,behaviors,values,andnormsthatarealsotransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.一个民族群体是一组人,他们被嵌入在一个较大的文化群体或社会中,他们分享信仰、行为、价值观和规范,这也是一代又一代的传播者。Ethnicityplaysamajorroleindeterminingwhatweeatandhowwework,relate,celebrateholidaysandrituals,andfeelaboutlifeanddeathanillness.种族在决定我们吃什么和我们如何工作,关系,庆祝节日和仪式,和感觉有关的生活和死亡的疾病中起着重要的作用。6. Unit6Internetjournalismhasbeengreatlyinfluencedbytheso-called"bloggers".Inthestrictsense,abloggerissomeone’sonlinerecordofthewebsitesheorshevisits.Bloggerisacontractionof"Weblogger".Webloggershavebeencalledone-personInternetblabbermouthswhopopofftoanyonewhowilllisten.Theycriticizeeachotherbutsomeofthebesttakeon,sometimesunfairly,thebignewspapersandnetworks.Theyprovideakindofinstantfeedbackloopformediacorporations.Someequatethemwiththemorelivelyeditorialpagesofearliertimes.Webloggersarehavinganimportantimpactonthe"oldmedia"aswellasonpublicopinionoversalientpoliticalandsocialissues.网络新闻受到了很大的影响,所谓的"博客"。在严格意义上,一个博客是某人的网站他或她访问的在线记录。博客是"网络日志"的缩写。Web记录器已被称为一个人的互联网长舌者谁去谁会听流行音乐。他们互相批评,但一些最好的,有时不公平的,大的报纸和网络。他们提供了一种即时反馈回路的媒体公司。有些人把他们与早期的更生动的编辑页面等同起来。Web记录器是具有重要影响的"旧媒体"以及对公众舆论对突出的政治和社会问题。Task2Newspapersaredying;themusicindustryisstillyelpingaboutiTunes;bookpublishersthinktheyarenext.Yetonebitofoldmediaseemstobedoingratherwell.Inthefinalquarterof2009theaverageAmericanspentalmost37hoursaweekwatchingtelevision.Earlierthisyear116millionofthemsawtheSuperBowl--arecordforasingleprogramme.Farfrombeingcowedbynewmedia,TViscolonizingit.Showslike"AmericanIdol"and"Britain’sGotTalent"drawhugeaudiencespartlybecausepeopleareconstantlymessagingandtweetingaboutthem,anddiscussingthemonFacebook.报纸行将就木；音乐产业也在抱怨iTunes；图书出版商认为他们下。然而,有一点旧媒体似乎做得很好。在2009的最后一个季度,美国平均每个星期花了将近37个小时看电视。今年早些时候,1亿1600万的人看到了超级碗一个计划的记录。没有受到新媒体,电视是殖民。节目"美国偶像"和"英国达人"吸引了众多观众的眼球,部分原因是因为人们不断的发短信支持他们,并讨论他们在Facebook。Advertisingwobbledduringtherecession,shakingthefree-to-airbroadcastersthatdependonit.ButcableandsatelliteTVbreezedthrough.Pay-televisionsubscriptionsgrewbymorethantwomillioninAmericalastyear.TheexplosivegrowthofcableandsatelliteTVinIndiaexplainshowthatcountryhasgonefromtwochannelsintheearly1990stomorethan600today.Pay-TVbossesscarcelyacknowledgetheexistenceofviewerswhodonotsubscribetomultichannelTV,talkingonlyofpeoplewhohave"yettochoose"aprovider.Thisisnotmerelybluster.Asourspecialreportthisweekexplains,oncepeoplestartpayingforgreatertelevisionchoice,theyrarelystop.广告摇摇晃晃在经济衰退期间,在免费广播电视公司依赖它。但是,有线电视和卫星电视轻松通过。去年美国的付费电视订阅量增长了二百万以上。印度有线电视和卫星电视的爆炸性增长,说明了这个国家从20世纪90年代初的2个通道到今天的600多个渠道。付费电视的老板们几乎不承认那些不赞成多频道电视的观众的存在,只说那些"还没有选择"的人。这不只是虚张声势。正如本周我们的特别报告所解释的,一旦人们开始为更大的电视选择付费,他们很少会停下来。7. Unit7Interviewer:Today’s"bigstory"istheInformationSociety.We’llfocusonsomeoftheissuesand,ofcourse,thelanguagebehindthetopic."Informationandcommunicationstechnology",the"informationsociety",the"digitaldivide"thesetermshavebecomebuzzwordsinthemodernworld.Butwhatdotheyallmean?记者：今天的"大故事"是信息社会。我们将集中于一些问题,当然,语言背后的主题。"信息与通讯技术","信息社会","数字鸿沟"这些术语已成为现代世界的嗡嗡声。但他们都是什么意思呢？Interviewee:Thisisawayoflookinghowsocietyhaschanged.Ifwelookbacktoahundredyearsago,weweretalkingabouttheIndustrialRevolutioncountriesbecomingeconomicpowers,developingtheirbusinessesthroughtheuseofmachines.Nowtheemphasishasshiftedtoinformation,andtechnologyisatoolbywhichpeoplecangainthatinformationbeitthroughcomputers,ontheInternet,ormaybeoveramobilephone.Andthat’swhatwearetalkingabuthere:usingtechnologyasatooltogetaccesstoinformation,tofindoutwhat’shappeningintheworld.应聘者：这是一种寻找社会如何改变。如果我们回顾一百年前,我们谈论的是工业革命国家成为经济强国,通过使用机器来发展他们的企业。现在的重点已经转移到信息,技术是一种工具,人们可以得到的信息通过计算机,在互联网上,或在一个移动电话。这就是我们在这里谈论：用技术作为一种工具来获取信息,了解世界上正在发生的事情。Interviewer:Andwhyisthissuchanimportantarea?WhydoesitfeatureinthelistofWorldServiceBigStories,doyouthink?记者：为什么这个这么重要的地区？为什么它的功能在世界服务的大故事,你认为？Interviewee:SayyouareafarmerinSenegal,andyouwanttofindoutwhatthepriceisforthemangosorthepineapplesthatyou’regrowing.Whenyoucometosellthemtothetrader,youdon’tknowwhatthepriceofthatpineappleisinthecapital.Youhavetotake,atfacevalue,whatyou’reofferedforit.Butsayyouhadamobilephone,andthatonthatmobilephone,youcouldfindoutwhatthepriceofpineappleswasinthecapital,thatwouldputyouinamuchstrongerpositionwhenitcametosellingyourgoods,andyouwouldgetamuchbetterpriceforyourcrops.Thatwouldmakeaverybigdifferencetohowmuchmoneyyouearnedeverymonth.记者：说你是塞内加尔的一个农民,你要知道你正在成长的芒果和菠萝的价格是多少。当你把他们卖给商人的时候,你不知道那个菠萝的价格是什么。你必须采取,在面对价值,你所提供的。但是说你有手机,这在手机,你可以发现在资本菠萝的价格是什么,那会把你放在一个更强大的位置,当它来销售你的产品,你会得到你的作物更好的价格。这将对你每月赚多少钱有很大的不同。Interviewer:Solet’ssaywe’retalkingabouttelephonesandcomputersasyou’vesuggested,whatdowemeanwhenwesaythere’sa"digitaldivide"?主持人：那么让我们说,我们谈论的是电话和电脑,正如你所说的,我们是什么意思,当我们说有一个"数字鸿沟"？Interviewee:thisallcomesdowntohavingaccesstoinformationbeingabletofindinformationaboutcropprices,aboutthelatestresearch,evennewsaboutwhat’shappeninginyourcountryorinyourpartoftheworldeasily.Inindustrializedcountriesit’sallaroundus.Apartfromnewspapersandradiostations,wenowhavetheInternet,oryoucanevengetthissortofinformationonyourmobilephone.Theproblemfordevelopingcountriesisthattheydon’thaveaccesstothatinformation.Interviewer:Successinthemodernworlddependsonhavingaccesstoup-to-dateinformationwhetherforbusiness,farming,education,healthcareforeveryaspectoflife.Andinthisso-called"informationsociety",there’sadigitaldividedbetweenthehavesandthehave-notsthosewhoareabletoaccessinformationandthosewhoaren’t.Buttheabilitytoaccessinformationdependsonmorethanjusthavingtherighttechnologicalequipment.应聘者：这一切都归结到所获得的信息,能够找到关于农作物价格信息,最新的研究,即使是在你的国家或你的世界的一部分,容易发生了什么新闻。在工业化国家,这是我们周围的一切。除了报纸和广播电台,我们现在有互联网,或者你甚至可以在你的手机上获得这类信息。发展中国家的问题是,他们没有获得这一信息。面试官：在现代世界的成功取决于获得最新信息无论是商业,农业,教育,医疗保健为生活的每一个方面。在这个所谓的"信息社会",这一数字将富人和穷人那些能够访问信息和那些不但是获取信息的能力不仅仅取决于有正确的技术设备之间。Interviewee:thereareseveralbigproblemswenitcomestotheinternetaccess.OneofthebigonesisthatalotofthematerialontheInternetisinEnglish,andthatinstantlyputsabarrieruptoalotofpeopleintheworldbecausetheyhavetospeakatleastsomeEnglishtounderstandtheinformationthere.Theotherthingisjusttheconnection.ToconnecttotheInternet,youneedtoconnecteitherthroughcablesoryoucandoitthroughradiowaves.Butinmanypartsofthedevelopingworld,whatyouhaveisaveryslowconnectionoveratelephoneline.Telephonelinesinalotofthesepartsoftheworldarequiteunreliable,they’reabitcrackly,theymighthavesomeinterferenceontheline.SowhatyouthenhaveisanInternetconnectionthat,notonlyisslow,butcouldbreakatanymoment.Thisisahugeproblemforthedevelopingcountries.Interviewer:We’vetalkedabitabouttheInternet,then,thedifferencethatcanmaketopeople’slives.Whataboutthephone?Andparticularlythemobilephone?应聘者：有几个大问题,温总理谈到互联网接入。其中一个大的问题是,互联网上的很多资料都是英文的,而这一点在全世界都会有一个障碍,因为他们必须至少用一些英语来了解那里的信息。另一件事就是连接。要连接到互联网,你需要连接电缆或通过无线电波。但是在发展中世界的许多地方,你在电话线上有一个非常缓慢的连接。在许多世界各地的电话线是相当不可靠的,他们有点脆脆的,他们可能对线干扰。所以你所拥有的是一个互联网连接,不仅是慢,但可以打破在任何时刻。这对发展中国家是一个巨大的问题。面试官：我们在网上聊了一点,然后,可以让人们的生活不同。那电话呢？尤其是移动电话？Interviewee:ThisisalmostmorerevolutionarythantheInternetitself.Becausewhatyou’refindingnowisthatincountrieslikeNigeria,almosteverybodywillhaveamobilephone.Inthepasttheywouldhavehadtorelyontryingtogetanormallandline,somethingconnectedwithwirestothelocalexchange,andtheproblemistherewouldn’tbemanyofthesetelephones,theywouldexpensive.Butnowmobilephonesareopeningtheworldofcommunicationtojustabouteverybody.So,sellinggoodsiseasier;sharingideasismuchmorepossiblenowthaninthepast;orevenjustgivingadvicetocolleaguesorfriends.应聘者：这是几乎比互联网本身的革命。因为你现在发现的是,在像尼日利亚这样的国家,几乎每个人都会有一个手机。在过去,他们将不得不依靠努力获得正常的座机,点与导线连接到本地交换,而问题是不会有很多这样的电话,他们会很贵。但现在移动电话正在开放的世界,只是关于每个人。因此,销售商品更容易,分享的想法比过去更容易,甚至只是给同事或朋友的建议。8. Unit8Summaries：politicallycorrectmeanssociallycorrectaccordingtotheviewsofthosewhowerepoliticallyleftofcenter.Therearethreekindsofpoliticalcorrectness.TypeAreferstonewwaysofsayingthings,avoidinggivingoffencetomembersofminoritygroups.Forexamples,personispreferredtoman/woman,MstoMiss/Mrsandphysicallychallengedtodisabled.TypeBreferstotermsusedtoattackthosethoughttobepoliticallyincorrect.Wordssuchassexist,racist,Eurocentricareexamples.TypeCreferstotermsindicatingapositiveprogramforaddressingwrongs.Expressionssuchasmulticulturalismandaffirmativeactionarecasesinpoint.ListeningscriptWell,goodeveningladiesandgentlemen.I’mgivingatalkonpoliticalcorrectness.Canyouhearmeattheback?Whatispoliticalcorrectness?Whatisit?Well,let’slookattheappearanceoftheterm.Inthe1980s,intheUnitedStates,theninthiscountry,wesuddenlyhadanumberofstrangeinventionsinthelanguage.Forexample,TheWashingtonPostnewspaper,on12thofMarch1984,wereadaboutawritercalledLanger.Langerissayingthatnovelistshaveadutyhigherthantheonetheyowetotheirart,thatistheartofwriting,ofcourse,andintheirprivatevisionofworld,theyhaveadutytobepoliticallycorrect.AndagainTheWashingtonPostinthefollowingyear,"itistheonlycaffeinatedcoffeeservedbythewaitpersons,"they’recalledinthepoliticallycorrectTacomaCaféinTacomaPark.Well,what’sallthisabout?Whatdoespoliticallycorrectmeaninitssense?Well,IwouldsuggestintheoriginalsenseintheStates,politicallycorrectmeantsociallycorrectaccordingtotheviewsofthosewhowerepoliticallyleftofcenter.Itwasadescriptiveterm.摘要：政治上正确的方法是在社会上正确的,根据那些在政治上离开的人的观点。政治上的正确性有三种。类型指的是说事物的新方法,避免给少数群体的成员们的冒犯。举例来说,人是喜欢男人/女人,小姐/女士和身体残疾的挑战。类型是指用来攻击那些认为在政治上不正确的人。诸如性别歧视、种族主义、欧洲中心主义的例子。类型是指表示一个正的程序来解决错误。如多元文化主义和肯定行动的表达点在点。听力脚本女士们,先生们,晚上好。我在讨论政治正确性。你能听到我的声音吗？什么是政治正确性？那是什么？嗯,让我们来看看这个词的出现。在20世纪80年代,在美国,在这个国家,我们突然有了一些奇怪的发明在语言。例如,华盛顿邮报,第十二月1984,我们看到一个作家叫兰格。兰格说,小说家们比他们欠他们的艺术更高的责任,那就是写作,艺术,当然,在他们的世界私人的愿景,他们有义务要在政治上是正确的。又在接下来的一年,华盛顿邮报,"这是唯一的含咖啡因的咖啡的waitpersons担任,他们呼吁在政治正确的塔科马咖啡馆é塔科马公园。好了,这是什么？政治上正确的意思是什么意思？好的,我会建议在美国的原始意义上,政治上正确的意思是在社会上正确的意见,这些谁是政治上离开的中心。这是一个描述性术语。Nowlet’slookatsomeexamplesofpoliticallycorrectlanguage.Thereareatleastthreecategories,Isuggest,ofpoliticallycorrectlanguage.Let’scallthemA,BandC.SoA.Therearenewwaysofsayingthings,avoidinggivingoffensetomembersofminoritygroups.Nowwhat’saminoritygrouphere?Agroupreferredtoasaminorityisonewhichisinwaysdisadvantagedoroppressed.Sothetraditionalcategorieshereofminoritygroupwouldincludewomen,andinsomecountriesblacks,perhapstheelderlyandsoon.Sothenewwayofsayingthings,for,insteadof"man"or"woman",wecouldsay"person".Thatwouldbepoliticallycorrectusagebecauseitisregardedasdiscriminatorytodistinguishbetweenmenandwomen,we’reallpersons.Oragain,itbecameveryfashionabletouse"Ms",ms,insteadof"Miss"or"Mrs."asatitleforawoman.Oragain"s’he",or"he/she",that,inplaceof"he"or"she".Oragain,"black"or"negro".Thequalityofthelanguagehereisratherimportant.Blacks,themselves,intheStatescametodisliketheterm"negro",preferringtobecalledBlack,withacapital"B".Again,of"poor",poorpeople,wetalkof"disadvantaged"peopleorperhaps"exploited",but"disadvantaged"seemsmoreneutral.Then,whataboutmalehomosexuals,forexample?Well,theterm"gay"changeditsmeaningdramatically."Gay"usedtomeancheerful,happyandsoon,butnow,it’snormally,it’stakentomeanmalehomosexual.Thenthereisthesuffix"challenged".So,somepeoplewouldsay,not"disabled",perhapssomebodyhasadamagedleg,not"disabled"but"physicallychallenged".Andfor"old",wemightsay"experientiallyenhanced",orsomethingofthatsort.So,somuchforwaysofsayi