考研考博-英语-山东艺术设计职业学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东艺术设计职业学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

This（

）girlisTom’scousin.

问题1选项

A.prettylittleAmerican

B.Americanprettylittle

C.Americanlittlepretty

D.littleAmericanpretty

【答案】A

【解析】句意:这位漂亮的美国小女孩是Tom的表妹。

语法题。考查形容词排列顺序。pretty属于“描绘性形容词”，little属于“表示大小、长短、高低的形容词”，American属于“表示国籍的形容词”。在修饰名词时，这三类形容词的顺序为描绘性形容词、表示大小、长短、高低的形容词、表示国籍的形容词。故A符合此顺序。

2.单选题

Humansareforeverforgettingthattheycan'tcontrolnature.Exactly20yearsago,aTimemagazinecoverstoryannouncedthat“scientistsareonthevergeofbeingabletopredictthetime,placeandeventhesizeofearthquakes”.Thepeopleofquake-ruinedKobe(神户)learnedlastweekhowwrongthatassertionwas.

Noneofthemethodspraisedtwodecadesagohavesucceeded.Evennow,scientistshaveyettodiscoverauniformwarningsignalthatprecedesallquakes,letaloneanysignthatwouldtellwhetherthecomingquakeismildorakiller.Earthquakeformationcanbetriggeredbymanyfactors,saysHirooKanamori,aseismologistattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Sofindingoneall-purposewarningsighisimpossible.Onereason:quakesstartdeepintheearth,soscientistscan'tstudythemdirectly.

Ifaquakeprecursorwerefound,itwouldstillbeimpossibletowarnhumansinadvanceofalldangerousquakes.PlaceslikeJapanandCaliforniaarefilledwithhundreds,ifnotthousands,ofminorfaults.Itisimpossibletoplacemonitoringinstrumentsonallofthem.Andtheseinconspicuoussitescanbejustasdeadlyastheirbetter-knowncousinsliketheSanAndreas(圣安得列斯断层).BoththeKobeandthe1994Northridgequakesoccurredonsmallfaults.

Predictionwouldbelessimportantifscientistscouldeasilybuildstructurestowithstandtremors.Whileseismicengineeringhasimproveddramaticallyinthepast10to15years,everynewquakerevealsunexpectedweaknessesin“quake-resistant”structures,saysTerryTullis,ageophysicistatBrownUniversity.InKobe,forexample,ahighwaythatopenedonlylastyearwasdamaged.

IntheNorthridgeearthquake,ontheotherhand,well-builtstructuresgenerallydidnotcollapse.Butengineershavesincefoundhiddenproblemsin120steel-framebuildingsthatsurvived.Suchstructuresaresupposedtoswaywiththeearthratherthancrumple.Theymayhaveswayedbutthequakealsounexpectedlyweakenedthejointsintheirsteelskeletons.Iftheshakinghadbeenlongerorstronger,thebuildingsmighthavecollapsed.

ArecentreportinScienceaddsyetmoreanxietyaboutlifeonthefaultlines.Researcherscancomputersimulationstoseehowquake-resistantbuildingswouldfareinamoderate-sizetremor,takingintoaccountthatmuchofaquake'senergytravelsinalarge“pulse”offocusedshaking.Theresults:bothsteel-framebuildingsandbuildingsthatsitoninsulatingrubberpadssufferedseveredamage.

Moreresearchwillhelpexpertsdesignstrongerstructuresandpossiblyfindquakeprecursors.Butitisstillacertaintythatthenextearthwillproveonceagainthateveryfaultcannotbemonitoredandeveryhighwaycannotbecompletelyquake-proofed.

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutKobe?

2.Theauthor'sfocusinPara.3ison（

）.

3.It'simpossibletoavoiddamagesinearthquakesbecause

（

）.

4.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat

（

）.

5.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe（

）.

问题1选项

A.Lastweek'squakeoccurredonsmallfaults.

B.Peopletherebelieveinscientists'abilitytopredictearthquakes.

C.Buildingsthereswayedwiththequakeratherthancrumpled

D.Itcanbeexpectedthateveryfaultcanbemonitoredasaresultofmoreresearch.

问题2选项

A.theneedformoreresearch

B.theimpossibilitytopredictearthquakes

C.thedesigningofstrongerstructuresandthefindingofquakeprecursors

D.theimpossibilityofbuildingcompletelyquake-proofedstructures

问题3选项

A.scientistscan'tstudyquakesthatoccurdeepintheearthdirectly

B.it'shardtobuildperfect“quake-resistant”structures

C.instrumentscannotbeplacedonalloftheminorfaults

D.alloftheabove

问题4选项

A.well-erectedstructuresdonotcollapse

B.steel-framebuildingssurviveanyearthquake

C.buildinginNorthridgewillprobablycollapseinastrongerearthquake

D.seismicengineeringhasimprovedenoughforstructurestoresistquakes

问题5选项

A.NatureIsbeyondHumanControl

B.Earthquakes;canWeBringThemunderControl?

C.NewMethodsandStrongerStructurestoPredictandWithholdQuakes

D.Can'tWePredictEarthquakes?

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据第三段最后一句“BoththeKobeandthe1994Northridgequakesoccurredonsmallfaults.”可知选项A正确；根据第一段的内容可知选项B错误；根据第三段的内容可知，选项C描述的是北岭地震而不是神户地震，不符合题意；根据原文最后一句“everyfaultcannotbemonitoredandeveryhighwaycannotbecompletelyquake-proofed.”可知选项D错误。所以只有选项A表述正确。

2.事实细节题。根据第三段的首句“Ifaquakeprecursorwerefound,itwouldstillbeimpossibletowarnhumansinadvanceofalldangerousquakes.”如果能够发现地震的前兆，仍然不可能在所有危险的地震发生前警告人类。也就是说，预测地震是不可能的，选项B符合原文。

3.事实细节题。根据第二段最后一句“quakesstartdeepintheearth,soscientistscan'tstudythemdirectly.”可知选项A正确；根据第四段第一句“Predictionwouldbelessimportantifscientistscouldeasilybuildstructurestowithstandtremors.”如果科学家能够轻而易举地建造出抵御地震的建筑物，那么预测就不那么重要了。由此可知选项B正确；根据第三段“Itisimpossibletoplacemonitoringinstrumentsonallofthem.”可知选项C正确。所以本题选项D。

4.推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，选项A和B表述太绝对；选项D没有提及。根据本段最后一句“Iftheshakinghadbeenlongerorstronger,thebuildingsmighthavecollapsed.”如果地震时间更长或强度更大，建筑物可能已经倒塌了。也就是说，北岭的建筑可能会在更强的地震中倒塌。选项C符合原文。

5.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，本文主要是讲地震的不可预测性，这是一个事实，选项B和D带有疑问语气，所以不恰当。选项C不是本文的重点，所以选项A比选项C更能概括全文。

3.单选题

TheNeutralityofAmericanintheEarlyWorldWarⅡTheestablishmentoftheThirdReichinfluencedeventsinAmericanhistorybystartingachainofeventswhichculminatedinwarbetweenGermanyandtheUnitedStates.Thecompetedestructionofdemocracy,thepersecutionofJews,thewaronreligion,thecrueltyandbarbarismoftheNazis,andespeciallytheplansofGermanyandherallies,ItalyandJapan,forworldconquestcausedgreatindignationinthiscountryandbroughtonfearofanotherworldwar.WhilespeakingoutagainstHitler’satrocities,theAmericanpeoplegenerallyfavoredisolationistpoliciesandneutrality.TheNeutralityActsof1935and1936prohibitedtradewithanybelligerentsorloanstothem.In1937thePresidentwasempoweredtodeclareanarmsembargoinwarsbetweennationsathisdiscretion.

AmericanopinionbegantochangesomewhatafterPresidentRoosevelt’s“quarantinetheaggressor”speechatChicago(1937)inwhichheseverelycriticizedHitler’spolicies.Germany’sseizureofAustriaandtheMunichPactforthepartitionofCzechoslovakia(1938)alsoarousedtheAmericanpeople.TheconquestofCzechoslovakiainMarch,1939wasanotherrudeawakeningtothemenaceoftheThirdReich.InAugust,1939cametheshockoftheNazi-sovietPactandinSeptembertheattackonPolandandtheoutbreakofEuropeanwar.TheUnitedStatesattemptedtomaintainneutralityinspiteofsympathyforthedemocraciesarrayedagainsttheThirdReich.TheNeutralityActof1939repealedthearmsembargoandpermitted“cashandcarry”exportsofarmstobelligerentnations.Astrongnationaldefenseprogramwasbegun.Adraftactwaspassed(1940)tostrengthenthemilitaryservices.ALendAct(1941)authorizedthePresidenttosell,exchange,orlendmaterialstoanycountrydeemednecessarybyhimforthedefenseoftheUnitedStates.HelpwasgiventoBritainbyexchangingcertainoveragedestroyersfortherighttoestablishAmericanbasesinBritishterritoryintheWesternHemisphere.InAugust,1940PresidentRooseveltandPrimeMinisterChurchillmetandissuedtheAtlanticCharterwhichproclaimedthekindofaworldwhichshouldbeestablishedafterthewar.InDecember,1941,JapanlaunchedtheunprovokedattackontheUnitedStatesatPearlHarbor.Immediatelythereafter,GermanydeclaredwarontheUnitedStates.

6.Oneitemoccurringbefore1937thattheauthordoesnotmentioninhislistofactionsthatalienatedtheAmericanpublicwas___.

7.TheLend-LeaseActwasdesignedto___.

8.AmericanPolicyduringtheyears1935-1936maybedescribedasbeing___.

9.TheNeutralityActof1939___.

10.WeenteredthewaragainstGermany___.

问题1选项

A.theburningoftheReichstag

B.Germanplansforconquest

C.Nazibarbarism

D.thepersecutionofreligiousgroups

问题2选项

A.helptheBritish

B.strengthenthenationaldefenseoftheUnitedStates

C.promotetheAtlanticCharter

D.avengePearlHarbor

问题3选项

A.watchful

B.isolationist

C.peaceful

D.indifferent

问题4选项

A.permittedthesellingofarmstobelligerentnations

B.antagonizedJapan

C.permittedtheBritishtotradeonlywiththeAllies

D.ledtoLend-LeaseAct

问题5选项

A.becauseGermanydeclaredwar

B.becauseJapanwasanallyofGermany

C.afterGermanyhadsignedtheNazi-sovietPact

D.afterpeacefuleffortshadfailed

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】6.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段第二句Thecompetedestructionofdemocracy,thepersecutionofJews,thewaronreligion,thecrueltyandbarbarismoftheNazis,andespeciallytheplansofGermanyandherallies,ItalyandJapan,forworldconquestcausedgreatindignationinthiscountryandbroughtonfearofanotherworldwar.（民主的全面摧毁、对犹太人的迫害、摧残宗教、纳粹的残忍和野蛮，特别是德国及其盟国意、日、征服世界的计划激起美国极大愤怒，也带来了又一次对世界大战的恐惧）可知B选项“德国征服计划”，C选项“纳粹之残暴”以及D选项“迫害宗教团体”都有提到；A选项“德国国会大厦被焚毁”未提及。因此A选项符合题意。

7.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键字“TheLend-LeaseAct”定位到第二段ALendAct(1941)authorizedthePresidenttosell,exchange,orlendmaterialstoanycountrydeemednecessarybyhimforthedefenseoftheUnitedStates.（1941年的《租借法案》授权总统向他认为保卫美国所必需的任何国家出售、交换或出借物资。）可知选B选项“加强美国国防”；A选项“帮助英国”并不是《租借法案》真正的目的；C选项“促进大西洋宪章”，D选项“为珍珠港报仇”不符合题意。因此B选项正确。

8.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“1935-1936”定位到第一段WhilespeakingoutagainstHitler’satrocities,theAmericanpeoplegenerallyfavoredisolationistpoliciesandneutrality.TheNeutralityActsof1935and1936prohibitedtradewithanybelligerentsorloanstothem.（美国人民虽然反对希特勒的凶残等事，他们一般还是喜欢孤立（与世隔绝的）政策和保持中立。1935年和1936年的中立条约规定：禁止和交战国双方贸易和借贷）可知选B选项“孤立主义”；A选项“警惕”，C选项“和平”以及D选项“漠不关心”都不符合原文。因此B选项正确。

9.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“1939”定位到原文第二段TheNeutralityActof1939repealedthearmsembargoandpermitted“cashandcarry”exportsofarmstobelligerentnations.（1939年的中立条约取消了武器禁运，并允许向交战国家“现购自运”出口武器）可知选A选项“允许向交战国家出售武器”；B选项“反感日本”，C选项“允许英国人只和同盟国进行贸易”以及D选项“导致借贷租赁法案”都和原文不符合。因此A选项正确。

10.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据原文最后一段Immediatelythereafter,GermanydeclaredwarontheUnitedStates.（此后，德国立即对美国宣战）可以推测出美国加入对德国的战争是由于德国先对美国宣战，选A选项“因为德国宣战了”；B选项“因为日本是德国的盟友”，C选项“在德国签署了纳粹-苏联条约之后”以及D选项“爱好和平的努力失败后”不符合原文。因此A选项正确。

4.单选题

Topmarathonrunnerstendtobeleanandlight,starswimmersarelongthighswithhugefeetandgoldmedalweightliftersaresolidblocksofmusclewithshortarmsandlegs.So,doesyourphysicalshape—--andthewayyourbodyworks—--fityouforaparticularsport?Ordoesyourbodydevelopacertainwaybecauseofyourchosensport?

“It’sabout55:45,genestotheenvironment,”saysMikeRennie,professorofclinicalphysiologyatBritain’sUniversityofNottinghamMedicalSchoolRenniecitesthecaseofidenticaltwinsfromGermany,oneofwhomwasalong-distanceathlete,theotherapowerfulsportsman,so,“Theylookquitedifferent,despitebeingidenticaltwins.”

Someonewho’s1.5meterstallhaslittlechanceofbecominganelitebasketballplayer.Still,beingovertwometerstallwon’tautomaticallypushyoutoOlympicgold.“Unlessyouhavetacticalsensewhereneeded,unlessyouhaveaccesstogoodequipment,medicalcareandthepsychologicalconditions,andunlessyouareabletodriveyourselfthroughpain,allthephysicalstrengthwillbeinvain,”saidCraigSharp,professorofsportsscienceatBritain’sBrunelUniversity.

JonathanRobinson,anappliedsportsscientistattheUniversityofBath’ssportsdevelopmentdepartment,insouthwestEngland,pointstotheimportanceoftechnique.“Inswimmingonly5-10percentofthepropellingforcecomesfromthelegs,sotechniqueisvital.”

Havingtherightphysiquefortherightsportisagoodstartingpoint.Seventeenyearsago,theAustralianInstituteofSportstartedanationalTalentSearchProgram,whichsearchedschoolsfor14-l6-year-oldswiththepotentialtobeeliteathletes.OneoftheirfirstfindswasMeganStill,worldchampionrower.In1987,Stillhadneverpickedupanoarinherlife.Butshehadalmosttheperfectphysiqueforarower.Afterintensivetraining,shewongoldinwomen’srowinginthe1996AtlantaOlympics.

OthercountrieshavefollowedtheAustralianexample.Nowtheexplosionofgeneticknowledgehasmeantthatthereisnowasearch,notjustforappropriatephysiquebutalsofor“performancegenes.”

1.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat（）.

2.ThecaseofidenticaltwinsfromGermanyshowsthat（）.

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedbyCraigSharpasarequiredqualityforasportspersontowinanOlympicgoldmedal?

4.SeventeenyearsagoMeganStillwaschosenforrowingbecause（）.

5.Theword“elite”inParagraph5means（）.

问题1选项

A.physicalstrengthismoreimportantforsportspersons’successt

B.trainingconditionsaremoreimportantforsportspersons’successt

C.genesaremoreimportantforsportspersons’successt

D.psychologicalconditionsaremoreimportantforsportspersons’successt

问题2选项

A.environmentcanhelpdeterminepeople’sbodyshapet

B.genesarethedecisivefactorsforpeople’sbodyshapet

C.identicaltwinsarelikelytoenjoydifferentsportst

D.identicaltwinsmayhavedifferentgenesfordifferentsportst

问题3选项

A.Thephysicalstrength.t

B.Therighttrainingconditions.t

C.Thetalentforthesports.t

D.Theenduranceforpains.t

问题4选项

A.shehadthetalentforrowingt

B.herbodyshapewasrightforarowert

C.shehadtheperformancegenest

D.shewasaskillfulrowert

问题5选项

A.themostwealthyt

B.themostskilledt

C.themostindustrioust

D.themostintelligent

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中，可以推断出……”。本文讨论的是决定一个人能够成为优秀的运动员的原因，根据文章最后一句话Nowtheexplosionofgeneticknowledgehasmeantthatthereisnowasearch,notjustforappropriatephysiquebutalsofor“performancegenes.”（现在，基因知识的爆炸意味着现在有了一项研究，不仅是关于合适的体格，还有“表现基因”）可推断，人类先天的基因条件对于塑造一个成功的运动员来说更为重要；故C项“基因对运动员的成功更重要”符合题意。A项“身体力量对运动员的成功更重要”和D项“心理状况对运动员的成功更为重要”文章没有提及；B项“训练条件对运动员的成功更为重要”只在第三段提到，不够全面。因此，该题选择C项正确。

第2题:细节推理题。题干意思是“来自德国的同卵双胞胎的案例表明了……”。根据题干定位到文章第二段oneofwhomwasalong-distanceathlete,theotherapowerfulsportsman,so,“Theylookquitedifferent,despitebeingidenticaltwins.”（其中一个是一个长跑运动员，另一个是力量型运动员；所以，“他们虽然是同卵双胞胎，但是体型完全不同），由此我们可以推断，即便有基因因素，但是后天的体型还是由环境决定的，故A项“环境可以帮助决定人们的体型”符合题意。B项“基因是决定体型的决定性因素”，内容与原文相反；C项“同卵双胞胎可能喜欢不同的运动”和D项“同卵双胞胎可能对不同的运动有不同的基因”文章没有提及。因此，该题选择A项正确。

第3题:细节判断题。题干意思是“下面哪项没有被CraigSharp提到作为一个运动员赢得奥运会金牌的必要素质？”。根据题干定位到文章的第三段Unlessyouhavetacticalsensewhereneeded,unlessyouhaveaccesstogoodequipment,medicalcareandthepsychologicalconditions,andunlessyouareabletodriveyourselfthroughpain,allthephysicalstrengthwillbeinvain（除非你有必要的战术意识，除非你有良好的设备、医疗护理和心理状况，除非你能让自己克服疼痛，否则所有的体力都将是无用的）可知，作为一个运动员赢得奥运会金牌的必要素质就是吃苦耐劳，故D项“吃苦耐劳”正确。A项“体力”、B项“正确的培训条件”和C项“体育天赋”只是部分，比较片面。因此，该题选择D项正确。

第4题:细节事实题。题干意思是“十七年前，梅根斯蒂尔被选为赛艇选手是因为……”。根据题干定位到文章的第五段，In1987,Stillhadneverpickedupanoarinherlife.Butshehadalmosttheperfectphysiqueforarower.Afterintensivetraining,shewongoldinwomen’srowinginthe1996AtlantaOlympics.（1987年，斯蒂尔一生中从未拿起过船桨，但她几乎拥有划艇运动员最完美的体格，经过高强度训练后，她在1996年亚特兰大奥运会上赢得了女子赛艇金牌），由此可知斯蒂尔被选为赛艇选手是因为她的完美体格，故B项“她的身材适合划船”正确。A项“她有划船的天赋”没有提及；C项“她有表现基因”，完美的体格与“表现基因”是两个概念；D项“她是一个熟练的赛艇手”，内容与原文不符。因此，该题选择B项正确。

第5题:语义推测题。题干意思是“第五段的‘elite’是……意思”。elite表示“精英”，根据elite后面的关键词athlete（运动员）可以推测，从事运动行业的人都是有技巧的，所以elite在这里是表示“skilled（有技巧的）”，故B项“最熟练的”正确。A项“最富有的”、C项“最勤劳的”和D项“最聪明的”都不是“有技巧的”的意思。因此，该题选择B项正确。

5.单选题

The____ofwomentomenatmycollegeisabouttwotoone.

问题1选项

A.rate

B.proportion

C.portion

D.percentage

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.rate比率B.proportion比例

C.portion部分D.percentage百分率

【答案】B

【考查点】名词辨析

【解题思路】根据原句中“女生和男生的____”以及“大约二比一”可知，空格处应填入的是女生和男生的比例，因此，B选项proportion“比例”符合题意，proportion可以指一个量与另一个量的比值。

【干扰项排除】

A选项rate“比率”，侧重于指在某一特定时期内某事物发生或存在的次数；

C选项portion“部分”，侧重于指整体中的一部分；

D选项percentage“百分率”，侧重于指部分在整体中的占比（用百分比表示）。

【句意】在我的大学里男女比例大约是一比二。

6.单选题

Sheaskedhimwhathethoughtofher______dress.

问题1选项

A.greenprettylittle

B.littlegreenpretty

C.prettylittlegreen

D.prettygreenlittle

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词的顺序问题。出现多个形容词修饰一个名词，顺序是：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老；颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。按此规律，pretty属于限定词，little是描述大小，green描述颜色，故C项正确。句意：她问他这件漂亮的绿色小连衣裙怎么样。故正确答案为C。

7.单选题

AlltheslavesinUSAwere（）afterthecivilwar.

问题1选项

A.arrested

B.abandoned

C.manumitted

D.magnified

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项arrest“逮捕；（司法机关）扣留（船只）”；B选项abandon“遗弃；离开”；C选项manumit“解放；释放”；D选项magnify“放大；赞美”。句意：美国内战结束后，所有奴隶都被释放。因此C符合题意。

8.单选题

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired——rentedatthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporationhierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.Theexecutivewhohold,itisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy,WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirm.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhenbreakthroughtechnologyarrives.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,lakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationthanworkersinGerman(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanthanitisintheunitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretaininggeneratecostsandcreatedbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceofthetechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan'teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

1.WhichofthefollowingapplytothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?

2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?

3.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis（

）.

4.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.

B.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.

C.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment.

D.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees'ownbusiness.

问题2选项

A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm.

B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.

C.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.

D.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.

问题3选项

A.theintroductionofnewtechnology

B.theimprovementofworkers'basicskills

C.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees

D.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees

问题4选项

A.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.

B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.

C.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’shierarchy.

D.ThehumanresourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由第一段“Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.获得技能被认为是个人的责任”可知D项是对该句的同义转述，答案D

'

第2题:细节事实题。由第二段“Theexecutivewhohold,itisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).人力资源主管这个职位从不被征求主要决策的意见，也没有机会晋升为CEO。”可知在美国，人力资源主管在公司没有太多发言权。C项正确，答案C

第3题:细节事实题。由第二段“WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirm.虽然美国公司经常谈论在员工培训上的巨额开支，但事实上，他们在员工技能上的投资比日本或德国公司都要少。”以及“Asaresult,problemsemergewhenbreakthroughtechnologyarrives.结果是，当突破性技术的到来时，美国就出现了问题。”文章第二段讲了美国公司与日德公司在劳动力培训方面的差异，美国主要培训那些管理层，而日德重视员工技巧培训。第三段说到了结果，美国员工学习新技术时需要花更多时间。由此可见给员工培训技巧是非常重要的。答案B

第4题:主旨大意题。本文主要通过对比美国公司与日德国公司的人力资源策略，表明如果美国公司不培养员工技巧将导致美国公司在全球竞争中失去优势。答案D不培养员工技巧将导致美国公司在全球竞争中失去优势。答案D

9.单选题

Withoutclearguidelines（）,executivesofhospitalsaresometimesatalosswhattodo.

问题1选项

A.inorder

B.inplace

C.inneed

D.introuble

【答案】B

【解析】考查介词短语辨析。A选项inorder“有序的，整齐的”；B选项inplace“合适的，在合适的位置，执行的，设立的”；C选项inneed“需要……的，需要帮忙的”；D选项introuble“有麻烦”。句意：在没有（）明确的指导方针的情况下，医院的管理人员有时不知所措。A、C和D选项明显不符合题意，因此B选项正确。

10.单选题

Thefoodwasdivided（）accordingtotheageandsizeofthechild.

问题1选项

A.equally

B.individually

C.sufficiently

D.proportionally

【答案】B

【解析】句意：食物是根据孩子的年龄和大小单独分开的。选项B符合语境。

11.单选题

Therearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividual’sintelligence.Thefirstisthesortofbrainheisbornwith.Humanbrainsdifferconsiderably,somebeingmorecapablethanothers.Butnomatterhowgoodabrainhehastobeginwith,anindividualwillhavealoworderofintelligenceunlesshehasopportunitiestolearn.Sothesecondfactoriswhathappenstotheindividual-thesortofenvironmentinwhichheisreared.Ifanindividualishandicappedenvironmentally,itislikelythathisbrainwillfailtodevelopandhewillneverattainthelevelofintelligenceofwhichheiscapable.

Theimportanceofenvironmentindetermininganindividual’sintelligencecanbedemonstratedbythecase—historyoftheidenticaltwins,PeterandMarkX.Beingidentical,thetwinshadidenticalbrainsatbirth,andtheirgrowthprocesseswerethesame.Whenthetwinswerethreemonthsold,theirparentsdied,andtheywereplacedinseparatefosterhomes.Peterwasrearedbyparentsoflowintelligenceinanisolatedcommunitywithpooreducationalopportunities.Markwasrearedinthehomeofwell-to-doparentswhohadbeentocollege.Hewasreadtoasachild,senttogoodschools,andgiveneveryopportunitytobestimulatedintellectually.Thisenvironmentaldifferencecontinueduntilthetwinswereintheirlateteens,whentheyweregiventeststomeasuretheirintelligence.Mark’sI.Q.was125,twenty-fivepointshigherthantheaverageandfullyfortypointshigherthanhisidenticalbrother.Givenequalopportunities,thetwins,havingidenticalbr