(新高考)高考英语二轮复习讲义第2部分 语法专题 语法专题 专题二 需要变形的名词、数词、形容词和副词 (含答案)

考点一名词一、可数名词MrSmithisverybusybecauseherunsseveralcompanies①.Heworkssevendays①aweekand12months②ayear.Inhissparetimehelikeswatchingfootballmatches③.Helikeseatingtomatoes④buthedoesn’teatvegetableswithleaves⑤.Hehastwopethorses⑥andheoftenridesthemwithhisfriendsonMrBlack’sfarm⑦becausehethinksthesceneryofthefarm⑧isverybeautiful.MrBlackisafriendofhis⑨，whoraisessomecowsandgoats.注释：1.可数名词变复数①以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es；以元音字母加y结尾的名词，加-s。②以-th结尾的名词加-s。③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要加-s，如stomach)。④以-o结尾加-es的单词有：英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes)，其他多直接加-s。⑤以-f或-fe结尾的词，多变f或fe为v，再加-es。但也有直接加-s的单词，如：屋顶(roof)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥更多的可数名词是直接加-s。2．名词作定语往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。多为单数名词作定语，但woman，man作定语时，要用复数形式表达复数概念。3．名词的所有格⑦有生命名词，不以-s结尾的名词加-’s；以-s结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-’。⑧无生命名词，通常用of所有格表示。⑨双重所有格的构成形式为：“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或者“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。1．不规则变化的名词复数(1)通过内部元音变化构成复数。如：foot—feet脚goose—geese鹅tooth—teeth牙齿mouse—mice老鼠man—men男人woman—women女人(2)有些名词的单复数形式相同。如：sheep—sheep绵羊deer—deer鹿Chinese—Chinese中国人Japanese—Japanese日本人means—means方法series—series系列species—species物种crossroads—crossroads十字路口spacecraft—spacecraft航天器(3)有的名词在词尾加-ren或-en构成复数。如：child—children孩子ox—oxen公牛(4)由man，woman构成的复合名词在变成复数时，与man，woman的变化形式相同。如：gentleman—gentlemen先生Englishman—Englishmen英国男子policeman—policemen男警察chairwoman—chairwomen女主席businessman—businessmen商人craftsman—craftsmen工匠，手艺人注意：German的复数形式为Germans。(5)外来词的不规则复数形式。如：analysis—analyses分析basis—bases基础crisis—crises危机thesis—theses论文medium—media媒介物phenomenon—phenomena现象2．复合名词的单复数变化(1)中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。birthday—birthdays生日blackboard—blackboards黑板bookshelf—bookshelves书架gentleman—gentlemen绅士(2)中间有连字符或间隔的复合词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。如：bookworm—bookwormsson-in-law—sons-in-lawlooker-on—lookers-onpasser-by—passers-bystory-teller—story-tellers(3)无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。如：grown-up—grown-upsstandby—standbys3.名词所有格的特殊形式(1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如：KateandMary’sroom凯特和玛丽共有的房间Kate’sandMary’srooms凯特和玛丽各自的房间(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop，house，home等常省去。如：atthedoctor’s(office)在(医生的)诊所里atthebarber’s(shop)在理发店atMrGreen’s(house)在格林先生家点对点练习1单句语法填空1．Theteamwhowonthethreeworldchampionships(championship)wouldalwaysgetthiscup.2．Duringthefestival，whichlaststhreeorfourdays，peoplearedressedintheirbestclothesandparticipateinavarietyofrichandcolourfulactivities(activity)．3．Thebestsolutionmightbetofindtheweaknesses(weakness)intheideaandtotryandstrengthenthem，ratherthanusethemsimplyasanexcuseforrejectingthewholeidea.4．Timmisandhisteamsetouttoseektheeffectsofphoneuseonpassers-by(passer-by)．5．WeusuallyexpectHollywoodheroes(hero)toshowuponourscreensanddefeatthebadguys.6．Hegoestothebarber’s(barber)tohavehishaircuteverymonth.二、不可数名词Tolearnmoreknowledge①，Ihavetodolotsofhomework①everydayandhavenotime①tohavefun②ordohousework①.LastweekwehadanexambutIdidn’tperformwell.However，myteachersaidthatIhadmadegreatprogress②.Sothisexamisnotafailure③.Onthecontrary，itisasuccess③inaway.注释：①不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。②fun，weather，progress，advice，information为永久性不可数名词，前面不能加不定冠词，也不能具体化。③抽象名词具体化：•表示情感、情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事的时候，可以在前面加不定冠词，如asurprise，acomfort等。•表示“一……”的概念时，常与动词构成词组，名词前常常有形容词。如haveagoodtime，haveagoodknowledge/commandof等。不可以用数目计算，多为物质名词或抽象名词，没有复数形式，常见的不可数名词有：fun乐趣homework作业bread面包wealth财富progress进步equipment设备room空间weather天气work工作music音乐news新闻meat肉word消息traffic交通luck运气housework家务milk牛奶advice建议man人类orange橙汁knowledge知识furniture家具baggage/luggage行李information信息点对点练习2单句语法填空1．Oh，John，whatapleasantsurpriseyougaveus!2．Hegaveussomeadvice(advice)onhowtostudyEnglish.3．Hefeltthatheneededmoreknowledge(knowledge)aboutimportandexport.单句语法填空1．In1844theyboughtitfor$1,200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser，whoperformedtheirmarriage(marry)ceremonyin1842.(2021·浙江6月)2．Historicalaccuracy(accurate)isimportantbutsoisentertainment.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)3．Later，theylearnedtoworkwiththeseasons(season)，plantingattherighttimeand，indryareas，makinguseofannualfloodstoirrigate(灌溉)theirfields.(2020·浙江7月)4．OtherAmericanstudiesshowednoconnection/connections(connect)betweenuniformsandschoolperformance.(2019·浙江6月)1.根据所处位置判断是否填入名词形式。如谓语动词之前、介词之后、形容词之后、冠词或数词之后。2．单数可数名词不能单独使用，要与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等连用，否则就用复数形式表示复数含义。3．注意固定短语中名词的单复数。4．注意名词应该与其修饰语保持数的一致。5．不可数名词没有复数形式，不能与不定冠词连用。考点二数词MisterSmithissixty①yearsoldandyesterdaywashis60th②birthday.Hestillremembersinthe1990s③whenhewasinhisthirties③，hedrankdozensof④bottlesofbeeraday.However，hespentthousandsof④dollarsinhospital.Later，twofifths⑤ofhissparetimewasspentintakingexercise.注释：①数词的基本形式为基数词。②表示数词的顺序往往用序数词。大部分是在基数词的基础上加-th。以-y结尾的基数词变序数词，把-y变成-ie＋-th。③“inthe＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某个世纪几十年代”。“inone’s＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某人几十多岁时”。④具体数字＋dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million等词时，后面直接加名词复数；表示笼统数目时，用dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands/millionsof＋名词复数。⑤分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于1时，分母序数词加-s，如：1/3：onethird,2/3：twothirds。1．易错基数词thirteen十三fourteen十四fifteen十五eighteen十八nineteen十九twenty二十thirty三十forty四十fifty五十ninety九十2．易错序数词first第一second第二third第三fourth第四fifth第五eighth第八ninth第九eleventh第十一twelfth第十二点对点练习单句语法填空1．Petergotamodelshipfromhisuncleonhisthirteenth(thirteen)birthday.2．Twothirds(three)ofthestudentsinourclasshavebeentoDisneylandsomewhere.3．Linda，therearetoomanymistakesintheninth(nine)lineofyourpassage.4．Hemadequiteafewfriendsduringhistwenties(twenty)．5．Itisreportedthattheearthquakehasleftthousands(thousand)ofpeoplehomeless.单句语法填空1．Theplumtreesarethefirsttoflowerevenasthesnowismelting(融化)．Theyrepresentthepromiseofspringandarenewaloflife.(2020·全国Ⅱ)2．Hediditonethird(three)thetimeittookme.(北京高考)1．需要使用数词时，要先看清是使用该词的基数词形式还是序数词形式。2．使用序数词时，注意前面要有定冠词the。3．注意固定用法中的数词的使用及与冠词、介词的搭配，如inthe1820s，inhis30s，thousandsof等。考点三形容词和副词一、形容词和副词的基本用法Iboughtaninteresting①novelyesterday.Thebookissointeresting②thatIcanhardlyletgoofit.Worried③aboutmystudy，mymothertookitaway.However，Ifoundmymotherabsorbed④init.注释：①修饰名词，往往用形容词作定语。②在系动词之后，往往用形容词作表语。③表示情绪和精神状态的形容词可以作状语。④在“感官或使役动词＋宾语”之后，形容词可以作宾补，说明宾语的状态。Mymotherisreadingthenovelattentively①nowandsheisquite①movedbyit.Obviously②，shewon’treturnthebooktomesoon.注释：①副词可以描述某个动作的情况或者描述动作、行为或状态的程度。②副词可以放在句首，作评论性状语，修饰整个句子。1．名词、动词变形容词2．形容词变副词形容词不同词尾变副词加(-ly)的口诀：(一般直接加)clear→clearly清楚地great→greatly很，大大地(元e去e加)true→truly真实地(辅y变i加)happy→happily高兴地heavy→heavily沉重地(-le尾e变y)terrible→terribly可怕地gentle→gently轻轻地(-ll尾只加y)full→fully完全地dull→dully迟钝地(-ic加ally)basic→basically主要地scientific→scientifically合乎科学地3．-ed形容词修饰物的用法-ed形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到……的”，强调人自身的情感波动；修饰事物时，则多修饰smile(微笑)，feeling(感觉)，cry(叫声)，face(表情)，voice(声音)，look(表情)，eye(眼神)，expression(表情)等表示某人情感状况的名词。Hehadapleasedsmileonhisface.他脸上露出了满意的微笑。Hetoldmethenewsinaveryexcitedvoice.他以非常激动的声音告诉了我这个消息。4．同根副词加-ly和不加-ly有些副词不加-ly与其形容词表达的含义是一样的，而加了-ly之后的副词，其词义往往发生改变，具有抽象意义，表示程度。close靠近地closely密切地；仔细地hard努力地hardly几乎不late晚，迟lately最近，不久前most最，极其mostly通常；主要地wide指距离宽widely广泛地deep指具体深度deeply深深地，非常；强烈地high指具体高度highly很，非常点对点练习1单句语法填空1．Theoldpeoplethereweretalkativeandtheytoldustheirpersonal(person)storiescheerfully.2．Thereweremanypeoplewaitingatthebusstop，andsomeofthemlookedveryanxiousanddisappointed(disappoint)．3．I’llneverforgettheamazing(amaze)tripIhadinBeijing，ChinaandIhopetogotherenexttimewithmyfriends.4．Hespentsevendaysinthewindandsnow，coldandhungry(hunger)．5．IfoundlifeintheUKquitedifferent(differ)fromthatinChina.6．Thetitlewillbeofficially(official)giventomeataceremonyinLondon.7．Luckily(lucky)，healsohasacowwhichproducesmilkeveryday.8．Iamterribly(terrible)sorrythatIcan’tgotothebookstorewithyouattheappointedtime.二、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级Inmyfamily，mymotheristhethinnest①.Myfatherismuchtaller②thanherandme，butheistwiceasheavyas③mymother，andbecomingfatterandfatter④.Heisquiteworriedbecausethefatter⑤heis，themorelikely⑤heistobeill.注释：①形容词和副词变比较级或最高级，一般直接加-er或-est；以e结尾的直接加-r或-st；以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词注意双写结尾辅音；以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，将y变为i再加-er或-est；多音节词前面加more或themost。两者或两部分之间比较，多用比较级；三者或三者以上的比较，可以使用最高级。②比较级常常和than连用，并且可以被much，alittle，abit，even，far，still等词修饰。③倍数表达法：•A＋谓语＋倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than＋B•A＋谓语＋倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级(＋名词)＋as＋B•A＋谓语＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height，weight等)＋of＋B④“adj./adv.比较级＋and＋adj./adv.比较级”表示“越来越……”。⑤“the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...”表示“越……，就越……”。1．有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加-er和-est，又可以加more和themost构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是：common，handsome，quiet，pleasant，cruel，stupid，tired和以-ow，-er结尾的词。2．有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right(正确的)，wrong(错误的)，excellent(优秀的)，possible(可能的)，empty(空的)，first(第一的)，wooden(木制的)，final(最后的)，east(东方的)，last(最后的)等。3．有些形容词和副词变比较级或最高级时为不规则变化，需牢记。good/well—better—bestbad/ill—worse—worstmany/much—more—mostlittle—less—leastold—older/elder—oldest/eldestfar—farther—farthest(指具体空间上)far—further—furthest(指抽象程度上)4．“否定词语＋比较级”也可表示最高级含义。Nomanisbetterthanyouintheworld.人世间没有人比你好。Ihaven’treadamoreinterestingnovel.这是我读过的最有趣的小说了。点对点练习2单句语法填空1．Themore(much)wedoforthoseinneed，thehappierwe’llbe.2．Roadsafetyhasarousedwider(wide)attentionofthepublicthanbefore.3．Duringtheendofthe19thcenturyandthebeginningof20thcentury，BeijingOperafinallyformedandbecamethebiggest(big)ofalloperasinChina.4．MrGreenisn’tasstrictateacherasMrWhite.5．Ihavenevermetakinder(kind)teacherthanMrsSmithbefore.6．Theelectronicwastestreamisincreasingthreetimesfaster(fast)thantraditionalgarbageasawhole.7．Thisrestaurantwasn’thalfasgood(good)asthatonewewentto.8．Whenyoustudythelocalmap，you’llfindthistownistwicethesizeofthatone.单句语法填空1．Whenthehousewasbuilt，itwasmuchsmaller(small)thanitistoday.(2021·浙江6月)2．Providefinancial(finance)aidandotherbenefitsforlocalpeoples.(2021·全国乙)3．Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticularinteresttoscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(环形山)，moresothanthefamiliarnearside.(2020·全国Ⅰ)4．Onedaytheemperorwantedtogethisportrait(画像)donesohecalledallgreatartiststocomeandpresenttheirfinest(fine)work，sothathecouldchoosethebest.(2020·全国Ⅲ)5．Asthesmallboatmovedgently(gentle)alongtheriverhewasleftspeechlessbythemountainsbeingsilentlyreflectedinthewater.(2020·全国Ⅲ)6．It’snevertooearlytomakenecessarypreparationsforahealthyandmeaningful(meaning)collegeexperience.(2019·北京)1.看到与than连用，要想到用比较级；看到比较级，要想到than。2．看到语境中暗含的比较含义，要想到用比较级(二者之间)或最高级(三者及以上)。3.在句子中如果是作定语、表语、宾补或表示心理状态的状语，则用形容词。4．如果修饰整个句子、动词或形容词，则用副词。5．看到and，but，or等连词前或后用的比较等级形式，要想到用比较等级。层级一基础达标练单句语法填空1．LastOctober，whiletendinghergardeninMora，Sweden，LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmallcarrots(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.2．Then，handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou’llfeelarealsenseofachievement(achieve)．3．—Whynotbuyasecond­handcarfirstifyoudon’thaveenoughmoneyforanewone?—That’sagoodsuggestion(suggest)．4．Althoughheresearchescloning，hisintention(intend)hasneverbeentocreatecopiesofhumans.5．Comingtoanothercountrytostudyrequiresabigadjustment(adjust)andittakesawhiletofitin.6．Intheearlyfifties(fifty)，researchersfoundthatpeoplescoredhigheronintelligencetestsiftheyspokemorethanonelanguage.7．Sheisthetwelfth(twelve)tutor，whohascometolookafterhischildrensincetheirmotherdied.8．Theoldmangoestotheparkeverythird(three)day，joggingwithhisfellows.9．Butthesuccessfultestdrillingforfireicedoesnotmeanitcanbeextractedforindustrial(industry)use.10．Haveyoueverbeenembarrassed(embarrass)becauseofforgettingsomethingimportant?11．Themorethestudentslearnabouttheuniversity，theeasieritwillbeforthemtoadapttotheenvironment.12．Theworld’spopulationisincreasingatasurprising(surprise)rateandourenvironmentisfacinggreatpressure.13．Nowadaysit’sthesecondlargest(large)cityinBulgariaandit’sasignificanteconomic，educationalandculturalcenter.14．Indiansstartpracticingyogaataveryyoungage，sotheirbodiesareevenstronger(strong)．15．Thereisn’tmuchtrafficonSunday，sohopefully(hope)we’llarriveintimefortheconcert.层级二高考真题练单句语法填空1．Thismaybeduetosomedisadvantagesforpeoplelivinginthecountryside，includinglower(low)levelsofincomeandeducation，highercostsofhealthyfoods，andfewersportsfacilities.(2021·浙江1月)2．Itiscalculatedbydividingaperson’s(person)weightinkgbytheirheightinmeterssquared，andaBMIofbetween19and25isconsideredhealthy.(2021·浙江1月)3．Afterspendingsometimelookingatallthedefensiveequipmentatthewall，wedecideditwastimeforsomeactionandwhatbetter(good)thantorideonapieceofhistory！(2021·全国甲)4．Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours，butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesandwatchtowers(watchtower)totakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheirdaily(day)routines.(2021·全国甲)5．Itwillundoubtedly(undoubted)helpyougetrefreshed！(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)6．Theamazingthingaboutthespringisthatthecolderthetemperaturegets，thehotter(hot)thespring!Strange，isn’tit？(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)7．Asworkingfromhomebecomesincreasingly(increasing)common，peoplearefindingiteasiertocombineparenthoodwithafull-timecareer.(2021·天津3月)8．Filledwithcuriosity(curious)，theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.(2020·全国Ⅲ)9．MynameisMireyaMayor.I’mascientist(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.(2018·全国Ⅲ)10．Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses(cause)．(2018·全国Ⅰ)11．Dataaboutthemoon’scomposition，suchashowmuchiceandothertreasuresitcontains，couldhelpChinadecidewhetheritsplansforafuturelunar(月球的)basearepractical.(2020·全国Ⅰ)12．Onourwaytothehouse，itwasrainingsohardthatwecouldn’thelpwonderinghowlongitwouldtaketogetthere.(2019·全国Ⅲ)13．Hescreamstheloudest(loud)ofall.Thenoiseshakesthetreesasthemalebeatshischestandchargestowardme.(2018·全国Ⅲ)14．Evenworse(bad)，theamountoffastfoodthatpeopleeatgoesup.(2017·全国Ⅰ)15．Whilerock­climbing，youneedtoremainveryfocused(focus)sothatyouwon’tmakeanydangerouserrors.(2021·天津3月)层级三语篇提能练语法填空名词篇(改编自2020·全国Ⅱ)DecoratingwithPlants，FruitsandFlowersforChineseNewYearChineseNewYearisa1.(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthe2.(begin)ofspring.Thisiswhydecoratingwithplants，fruitsandflowerscarriesspecial3.(significant)．Theyrepresenttheearthcomingbackto4.(live)andbestwishesfornewbeginnings.Thesearesomeofthemostpopularinmanypartsofthecountry：Oranges：Orangetreesaremorethan5.(decorate)；theyareasymbolofgoodfortuneand6.(wealthy)．Theymakegreatgiftsandyouseethemmany7.(time)decoratedwithredenvelopesandmessagesofgoodfortune.Bamboo：Chineselovetheir“LuckyBamboo”plantsandyouwillseethemoftenintheirhomesandoffices.Certainlyduringtheholidayperiod，thisplantis8.must.Bambooplantsareassociatedwithhealth，abundanceandahappyhome.Theyareeasytocareforandmakegreat9.(present)．10．(branch)ofPlumBlossoms(梅花)：Thebeautifullongbranchescoveredwithpink-coloredbuds(蓓蕾)makefantasticdecorations.Theplumtreesarethefirsttoflowerevenasthesnowismelting(融化)．Theyrepresentthepromiseofspringandarenewaloflife.语篇解读这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国新年常见的三种装饰物——橘子树、富贵竹和梅花枝，以及它们的美好寓意。1．答案celebration解析考查名词。由空前的不定冠词a可知，后接名词形式。故填celebration。2．答案beginning解析考查名词。和前面的theendofwinter并列，是名词词组，begin的名词形式为beginning。3．答案significance解析考查名词。此处作谓语动词carries的宾语，应该用名词形式。故填significance。4．答案life解析考查名词。作介词to的宾语，用名词或动名词形式，结合句意可知填life。5．答案decoration解析考查名词。根据句意可知，此处应用名词形式，故填decoration。6．答案wealth解析考查名词。与good