留基委听力考试07年7月部分原文

留基委听力考试07年7月部分原文留基委听力考试07年7月部分原文留基委听力考试07年7月部分原文留基委听力考试07年7月部分原文编制仅供参考审核批准生效日期地址：电话：传真:邮编:留基委听力考试07年7月部分原文Section2W:Goodmorning,NorthCollegeLibrary.HowcanIhelpyou?M:Iwaswonderingifitwaspossibletojointhelibrary.W:AreyouastudentatNorthM:No,I’mnot,butsomeonetoldmeitwaspossibletojoin,evenifIwasn’t.W:That’sright,itis.Areyouover18That’sourminimumjoiningage.M:Yes,Iam.W:That’snoproblemthen.M:CouldyoutellmewhatIhavetodotojoin?W:Well,you’llneedtocomeintothelibraryandfilloutsomeforms.You’llalsoneedtobring2passportphotoswithyou.Wealsoneed2documentsforID,soadrivinglicensewouldbefine.M:I’vegotthatandwhatelseAcreditcard

W:No,itneedstohaveyouraddressonit.M:ShallIbringabankstatement,wouldthatdo?

W:That’llbefine.M:Good.Doesitcostanythingtojoin?W:Well,it’sfreeforstudentsherebutotherwiseit’s￡125peryearor￡25ifyou’vegotacurrentstudentcardfromanothercollege.M:IwasatWesterleyCollegeuntillastyearbutnowI’vegotajobatJefferson’ssteelfactory.Er,it’smoreexpensivethanIthought.Mylocallibraryisfree.W:Butyou’llfindtheydon’thavetherangeofreferencebooksorfacilitieswhichwebuyforourstudents.That’swhyyouhavetopaytobeanexternalmember.M:Isee.HowmanybookscanIborrow?W:Weallow12itemsborrowedatanyonetimeifyou’reastudent,andthatincludesCDs,DVDsandvideos.However,it’sonly8itemsformembersofthepublic.M:Fine.AndhowlongcanIhavethemfor?W:Well,youcanhavebothfictionandreferencebooksfor4weekswhichisn’tbadreally.M:AndwhathappensifIreturnthemlate?W:Likealllibrariesthere’safinesysteminplace.Theminimumfineis￡1.50butitcanbemuchhigherforsomeitems----upto￡5perweek.We’llgiveyouabookletwithallthedetailswhenyoujoin.Youcanalwaysrenewitemsifthey’renotrequiredbyanyoneelsebytelephoningorloggingontoourwebsite.M:WhataboutthecomputersCanIusethemfreeofcharge

W:Forcollegestudentsit’sfree,butforexternalmemberslikeyourself,thefirsthourisfreeandthenwemakeanominalchargeof￡1perhourthereafter.M:DoIhavetobookinadvanceforthem?W:Oh,yes,it’sadvisable.Mostpeopletendtobook24hoursinadvancealthoughsometimesyoucangetonewithonly6hours’notice.However,theearliestyoucanbookacomputeris48hoursbeforeyouneedit,andyoucanonlybook1houratatime.Ifno-oneelsehasbookedthecomputerout,thenyoumaybeabletohaveanotherhourifyouwant.Wehaveawiderangeofdatabases,sothecomputersareingreatdemand.M:I’mthinkingofdoingsomewritingandImightneedtoaccessnationalnewspapers.Doyouhavethemonthesedatabases?

W:Wedoindeed.We’vegotallthebignational,TheGuardianandTheObserver,TheIndependentandTheTimesandSundayTimes.We’vealsogotallthelocalpapersandawideselectionofmagazines.M:Excellent.Iassumeyouhavephotocopyingfacilities?W:Ofcourse.5pasheetforbothA4andA3black-and-whitecopiesand40pasheetforcolor.Youcangetacardfromthecounterhere----itdoesn’ttakecoins.M:OK.Ohbytheway,anotherthingIwaswonderingaboutwasifyourananywritingclassesthroughthelibrary?W:Wedo,butyou’llhavetospeaktoJohnGrantinghamaboutthat.He’sourresidentauthor.Herunsthecreativewritingclasses.M:John…Grant…Couldyouspellthatformeplease?W:Certainly.G-R-A-N-T-I-N-G-H-A-M.M:Aretheclasseshereatthelibrary?W:Yes----he’shereonThursdayevenings,ohnosorry,Friday----he’sjustchangedit.Youcancontacthimbyemailingthelibrary.M:Okay.Right,wellthat’saboutallIneedtoknow.Thankyou.I’llbealonglaterthisweektojoin.Thanks.Bye.Section3Goodmorning.Today’slecturewillfocusonhowtomakepeoplefeelateaseinconversations.Iguessallofyousittingherecanrecallcertainpeoplewhojustseemtomakeyoufeelcomfortablewhentheyarearound.Youspendanhourwiththemandfeelasifyou’veknownthemhalfyourlife.Thesepeoplewhohavethatcertainsomethingthatmakesusfeelcomfortablehavesomethingincommon,andonceweknowwhatthatis,wecangoaboutgettingsomeofthatsomethingforourselves.HowisitdoneHerearesomeoftheskillsthatgoodtalkershave.Ifyoufollowtheskills,theywillhelpyouputpeopleattheirease,makethemfeelsecure,andcomfortable,andturnacquaintancesintofriends.Firstofall,goodtalkersaskquestions.Almostanyone,nomatterhowshy,willansweraquestion.Infact,accordingtomyobservation,veryshypersonsareoftenmorewillingtoanswerquestionsthanextroverts.Theyaremoreconcernedthatsomeonewillthinkthemimpoliteiftheydon’trespondtothequestions.Somostskillfulconversationalistsrecommendstartingwithaquestionthatispersonal,butnotharmful.Forexample,onceafamousAmericanTVpresentergotalongandfascinatinginterviewfromanotoriouslyprivatebillionairebyaskinghimabouthisfirstjob.Anotherexample,oneprominentwomanexecutiveconfessesthatatbusinesslunches,“Ialwaysaskpeoplewhattheydidthatmorning.It’sadullquestion,butitgetsthingsgoing.”Fromthere,youcanmoveontoothermatters,sometimestoreallypersonalquestions.Moreover,howyourresponderanswerswillletyouknowhowfaryoucango.Afewsimplecatchwordslike“Really”“Yes”areclearinvitationstocontinuetalking.

Second,oncegoodtalkershaveaskedquestions,theylistenforanswers.Thispointseemsobvious,butitisn’tinfact.Makingpeoplefeelcomfortableisn’tsimplyamatterofmakingidleconversation.Yourquestionshaveapoint.You’rereallyasking,“Whatsortofpersonareyou”

andtofindout,youhavetoreallylisten.Thereareatleastthreecomponentsofreallistening.Foronething,reallisteningmeansnotchangingthesubject.Ifsomeonestickstoonetopic,youcanassumethatheorsheisreallyinterestedinit.Anothercomponentofreallisteningislisteningnotjusttowordsbuttotonesofvoice.IoncementionedD.H.Lawrencetoafriend.Tomyastonishment,shelaunchedintoanacademicdiscussionoftheimageryinLawrence’sworks.Midwaythrough,Ilistenedtohervoice.Itwas,toputitmildly,unanimated,anditseemedobviousthattheimagerymonologuewasintendedsolelyformybenefit,andIquicklychangedthesubject.Atlast,reallisteningmeansusingyoureyesaswellasyourears.Whenyourgazewanders,itmakespeoplethinkthey’reboringyou,orwhattheyaresayingisnotinteresting.Ofcourse,youdon’thavetostare,orglareatthem.Simplylookingattentivewillmakemostpeoplethinkthatyouthinkthey’refascinating.Next,goodtalkersarenotafraidtolaugh.Ifyouthinkofallthepeopleyouknowwhomakeyoufeelcomfortable,youmaynoticethatallofthemlaughalot.Laughterisnotonlywarmingandfriendly;it’salsoagoodwaytoeaseotherpeople’sdiscomfort.Ihaveafriendwhomightenjoywatchingatgatheringofotherpeoplewhodonotknoweachotherwell.Thefirstfewminutesoftalkareabituneasyandhesitant,forthepeopleinvolveddonotyethaveasenseofeachother.Invariably,alightcommentorjokeismade,andmyfriend’seasylaughterappearslikesunshineintheconversation.Thereisalwaysthenavisiblesofteningthattakesplace.Otherpeoplesmile,andlooseninresponsetoherlaughter,andtheconversationgoesonwithmorewarmthandease.Finally,goodtalkersareoncewhocementaparting.Thatis,theyknowhowtomakeuseofpartingasawaytoleaveadeepimpressiononothers.Lastimpressionsarejustasimportantasfirstimpressionsindetermininghowanewacquaintancewillrememberyou.Peoplewhomakeothersreallyfeelcomfortabletakeadvantageofthatpartingmomenttoclosethedeal.Menhavehaditeasier.Theyhavedoneitwithasmile,andagoodfirmhandshake.Whataboutwomenthen

Overthelastseveralyears,womenhavestartedtotakeoverthatcustomwellbetweenthemselvesorwithmen.Ifyou’resayinggoodbye,youmightwanttogivehimorherasecondextrahandsqueeze.It’sawaytosay,Ireallyenjoyedmeetingyou.Butit’snotalldonewithbodylanguage.Ifyou’veenjoyedbeingwithsomeone,ifyouwanttoseethatpersonagain,don’tkeepitasecret.Letpeopleknowhowyoufeel,andtheymaywalkawayfeelingasifthey’veknownyouhalftheirlife.Okay,justtosumup.Today,we’vetalkedaboutfourwaystomakepeoplefeelateaseinconversations.Theseskillsareimportantinkeepingconversationsgoing,andinformingfriendshipslateron.Ofcourse,theseskillsarebynomeanstheonlyoneswecanuse.Thelistismuchlonger.Ihopeyouwillusethesefourskills,anddiscovermoreonyourowninyourconversationswithotherpeople.Section4Goodmorning,everyone.Afewofyouhaveaskedmetogoovermyintroductiontocanceragain,sobeforewegoontoday,letmetrytoputittoyouinanotherway.Thinkofyourbodyasateam.Inaveryrealway,yourlifedependsonteamwork.Youprobablythinkofyourselfasonecreature,butyouactuallyareacollectionoftrillionsoflivingcells,eachwithaspecificjobtodoandallworkingtokeeptherest----andhenceyoualive.Cancercellsareselfishcellsthatdon’tworkfortheteam.Infact,theyhurtit.Theydividetoomuch,splittingwildlyintonewcellsfasterthanthenormalcellsaroundthem.Andtheydon'tstopdividing,regardlessofthedamagetheycause.Theysimplyignorethebiologicalcuesthattellyourcellswhentostop.Eventually,thisuncheckedcellgrowthcanleadtoatumor----asemiautonomousmassoftissuethatservesnoproductivepurposeandthatmay,throughitsgrowth,damagesurroundingcells.Worsestill,unlikenormalcells,acancercellcanseparatefromitsneighborsandtraveltootherpartsofyourbody,causingevenmoredamagesomeplaceelse.Theworsethecancergets,themorethecancercellstendtotakeanundifferentiated(无差别的;一致的)"immature"form.Yourbodycontainsmorethan200differenttypesofcells,eachwithaspecificjobtodoandwithaformthatfollowsthatfunction.Cancercells,however,arebothincapableofdoingausefuljobandincreasinglyaggressive.Cancercellsgetthiswaybecausethey'rebroken.Yourcellsworkbyfollowingspecificinstructions.Theseinstructionsarefoundineachcell'snucleus(细胞核),laidoutinsequencesofDNAcalledgenes.Eachofyourgenes----andtherearetensofthousandsofthem----containsacodethattellsacellhowtodoaspecificjob.Atleasttwoofthesegenetypes,proto-oncogenes(原癌基因)andtumorsuppressorgenes(肿瘤抑制基因/抑癌基因)cancauseserioustroubleiftheygetmessedup,ormutate.Proto-oncogenesregulatewhen,how,andhowmuchyourcellsdivide.Tumorsuppressorgeneshelptokeepthisprocessinlineandcanputthebrakesoncellularreproductionifitisnecessary.They'realsothegenesthattellyourcellshowtofixdamagedgenes.Withanunluckymutationortwo,proto-oncogenescanturnintooncogenes(致癌基因)(basically,whicharethegenesthatcausecancer).Theaffectedcellbecomesveryactive,anddividesfreeoftheusualconstraints.Fortunately,yourtumorsuppressorgenescanstillslamonthebrakes,repairtheDNA,orevencallfortheultimatesacrifice:wecallthat“apoptosis”(凋亡)or"cellsuicide.”Whenacell'sDNAsuffersfromsomuchdamagethatitisbeyondrepair,ahealthycellstillthinkingoftheteamcandestroyitselftopreventgreaterproblems.Butifthegeneticerrorspreventyourtumorsuppressorgenesfromdoingtheirjob,too,troublemakingoncogenesaremorelikelytocausecancer.Andthat'swhycancertendstostrikeolderpeople.Ittakesmorethanonegeneticmuta