讲义教案gmat考试-preprc版

Essay#1.

PracticeTest#2ReadingComprehension(17Essays,57Questions)Question#1.009-Themodernmultinationalcorporationisdescribedashavingoriginatedwhentheowner-managersofnineteenth-centuryBritishfirmscarryingoninternationaltradewerereplacedbyteamsofsalariedmanagersanizedintohierarchies.Increasesinthevolumeoftransactionsinsuchfirmsarecommonlybelievedtohavenecessitatedthisstructuralchange.Nineteenth-centuryinventionslikethe shipandthe egraph,byfacilitatingcoordinationofmanagerialactivities,aredescribedaskeyfactors.Sixteenth-andseventeenth-centurycharteredtradingcompanies,despitetheinternationalscopeoftheiractivities,areusuallyconsideredirrelevanttothisdiscussion:thevolumeoftheirtransactionsisassumedtohavebeentoolowandthecommunicationsandtransportoftheirdaytooprimitivetomakecomparisonswithmodernmultinationalsinteresting.Inreality,however,earlytradingcompaniessuccessfullypurchasedandoutfittedships,builtandoperatedofficesandwarehouses,manufacturedtradegoodsforuseabroad,maintainedtradingpostsandproductionfacilitiesoverseas,procuredgoodsforimport,andsoldthosegoodsbothathomeandinothercountries.Thelargevolumeoftransactionsassociatedwiththeseactivitiesseemstohavenecessitatedhierarchicalmanagementstructureswellbeforetheadventofmoderncommunicationsandtransportation.Forexample,intheHudson'sBayCompany,eachfar-flungtradingoutpostwasmanagedbyasalariedagent,whocarriedoutthetradewiththeNativeAmericans,managedday-to-dayoperations,andoversawthepost'sworkersandservants.Onechiefagent,answerabletotheCourtofDirectorsinLondonthroughthecorrespondencecommittee,wasappointedwithcontroloverallofntsonthebay.Theearlytradingcompaniesdiddifferstrikinglyfrommodernmultinationalsinmanyrespects.Theydependedheavilyonthenational ernmentsoftheirhomecountriesandthuscharacteristicallyactedabroadtopromotenationalinterests.Theirtopmanagersweretypicallyownerswithasubstantialminorityshare,whereasseniormanagers'holdingsinmodernmultinationalsareusuallyinsignificant.Theyoperatedinapreindustrialworld,graftingasystemofcapitalistinternationaltradeontoapremodernsystemofartisanandpeasantproduction.Despitethesedifferences,however,earlytradingcompanies anizedeffectivelyinremarkablymodernwaysandmerit（n.价值，优点；v.值得）furtherstudyasoguesofmoremodernstructures.

Theauthor'smainpointismodernmultinationalsoriginatedinthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturieswiththeestablishmentofcharteredtradingcompaniesthesuccessofearlycharteredtradingcompanies,likethatofmodernmultinationals,dependedprimarilyontheirabilitytocarryoutcomplexoperationsearlycharteredtradingcompaniesshouldbemoreseriouslyconsideredbyscholarsstudyingtheoriginsofmodernmultinationalsscholarsarequitemistakenconcerningtheoriginsofmodernmultinationalsthemanagementstructuresofearlycharteredtradingcompaniesarefundamentallythesameasthoseofmodernQuestion#2.009-Withwhichofthefollowinggeneralizationsregardingmanagementstructureswouldtheauthorofthepassagemostprobablyagree?HierarchicalmanagementstructuresarethemostefficientmanagementstructurespossibleinamodernFirmsthatroutinelyhaveahighvolumeofbusinesstransactionsfinditnecessarytoadopthierarchicalmanagementstructures.Hierarchicalmanagementstructurescannotbesuccessfullyimplementedwithoutmoderncommunicationsandtransportation.Modernmultinationalfirmswitharelativelysmallvolumeofbusinesstransactionsusuallydonothave anizedmanagementstructures.Companiesthatadopthierarchicalmanagementstructuresusuallydosoinordertofacilitateexpansionintoforeigntrade.Question#3.009-Thepassagesuggeststhatmodernmultinationalsdifferfromearlycharteredtradingcompaniesinthatthetopmanagersofmodernmultinationalsownstockintheirowncompaniesratherthansimplyreceivingamodernmultinationalsdependonasystemofcapitalistinternationaltraderatherthanonlessmoderntradingmodernmultinationalshaveoperationsinanumberofdifferentforeigncountriesratherthanmerelyinoneortwotheoperationsofmodernmultinationalsarehighlyprofitabledespitethemorestringentenvironmentalandsafetyregulationsofmodern theoverseasoperationsofmodernmultinationalsare ernedbythenationalinterestsoftheirhomeQuestion#4.009-Accordingtothepassage,earlycharteredtradingcompaniesareusuallydescribedasirrelevanttoadiscussionoftheoriginsofthemodernmultinationalcorporationinterestingbutultima ytoounusualtobegoodsubjectsforeconomicstudyoguesofnineteenth-centuryBritishtradingrudimentaryandveryearlyformsofthemodernmultinationalcorporationimportantnationalinstitutionsbecausetheyexistedtofurtherthepoliticalaimsofthe ernmentsoftheirhomeEssay#2.Moreselectivethanmostchemicalpesticidesinthattheyordinarilydestroyonlyunwantedspecies,biocontrolagents(suchasinsects,fungi,and es)eat,infect,or edplantoranimalpests.However,biocontrolagentscannegativelyaffectnon by,forexample,competingwiththemforresources:abiocontrolagentmightreducethebenefitsconferredbyadesirableanimalspeciesbyconsumingaplantonwhichtheanimalpreferstolayitseggs.AnotherexampleofindirectnegativeconsequencesoccurredinEnglandwhen introducedtocontrolrabbitsreducedtheamountofopenground(becauselargerabbitpopulationsreducethegroundcover),inturnreducingundergroundantnestsandtriggeringtheextinctionofabluebutterflythathaddependedontheneststoshelteritsoffspring.Thepaucityofknownextinctionsordisruptionsresultingfromindirectinteractionsmayreflectnottheinfrequencyofsuchmishapsbutratherthefailuretolookforortodetectthem: anismslikelytobeadverselyaffectedbyindirectinteractionsareoflittleornoknowncommercialvalueandtheeventslinkingabiocontrolagentwithanadverseeffectareoftenunclear.Moreover,determiningthepotentialrisksofbiocontrolagentsbeforetheyareusedisdifficult,especiallywhenanonnativeagentisintroduced,because,unlikeachemicalpesticide,abiocontrolagentmayadaptinunpredictablewayssothatitcanfeedonorotherwiseharmnewhosts.

Question#5.091-Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedexplainingwhyuntilrecentlyscientistsfailedtorecognizetheriskspresentedbybiocontrolagentsemphasizingthatbiocontrolagentsandchemicalpesticideshavemoresimilaritiesthandifferencessuggestingthatonlycertainbiocontrolagentsshouldbeusedtocontrolplantoranimalpestsarguingthatbiocontrolagentsinvolverisks,someof aynotbereadilydiscernedsuggestingthatmishapsinvolvingbiocontrolagentsarerelativelycommonplaceQuestion#6.091-Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisaconcernthatariseswithbiocontrolagentsbutnotwithchemicalpesticides?Biocontrolagentsarelikelytodestroydesirablespeciesaswellasundesirableones.Biocontrolagentsarelikelytohaveindire wellasdirectadverseeffectsonnon Biocontrolagentsmaychangeinunforeseenwaysandthusbeabletodamagenewhosts.Biocontrolagentsmaybeineffectiveindestroyingedspecies.Biocontrolagentsmaybeeffectiveforonlyashortperiodoftime.Question#7.091-Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthebluebutterflymentionedinthehighlightedtext?Thebluebutterfly'ssurvivalwasindirectlydependentonsustainingarabbitpopulationofaparticularsize.Thebluebutterfly'ssurvivalwasindirectlydependentonsustaininglargeamountsofvegetationinitshabitat.Thebluebutterfly'ssurvivalwasthreatenedwhentheantsbeganpreyingonitsoffspring.Thebluebutterflywasinfectedbythe thathadbeenintendedtocontrolrabbitpopulations.Thebluebutterflywasadverselyaffectedbyabiocontrolagentthatcompetedwithitforresources.Essay#3. sfromsixteenth-centuryMexicosuggestingthatweavingandcookingwerethemostcommonproductiveactivitiesforAztecwomenmayleadmodernhistorianstounderestimatethevalueofwomen'scontributionstoAztecsociety.Sinceweavingandcookingoccurredmostly(butnotentirely)inadomesticsetting,modernhistoriansarelikelytoapplytotheAztecculturethemodernWesterndistinctionbetween"private"and"public"production.Thus,theethnohistoricrecordconspireswithWesternculturetofostertheviewthatwomen'sproductionwasnotcentraltothedemographic,economic,andpoliticalstructuresinsixteenth-centuryAcloserexaminationofAzteccultureindicatesthattreatingAztecwomen'sproductioninMexicoinsuchamannerwouldbeamistake.Eveniftheproductsofwomen'slabordidnotcirculate thehousehold,suchproductswereessentialtopopulationgrowth. atenfoldincreaseinthepopulationofthevalleyofMexicoduringthepreviousfourcenturies,anincreasethatwascrucialtothedevelo politicaleconomy.Populationgrowth--whichcouldnothaveoccurredintheabsenceofsuccessfulhouseholdeconomy,inwhichwomen'sworkwasessential--madepossiblethelarge-scaledevelopmentoflabor-intensivechinampa(ridged-field)agricultureinthesouthernvalleyofMexicowhich,inturn,supportedurbanizationandpoliticalcentralizationintheAzteccapital.Buttheproductsofwomen'slabordidinfactcirculatethehousehold.Aztecwomenwovecloth,clothcirculatedthroughthemarketsystem,thetributesystem,andtheredistributiveeconomyofthepalaces.Cottonmantlesservedasaunitofcurrencyintheregionalmarketsystem. tiesofwovenmantles,loincloths,blouses,andskirtswerepaidastributetolocallordsandtoimperialtaxstewardsandweredistributedtoritualand nel,craftspecialists,warriors,andotherfaithfulservantsofthestate.Inaddition,wovenarticlesofclothingservedasmarkersofsocialstatusandclothingfulfilledasymbolicfunctioninpoliticalnegotiation.Thecloththatwastheproductofwomen'sworkthuswascrucialasaprimarymeansof anizingtheflowofgoodsandservicesthatsustainedtheAztecstate.

Question#8.114-Theauthorofthepassagewouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthesmentionedin sentenceoftheTheycontainmisleadinginformationaboutthekindsofproductiveactivitiesAztecwomenengagedin.TheyoverlookcertaincrucialactivitiesperformedbywomeninAztecsociety.TheyprovideusefulinformationaboutthewaythatAztecsocietyviewedwomen.Theyareoflimitedvaluebecausetheywereheavilyinfluencedbythebiasofthosewhorecordedthem.Theycontaininformationthatislikelytobemisinterpretedbymodern-dayreaders.Question#9.114-Accordingtothepassage,Aztecwomen'sclothproductionenabledAztecsocietytodowhichofthefollowing?Expandwomen'sroleinanizetheflowofgoodsandDevelopself-containedHireagriculturallaborersfromoutsidetheEstablishahigherstandardoflivingthanneighboringQuestion#10.114-Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthethirdparagraphofthepassage?Itattemptstoreconcile ingviewspresentedinthepreviousparagraphs.Itpresentsevidenceintendedtounderminetheargumentpresentedinthesecondparagraph.Itprovidesexamplesthatsupportthepositiontakenin sentenceofthesecondparagraph.Itdescribesthecontentsofthe smentionedinthe Itsuggeststhatadistinctionnotedintheparagraphisvalid.Question#11.114-Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedusingmodernunderstandingofculturalbiastochallengeethnohistoric evaluatingcompetingdescriptionsofwomen'srolesinAztecsocietycomparingtheinfluenceofgenderonwomen'srolesinAztecsocietyandinmodernsocietyremedyingapotentialmisconceptionaboutthesignificanceofwomen'srolesinAztecsocietyapplyingnewevidenceinareevaluationof Essay#4.Solarpondsarebodiesofwaterinwhichcirculationispleteandthereisaveryhighsaltconcentrationthatincreaseswithdepth.Thisverticalchangeinsalinityservestotrapheatbecauseconcentratedbrineinthelowestwaterlevelactsasacollectorandstorageareaforsolarheat,whilethelesssaline,lighterwaterattheupperlevelsprovidesinsulation.HeatisthusretainedintheAnartificialpondofthistypehasbeenconstructedonthewesternshoreoftheDeadSeainIsraelinordertotestitssuitabilityasasourceoflow-gradeheatforconversionintoelectricity.Animmediatethreattothesuccessoftheventurewasthegrowthofalgae.Waterinsolarpondsmustbekept allytransparenttoallowpenetrationoflighttothedeepstoragearea.Therefore,anyparticlesofmatterinthewater,suchasalgaecells,thatscatterorabsorblightwillinterferewiththecollectionofheat.Oneproposedmethodofcontrollingthealgaewastheapplicationof gicide.However,theDeadSeaisaclosedbodyofwaterwithoutanyoutletandassuchisveryeasilycontaminated.Extensiveuseofchemicalsinnumerousfuturefull-scalesolarpondswouldleadtosuchcontaminationoftheDeadSea,whichnowenjoysalucrativetouristtrade.Arecentexperimenthas damorepromisingmethodforcontrollingthealgae.Torepressthealgaecells'capacityfor modatingthemselvestoenvironmentalchanges,thewaterinthesolarpondwasmademoresalinethroughevaporationandthendiluted（稀释）byarapidinflowoffreshwater.Thisshockreducedthecells'abilitytoregulatethemovementofwaterthroughtheirmembranes.Theyrapidlyabsorbedwater,resultingindistortionsofsh ,increaseinvolume,（浮力）adverselyaffected,thecellssanktothebottomofthepond,wheretheyencounteredthehotwatersofthestoragelayerandweredestroyed.Thismethodallowsforeffectivecontrolofnuisancealgaewhileleavingsolarpondsasoneofthecleanesttechnologiesprovidingenergyforhumanuse.

Question#12.156-TheprimarypurposeofthepassageisdiscusswaysofsolvingaproblemthatthreatenstolimittheusefulnessofanenergysourceexplainthemechanismsbywhichsolarheatmaybeconvertedintoenergydetailtheprocessesbywhichalgaecellscolonizehighlysalinebodiesofwaterreporttheresultsofanexperimentdesignedtocleancontaminatedbodiesofwaterdescribetheuniquepropertiesofasolarpondontheedgeoftheDeadSeaQuestion#13.156-Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingistrueaboutthesalinityandtemperaturesofthehighestandlowestwaterlayersinatypicalsolarpond?Thebottomlayerisbothhighlysalineandquitehot,whilethetoplayerislesssalineandcooler.Thetwolayershavesimilarsalinitylevels,butthebottomlayerishotterthanthetop.Thereisnowaytopredictthesalinityandtemperatureofthedifferentwaterlayersindifferentsolarponds.Thebottomlayerislesssalineandquitehot,whilethetoplayerismoresalineandcooler.Thetoplayerhasbothhighersalinityandhighertemperaturesthanthebottomlayer.Question#14.156-Accordingtothepassage,thegrowthofalgaewasconsideredathreattothesuccessoftheartificialpondneartheDeadSeabecausethealgaeproduceexcessoxygenthatlowersthewatertemperatureinthepondrestrictthecirculationofwaterwithintheenableheattoesc throughtheupperlevelofthepreventlightfrompenetratingtothelowestlevelsofthepondpreventaccuratemeasurementoftheheatcollectedinthepondQuestion#15.156-Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldseriouslyunderminethevalidityoftheconclusionsdrawnfromtheexperimentdescribedinthelastparagraphofthepassage?Thealgaecellsthatsanktothebottomofthepondweredestroyedonlyafteratimelagoftwenty-fourhours.lateralthatsanktothebottomofthepondwasnotimpared.（横向移动能力与作者所说的杀灭机理无关；作者论证的关键点）Thewaterwithhichtheartificialsolarondasdlutedcontainedmicro anismsthatkillalae.（明作者所介绍的方法并不是杀灭alga的原因，真正杀灭ala的是水中的其他微生物。如此，作者的方法也就无法得出原文中的结论。）Thealgaecellsthatsanktothebottomofthepondwereactuallykilledbytherapidchangeinpressure.Thehighersalinitybroughtaboutthroughevaporationincreasedthetransparencyoftheupperlevelsofwaterinthepond.Essay#5.TraditionalsocialsciencemodelsofclassgroupsintheUnitedStatesarebasedoneconomicstatusandassumethatwomen'seconomicstatusderivesfromassociationwithmen,typicallyfathersorhusbands,andthatwomenthereforehavemorecompellingcommoninterestwithmenoftheirowneconomicclassthanwithwomenoutsideit.Somefeministsocialscientists,bycontrast,havearguedthatthebasicdivisioninAmericansocietyisinsteadbasedongender,andthatthetotalfemalepopulation,regardlessofeconomicstatus,constitutesadistinctclass.SocialhistorianMaryRyan,forexample,hasarguedthatinearly-nineteenth-centuryAmericatheidenticallegalstatusofworking-classandmiddle-classfreewomenoutweighedthedifferencesbetweenwomenofthesetwoclasses:marriedwomen,regardlessoftheirfamily'swealth,didessentiallythesameunpaiddomesticwork,andnonecouldownpropertyorvote.Recently,though,otherfeministystshavequestionedthismodel,examiningwaysinwhichtheconditionofworking-classwomendiffersfromthatofmiddle-classwomenaswellasfromthatofworking-classmen.AnnOakleynotes,forexample,thatthegapbetweenwomenofdifferenteconomicclasseswidenedinthelatenineteenthcentury:mostworking-classwomen,whoperformedwagelaboroutsidethehome,wereexcludedfromtheemergingmiddle-classidealoffemininitycenteredarounddomesticityand

Question#16.189-TheprimarypurposeofthepassageisoffersociohistoricalexplanationsfortheculturaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomenintheUnitedStatesexaminehowtheeconomicrolesofwomenintheUnitedStateschangedduringthenineteenthcenturyconsiderdifferingviewsheldbysocialscientistsconcerningwomen'sclassstatusintheUnitedStatesproposeafeministinterpretationofclassstructureintheUnitedStatesoutlinespecificdistinctionsbetweenworking-classwomenandwomenoftheupperandmiddleclassesQuestion#17.189-Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthemostrecentfeministsocialscienceresearchonwomenandclassseekstodowhichofthefollowing?IntroduceadivergentnewtheoryabouttherelationshipbetweenlegalstatusandgenderIllustrateanimplicitmiddle-classbiasinearlierfeministmodelsofclassandgenderProvideevidenceforthepositionthatgendermattersmorethanwealthindeterminingclassstatusRemedyperceivedinadequaciesofbothtraditionalsocialsciencemodelsandearlierfeminist ysesofclassandgenderChallengetheeconomicdefinitionsofclassusedbytraditionalsocialscientistsQuestion#18.189-WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestcharacterizestherelationshipbetweentraditionalsocialsciencemodelsofclassandRyan'smodel,asdescribedinthepassage?Ryan'smodeldiffersfromthetraditionalmodelbymakinggender,ratherthaneconomicstatus,thedeterminantofwomen'sclassstatus.ThetraditionalsocialsciencemodelofclassdiffersfromRyan'sinitsassumptionthatwomenarefinanciallydependentonmen.Ryan'smodelofclassandthetraditionalsocialsciencemodelbothassumethatwomenwork,eitherwithinthehomeorforpay.ThetraditionalsocialsciencemodelofclassdiffersfromRyan'sinthatea odelfocusesonadifferentperiodofAmericanhistory.BothRyan'smodelofclassandthetraditionalconsidermultiplefactors,includingwealth,maritalstatus,andenfranchisement,indeterminingwomen'sstatus.Essay#6.AccordingtoP.F.Drucker,themanagementphilosophyknownasTotalQualityManagement(TQM),whichisdesignedtobeadoptedconsistentlythroughoutananizationandtoimprovecustomerservicebyusingsamplingtheorytoreducethevariabilityofaproduct'squality,canworksuccessfullyinconjunctionwithtwooldermanagementsystems.AsDruckernotes,TQM'sscientificapproachisconsistentwiththestatisticalsamplingtechniquesofthe"rationalist"schoolofscientificmanagement,andthe anizationalstructureassociatedwithTQMisconsistentwiththesocialandpsychologicalemphasesofthe"humanrelations"schoolofmanagement.HoweverTQMcannotsimplybegrafted（移植，嫁接 ）ontothesesystemsorontocertainothernon-TQMmanagementsystems.Although,asDruckercontends,TQMshareswithsuchsystemstheultimateobjectiveofincreasingprofitability,TQMrequiresfundamentallydifferentstrategies.Whiletheothermanagementsystemsreferredtouseuppermanagementdecision-makingandemployeespecializationto shareholderprofitsovertheshortterm,TQMenvisionstheinterestsofemployees,shareholders,andcustomersasconvergent.Forexample,lowerpricesnotonlybenefitconsumersbutalsoenhancean anization'scompetitiveedgeandensureitscontinuance,thusbenefitingemployeesandowners.TQM'semphasisonsharedinterestsisreflectedinthedecentralizeddecision-making,integratedproductionactivity,andlateralstructureofanizations hievethebenefitsof

Question#19.196-Theprimarypurposeofthepassageispointoutcontradictionsin agementcompareandcontrasttheobjectivesofvariousmanagementsystemsidentifythe anizationalfeaturessharedbyvariousmanagementsystemsexplaintherelationshipofaparticularmanagementsystemtocertainothermanagementsystemsexplaintheadvantagesofaparticularmanagementsystemovercertainothermanagementsystemsQuestion#20.196-Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipofthesecondparagraphtothe （qualify：限定，修饰；形容，描述；证明…合格Itpresentscontrastingexplanationsforaphenomenonpresentedinthe Itdiscussesanexceptiontoageneralprincipleoutlinedinthe Itprovidesinformationthatqualifies（限定）aclaimpresentedinthe Itpresentsanexamplethatstrengthensaclaimpresentedinthe Itpresents ternativeapproachtosolvingaproblemdiscussedinthe Question#21.196-Accordingtothepassage,therationalistandhumanrelationsschoolsofmanagementarealikeinthattheyareprimarilyinterestedinincreasingplacelittleemphasisonissuesof usestatisticalsamplingtechniquestoincreaseareunlikelytolowerpricesinordertoincreasefocuschieflyonsettingandattaininglong-termEssay#7.TheUnitedStateshospitalindustryisanunusualmarketinthatnonprofitandfor-profitproducersexistsimultaneously.Theoreticalliteratureoffers ingviewsonwhethernonprofithospitalsarelessfinanciallyefficient.Theorysuggeststhatnonprofithospitalsaresomu interestedinofferinghigh-qualityservicethaninmakingmoneythattheyfrequentlyinputmoreresourcestoprovidethesameoutputofserviceasfor-profithospitals.Thisprioritymightalsooftenleadthemtobelessvigilantinstreamliningtheirservices--eliminatingduplicationbetweendepartments,forinstance.Conversely,whileprofitmotiveisthoughttoencouragefor-profithospitalstoattainefficientproduction,mosttheoristsadmitthatobstaclestothatefficiencyremain.For-profithospitalmanagers,forexample,generallyworkindependentlyofhospitalownersandthusmaynotalwaysmake financialefficiencytheirhighestpriority.Theliteraturealsosuggeststhatwidespreadadoptionofthird-partypaymentsystemsmayeventuallyeliminateanysuchpotentialdifferencesbetweenthetwokindsofhospitals.Thesameliteratureofferssimilarly ingviewsoftheefficiencyofnonprofithospitalsfromasocialwelfare.Newhouse(1970)contendsthatnonprofithospitalmanagersunnecessarilyexpandthequalitytyofhospitalcare theactualneedsofthecommunity,whileWeisbrod(1975)arguesthatnonprofitfirms--hospitalsincluded--contributeefficientlytocommunitywelfarebyprovidingpublicservicesthatmightbeinadequa yprovidedby ernmentalone.

Question#22.216-Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheoverallcontentofthesecondparagraphofthepassage?Itdescribesviewsconcerningaparticularaspectofoneofthetypesofhospitalsdiscussedearlier.Itdescribesanadditionalbenefitofoneofthetypesofhospitalsdiscussedearlier.ItoffersapotentialsolutiontoaprobleminherentinthestructureoftheUnitedStateshospitalindustry.Itprovidesanadditionalcontrastbetweenthetwotypesofhospitalsdiscussedearlier.ItdescribesoneoftheconsequencesofthecharacteroftheUnitedStateshospitalmarket.Question#23.216-Accordingtothepassage,Newhouse'sviewofthesocialwelfareefficiencyofnonprofithospitalsdiffersfromWeisbrod'sviewinthatNewhousecontendsthat ernmentalreadyprovidesmostoftheservicesthatcommunitiesneedarguesthatfor-profithospitalsarebetteratmeetingactualcommunityneedsthanarenonprofithospitalsarguesthatnonprofithospitalsarelikelytospendmoretoprovideservicesthatthecommunityrequiresthanfor-profithospitalsarelikelytoarguesthatnonprofithospitalsoughttoexpandtheservicestheyprovidetomeetthecommunity'sdemandsbelievesthatthelevelofcareprovidedbynonprofithospitalsisinappropriate,giventhecommunity'sQuestion#24.216-Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthemanagersmentionedinthehighlightedtext?Theyhavegenerallybeenmotivatedtostreamlinehospitalservicesasaresultofdirectinterventionbyhospitalowners.Theyaremorelikelythanmanagersofnonprofithospitalstouseunnecessaryamountsofresourcestoprovideservices.Theirmostimportantself-acknowledgedgoalistoachieveumfinancialefficiencysothathospitalsshowaprofit.Theirdecisionsregardingservicesprovidedbytheirhospitalsmaynotreflecthospitalowners'priorities.Theydonotplaceahighpriority izingdespitetheirdesiretoachieveEssay#8.Althoughtheindustrialunion anizationsthatemergedunderthebanner（n.横幅；标语；旗帜adj.第一位的，首要的）oftheCongressofIndustrial anizations(CIO)inthe1930sand1940sembracedtheprinciplesofnondiscriminationandinclusion,theroleofwomenwithinunionsreflectedtheprevailinggenderideologyoftheperiod.ElizabethFaue'sstudyofthelabormovementinMinneapolisarguesthatwomenweremarginalizedbyunionbureaucratizationandbytheseparationofunionsfromthecommunitypoliticsfromwhichindustrialunionismhademerged.Fauestressestheimportanceofwomen'scontributiontothedevelopmentofunionsatthecommunitylevel,contributionsthatmadewomen'sultimatefatewithinthecity'slabormovementallthemore oftheirstrengthinthe1940s,thecommunitybasethathadmadetheirsuccesspossibleandtowhichwomen'scontributionsweresovitalbecameincreasinglyirrelevanttounions'institutionallife.InherstudyofCIOindustrialunionsfromthe1930stothe1970s,NancyF.Gabinalsoacknowledgesthepervasivemaledominationintheunions,butmaintainsthatwomenworkerswereabletocreateapoliticalspacewithinsomeunionstoadvancetheirinterestsaswomen.Gabinshowsthat,despitetheunions'tendencytomarginalizewomen'sissues,workingwomen'sdemandswereaconstantundercurrentwithintheunion,andshestressesthelinksbetweentheunions'womenactivistsandthewaveoffeminismthatemergedinthe1960s.

Question#25.219-Accordingtothepassage,Faue'sstudyandGabin'sstudyagreeinthatbothattributetheinclusionofwomeninunionstothepoliciesoftheCIOemphasizetheimportanceofunionsatthecommunityarguethatwomenplayedimportantrolesintheestablishmentofindustrialunion suggestthatwomeninindustrialunion playedasubordinaterolesuggestthattheinterestsofwomenworkerswerepatiblewiththoseofunionsingeneralQuestion#26.219-Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredregardingthe"genderideology"m